Item Level RFID 2008-2018

영문목차

Item level RFID is the tagging of the smallest taggable unit of things - the piece of apparel, library book, jewellery, engineering parts and laundry are examples. It used to be thought that item level RFID meant little more than tagging very low cost retail items - something to do last of all. However, it has become big business and far more profitable than many other RFID sectors because it gives excellent paybacks to everyone, not just retailers.

We assess over 100 case studies such as Marks & Spencer in the UK using over 100 Million RFID tags to date to tag clothing and increase sales by reducing stockouts, in addition to others such as American Apparel doing similar work and reporting sales increases by 15% to 25% when all items are available on the floor.

IDTechEx forecasts that the item level RFID business will rise from $251.79 Million in 2008 for systems including tags to $8,263.7 Million in 2018. Detailed forecasts are given including number of tag units sold over the next ten years, average tag price, and tag value, in addition to systems value.

• Item Level RFID - passive RFID
  • Drugs
  • Other Healthcare
  • Retail apparel
  • Consumer goods
  • Tires
  • Postal
  • Books
  • Manufacturing parts, tools
  • Archiving (documents/samples)
  • Military
  • Other tag applications
• Item Level RFID - active RFID
  • Pharma/Healthcare
  • Manufacturing parts, tools
  • Archiving (samples)
  • Military
  • Other tag applications

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

• 1.1. Library
• 1.2. Healthcare
• 1.3. Rented textiles/ laundry
• 1.4. Retail apparel
• 1.5. Footwear
• 1.6. Gas cylinders, beer kegs
• 1.7. Food
• 1.8. Tires
• 1.9. Assets
• 1.10. Parts, components, equipment, supplies
• 1.11. Postal

• 2.1. Systems issues
  • 2.1.1. EPCglobal and The Internet of Things
  • 2.1.2. EPCglobal NetworkTM
  • 2.1.3. Middleware
  • 2.1.4. Read vs read write
  • 2.1.5. Early filtering of data
• 2.2. Passive tags
• 2.3. Active tags
  • 2.3.1. Real Time Locating Systems (RTLS)
• 2.4. Frequencies
• 2.5. Near Field UHF vs HF for item level tagging
• 2.6. Radio regulations
• 2.7. How converters can make item level RFID labels
  • 2.7.1. Low cost entry - wrapping the electronics
  • 2.7.2. Making the antenna as well
  • 2.7.3. Getting involved with chips and batteries

• 3.1. Summary
• 3.2. Books
  • 3.2.1. Libraries
  • 3.2.2. Books in retailing
  • 3.2.3. Books at manufacture
• 3.3. Drugs anti-counterfeiting
  • 3.3.1. Supply chain
  • 3.3.2. Attitude of legislators and the industry
• 3.4. Compliance monitoring packages
  • 3.4.1. Patient compliance
• 3.5. Error prevention in general
• 3.6. HF vs UHF for pharmaceuticals and other volume products
• 3.7. Other healthcare
  • 3.7.1. Assets
  • 3.7.2. Recording information - hearing aids etc
• 3.8. Healthcare needs satisfied
• 3.9. Retail items
• 3.10. Document management and archiving
• 3.11. Tires
• 3.12. Aircraft and other parts and tools
• 3.13. Postal items
• 3.14. Military
• 3.15. Industrial parts and equipment
  • 3.15.1. Beer kegs and gas cylinders
  • 3.15.2. Components and replacement parts
• 3.16. Privacy issues
• 3.17. Success factors

• 4.1.1. Benefits of standardisation
• 4.1.2. Types of standard
• 4.1.3. Open and closed application systems
• 4.1.4. Standards organisations
• 4.1.5. Types of standard relating to item level RFID
• 4.1.6. ISO 18000 and Gen 2
• 4.1.7. Market reach of UHF vs HF standards

• 5.1. Market growth
• 5.2. Unique volumes and requirements
• 5.3. Rapid change in technology
• 5.4. Benefits
• 5.5. Increase in printing of item level tags
• 5.6. Impediments to item level tagging
• 5.7. Price-Sensitivity Curve for RFID (Adoption curve)

• 7.1. Retailers in North America and Canada
  • 7.1.1. American Apparel USA
  • 7.1.2. Best Buy USA
  • 7.1.3. Wal-Mart USA
  • 7.1.4. Loblaw Canada
• 7.2. Retailers in Europe
  • 7.2.1. Tesco UK
  • 7.2.2. Marks & Spencer UK
  • 7.2.3. Metro Group Germany
• 7.3. Retailers in East Asia
  • 7.3.1. Maruetsu Japan
  • 7.3.2. Akindo Sushiro Japan
  • 7.3.3. Umeda Washi Japan
  • 7.3.4. Aoyama Shoji Japan
  • 7.3.5. Mitsukoshi and Hankyu department stores Japan
  • 7.3.6. Bailian Group China
• 7.4. Retailers in Middle East
  • 7.4.1. The Jewellery Store and Damas, Dubai United Arab Emirates
  • 7.4.2. GCC Saudi Arabia
• 7.5. CPG Manufacturers
  • 7.5.1. VF Corporation USA
  • 7.5.2. Procter & Gamble - Gillette USA
  • 7.5.3. Campofrio Spain
  • 7.5.4. Philip Morris, Kraft, Altria USA
  • 7.5.5. KiMs Denmark
  • 7.5.6. Aokang China
  • 7.5.7. Atlantic Beef Products Canada
  • 7.5.8. Cosmetic company Korea
  • 7.5.9. De Grisogono Switzerland
  • 7.5.10. DHL Fashion/ Jacadi France
  • 7.5.11. Hewlett Packard Taiwan, Brazil, Singapore, USA
  • 7.5.12. Horticulture Australia Ltd
  • 7.5.13. Ministry of Agriculture Japan
  • 7.5.14. Seijo Corp Japan
  • 7.5.15. Winwatch Switzerland
  • 7.5.16. Fonterra New Zealand
• 7.6. Healthcare - drug supply chain
  • 7.6.1. Wal-Mart mandate for Type 2 pharmaceuticals
  • 7.6.2. Pfizer Viagra USA
  • 7.6.3. GlaxoSmithKline Trizivir drug item level USA
  • 7.6.4. Novartis Ritalin USA
  • 7.6.5. Purdue Pharma OxyContin USA
  • 7.6.6. Johnson & Johnson USA
  • 7.6.7. Abbott Laboratories Wal-Mart USA
  • 7.6.8. Cephalon, tracking pharmaceuticals, France, Germany, UK, USA
  • 7.6.9. CVS Pharmacy USA
  • 7.6.10. HD Smith USA
  • 7.6.11. McKesson USA
  • 7.6.12. Ranbaxy Pharmaceuticals India
  • 7.6.13. Unimed Pharma Korea
  • 7.6.14. West Pharmaceutical Services USA
  • 7.6.15. Cardinal Health USA
• 7.7. Healthcare -drug administration
  • 7.7.1. National Institute of Health drug trials item level, USA
  • 7.7.2. AstraZeneca Diprivan UK
  • 7.7.3. EnvisionAmerica
• 7.8. Healthcare - hospitals
  • 7.8.1. Melexis, Belgium
  • 7.8.2. Jackson Memorial Hospital USA
  • 7.8.3. Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center USA
  • 7.8.4. Bon Secours Health System, USA
  • 7.8.5. Salmon Creek Hospital USA
  • 7.8.6. Vanderbilt Children' s Hospital USA
  • 7.8.7. Washington Hospital Center, USA
  • 7.8.8. Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania USA
  • 7.8.9. Legacy Health System USA
  • 7.8.10. Palmetto Health USA
  • 7.8.11. Holy Name Hospital USA
  • 7.8.12. Baptist Health USA
  • 7.8.13. Veterans V/A Hospitals USA
  • 7.8.14. Regenesis Biomedical USA
  • 7.8.15. Mediplus, UK
  • 7.8.16. Massachusetts General Hospital, blood USA
  • 7.8.17. Georgetown University Hospital, blood USA
  • 7.8.18. Saarbrucken Clinic, blood Germany
  • 7.8.19. Hospital La Conception, pathology samples France
  • 7.8.20. Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority (HFEA), embryos, eggs, sperm UK
  • 7.8.21. Paoli Calmette Institute, pathology samples Italy
  • 7.8.22. University Hospital of Jena
• 7.9. Book printers, publishers, retailers, libraries
  • 7.9.1. Selexyz The Netherlands
  • 7.9.2. NBD Biblion The Netherlands
  • 7.9.3. Toppan Printing Japan
  • 7.9.4. Japanese bookstores and publishers
  • 7.9.5. Singapore National Library Board
  • 7.9.6. Botany Downs Library, New Zealand
  • 7.9.7. Jimei University library China
  • 7.9.8. Marseilles library France
  • 7.9.9. Stuttgart Library Germany
  • 7.9.10. Norr Stiefenhofer Lutz, archives and books item level Germany
  • 7.9.11. Vatican Library, library books Italy
• 7.10. Military
  • 7.10.1. US Military
  • 7.10.2. US Military Asset Program
  • 7.10.3. Corpus Christie Army depot aircraft parts USA
  • 7.10.4. French Army
  • 7.10.5. Ministry of National Defense Korea
• 7.11. Postal
  • 7.11.1. FedEx
  • 7.11.2. Deutsche Post/DHL Europe
  • 7.11.3. DHL healthcare logistics Europe
  • 7.11.4. Saudi Post Box Identification Saudi Arabia
  • 7.11.5. European Commission ParcelCall
• 7.12. Gas cylinder and beer keg operators
  • 7.12.1. China
  • 7.12.2. Air Liquide France
  • 7.12.3. Trenstar Europe/US
• 7.13. Aircraft parts and equipment
  • 7.13.1. Boeing USA
  • 7.13.2. Airbus Europe
• 7.14. Tires
  • 7.14.2. Michelin France/Germany
  • 7.14.3. Goodyear USA
• 7.15. Rented textile/ laundry
  • 7.15.1. Fenland laundry UK
  • 7.15.2. Grantex, Apparel rental/laundry USA
  • 7.15.3. Star City wardrobe tracking Australia
• 7.16. Other applications
  • 7.16.1. BAA Heathrow lights
  • 7.16.2. Bank of Nagoya
  • 7.16.3. Changwon City public art museum Korea
  • 7.16.4. Freshfields law firm UK
  • 7.16.5. Korea USN Center, Property management records, item level Korea
  • 7.16.6. Musee du Vitry, museum security item level France
  • 7.16.7. Marin County District Attorney' s Office, item level files USA
  • 7.16.8. Yoshikawa files Japan
  • 7.16.9. Echangeur New Technologies Center apparel France

• 8.1. Types of payback
• 8.2. Item level potential is far greater than for any other form of RFID
• 8.3. Checklist of types of payback
• 8.4. Retail vs CPG manufacturers
  • 8.4.1. Retailers benefit more than suppliers
  • 8.4.2. Large retailers and high ticket benefit more than small commodity ones
  • 8.4.3. Retailers vs CPG supplier benefits
  • 8.4.4. Other figures for retail and supplier paybacks
  • 8.4.5. Multiple paybacks will be commonplace
  • 8.4.6. CPG manufacturers
• 8.5. Healthcare
  • 8.5.1. Drug anti-counterfeiting and recalls
  • 8.5.2. Drug compliance monitoring
  • 8.5.3. Drug supply chain
  • 8.5.4. Blood
  • 8.5.5. Hospital assets
  • 8.5.6. Good Shepherd Hospital USA
• 8.6. Books
  • 8.6.1. Publishers
  • 8.6.2. Bookshops
  • 8.6.3. Libraries
• 8.7. Military
• 8.8. Postal
• 8.9. Gas cylinder and beer keg operators
• 8.10. Aircraft and other parts and equipment
• 8.11. Tires
• 8.12. Other applications

• APPENDIX 1: IDTECHEX PUBLICATIONS
• APPENDIX 2: GLOSSARY
• APPENDIX 3: INTRODUCTION TO RFID
• APPENDIX 4: UBIQUITOUS ID CENTER, JAPAN
• APPENDIX 5: EUROPEAN RADIO REGULATIONS AT UHF

• 2.1.Basic EPC coding structure
• 2.2.Comparison of potential features of HF and NF UHF item level tags
• 2.3.Frequency preferences for item level and baggage tagging in 2006
• 3.1.Examples of global potential for numbers of item level tags and benefits by sector
• 3.2.Short and Long Term Anticounterfeiting Strategies
• 3.3.Telemetry technologies available and their drawbacks for patient monitoring
• 3.4.HF vs UHF for pharmaceuticals
• 5.1.Total item level market value in $ million
• 5.2.Global demand for item level tags 2008-2018
• 5.3.Number of items shipped yearly by those global leaders that are interested in item level RFID
• 5.4.Item Level applications in 2008 by number sold globally and other details
• 5.5.Typical 2008 selling prices and quoted prices of RFID tags for various item level applications at one million quantities compared with pallet/case tags
• 5.6.Item level unit sales of RFID tags millions by application 2008-2018
• 5.7.Item level tag price in US$ by application 2008-2018
• 5.8.Item level tag value $ billions by application, 2008-2018
• 5.9.Systems and software value in $ million by application, 2008-2018
• 5.10.Examples of global potential for numbers of item level tags and benefits by sector
• 5.11.Some of the leading territories and users so far by applicational sector
• 5.12.The unequal share of gain and cost of item level tagging between retailers and their suppliers
• 5.13.Level of item level tagging activity across the world
• 5.14.The regions with the most ambitious item level rollouts
• 5.15.Some US regulations driving item level RFID
• 6.1.Level of item level tagging activity across the world
• 6.2.The regions with the most ambitious item level rollouts
• 6.3.Some US regulations driving item level RFID
• 7.1.Saudi Post Box data table
• 8.1.Some substantial problems that RFID can impact, but with indeterminate payback at the project level
• 8.2.Examples of global potential for numbers of item level tags and benefits by sector
• 8.3.Summary of paybacks from item level RFID by sector
• 8.4.Relative benefits and costs for the main potential users of item level RFID
• 8.5.The projected unequal share of gain and cost of item level tagging between certain Western retailers and their suppliers
• 8.6.Payback factors for item level RFID identified in various rollouts, trials and studies
• 8.7.Table showing the estimated savings of Wal-Mart from pallet, case and item level tagging
• 8.8.HDMA estimates of financial benefits from RFID on drugs at item level
• 8.9.US drug recalls 1995-2004
• 8.10.Hemo-Tag™ specifications
• 8.11.Equipment Rental Costs: Financial Results
• 8.12.Associate Satisfaction: Nursing Satisfaction Scores

• 1.1.Library label
• 1.2.DVD for library with UPM Raflatac annular HF label showing through from underside
• 1.3.The Tagsys HF RFID label used to tag items of Pfizer Viagra, GlaxoSmithKline Trizivir and other drugs from other suppliers
• 1.4.Symbol RFX6000 1x1 Pharmaceutical UHF RFID tag.Actual size: 25.4mm x 35.1mm
• 1.5.Plastic moulded RFID tags for laundry
• 1.6.Tagging and interrogating laundry in France
• 1.7.Disposable paper stitched tag used for stock control on apparel by Marks and Spencer.This folds from top to bottom before stitching.The RFID insert is shown to the left of where it is embedded in the tag.The insert is the size of a credit card
• 1.8.ChampionChip race timing tags that are attached to marathon runners' shoe laces, racing bicycles etc.The middle picture shows the LF inlet, magnified.This inlet is moulded into the two types of plastic fixture shown in the picture
• 1.9.On the right, a one centimeter thick, three centimeter diameter LF tag made by Sokymat for TrenStar the asset manager and RFID system integrator, compared with an HF label of the type that can also be used on some very metallic objects, shown on the left
• 1.10.Time temperature recording label, including printed battery, for monitoring food, medical supplies etc.
• 1.11.Enlarged picture of a UHF RFID insert for moulding into tire sidewalls when made into a protective label
• 1.12.UHF RFID label containing the above insert for moulding into tire sidewalls, actual size
• 1.13.Parasitic WiFi RFID tag for RTLS on assets etc, about 45 x 25 millimeters
• 1.14.UHF RFID label used in the trials
• 1.15.Flap unit duplex actuator unit RFID tagged in the trials
• 1.16.One version of item level RFID trialled by DHL on courier packages
• 2.1.The Object Naming Service (ONS) tells computer systems where to locate information on the Internet about any object that carries an EPC (Electronic Product Code)
• 2.2.EPCIS in the EPCglobal Network
• 2.3.ZigBee modules by Telegesis
• 2.4.Some examples of the different tags at the four main frequency bands
• 2.5.An exaggerated view of the difference in interrogator and tag cost for item level RFID at the different frequencies
• 2.6.Frequencies - the good things.With hoop antennas, HF can give several meters range
• 2.7.Frequencies - the bad things
• 2.8.Early pallet/ case tag at top compared with item level tag at bottom, both being Far Field UHF constructions
• 2.9.Demonstration of NF UHF multitag reading of tagged balls in water by Impinj.The reader is the black base to the water tank
• 2.10.Second demonstration of NF UHF multitag reading on small items by Impinj
• 2.11.Progression to high speed printing of both UHF and HF RFID antennas
• 2.12.A student railway discount sticker for China made by Shenshen Hyan Microelectronics in China using Parelec ParmodTM silver ink printed direct onto paper, no inlet being needed.First order in 2006 was for 15 million.Potential over 100 million yearly
• 2.13.TAGSYS AK Tag Module on a FF UHF antenna
• 2.14.One of the Impinj designs of FF UHF label for pallets and cases compared with its design of an H Field NF UHF label for small items
• 2.15.Combined NF/FF UHF labels and, top right, an H field NF UHF label
• 2.16.The KSW Microtec combined UHF tag Taurus ™
• 2.17.Global UHF allocations of license free bandwidth
• 2.18.The TAGSYS HF tag that it claims is the smallest EPC inlet in the world
• 2.19.A strap attached to a screen printed silver antenna for UHF RFID and, right, the picture enlarged
• 2.20.Top: A screen printed silver UHF Near Field Far Field antenna for items by Alien Technology.Bottom: an etched aluminium HF antenna the size of a credit card by Expnotech.A screen printed version would look similar
• 2.21.RFID chip from Hitachi Mu Solutions with antenna on the surface
• 2.22.The smallest RFID chips in the world, from Hitachi Mu Solutions and some of the benefits
• 2.23.A printed carbon zinc battery from Thin Battery Technologies as used in Sealed Air Time Temperature Recording (TTR )RFID smart labels
• 2.24.The web assembly process of Thin Battery Technologies
• 2.25.A probable scenario for the part taken by printing in the global market for RFID tags in 2016
• 3.1.Level of non-compliance for different medical treatments
• 3.2.RFID enabled patient compliance blisterpack from Information Mediary, Canada with sensors and electronics revealed
• 3.3.Usage and background data is read from the device and logged
• 3.4.Luer connectors in ' wrong' configuration
• 3.5.Luer connectors in ' correct' configurations
• 3.6.Traceability / medical devices in a manufacturer/distributor
• 3.7.Traceability / medical devices within a hospital situation
• 3.8.Applying Coil-on-Chip to hearing aids
• 3.9.Square CoC tag chip enclosed in protective plastic coating
• 3.10.How the intelliaid™ system works
• 3.11.Intelliaid™ scanners
• 3.12.Smart shelf for the simultaneous interrogation of large numbers of test tubes
• 3.13.Primary healthcare benefits of 11 billion item level RFID tags by number
• 3.14.A smart shelf system for DVDs in a Tesco supermarket in the UK that has increased sales by 4% simply by reducing stockouts
• 4.1.Maximum range vs memory for RFID applications under various core standards, with UHF tags not being widely available with more than eight kilobytes of memory.Well entrenched frequency choices in bold.Of the HF applications, UHF tags typically only appe
• 5.1.Total item level market value in $ billion
• 5.2.Value of global demand for item level tags 2008-2018
• 5.3.Evolution of item level RFID by tag price showing earliest date of mass adoption of leading application in each price band
• 5.4.Item level unit sales of RFID tags millions by application 2008-2018
• 5.5.Item level tag value $ billions by application, 2008-2018
• 5.6.Systems and software value in $ million by application, 2008-2018
• 5.7.Possible scenario for value of item level RFID tags by application in 2018
• 5.8.Possible scenario for number of item level RFID tags by application in 2018
• 5.9.A probable scenario for the part taken by printing in the global market for RFID tags in 2018
• 5.10.The adoption curve 2004-2016
• 5.11.Distribution in value of item level RFID tag sales
• 5.12.The overall price-volume sensitivity envelope
• 7.1.Marks & Spencer RFID flow diagram for item level RFID
• 7.2.Marks & Spencer prototype mobile scanner
• 7.3.Marks & Spencer customer information on RFID
• 7.4.RFID tagged apparel on moving racks being monitored by an Omron HF interrogator in Metro trials
• 7.5.Overview of the Field Trial
• 7.6.Sushi plates with anti-collision item level RFID
• 7.7.Outside and inside of Gillette Mach3 razor cases showing taped 13.56 MHz tag inside (bottom left) and a printed antenna with a mounted chip UHF tag in another version (bottom right) as used in various US trials.
• 7.8.Syscan International
• 7.9.EXA E&C tags in cosmetics bottle tops
• 7.10.TagSys RFID
• 7.11.DHL Fashion
• 7.12.ASK summary of DHL Fashion trial
• 7.13.Veronique Delachaux fashion
• 7.14.NBG tunnel interrogator at DHL Fashion
• 7.15.NBG roving aisle interrogator at DHL Fashion
• 7.16.Fujii HF item level tag
• 7.17.Avery Dennison UHF smart label for item level drugs
• 7.18.915 MHz EPC tag on item level drugs packages from Abbott Laboratories in the Accenture trials.The EPC code was only printed on the outside for the first phase (see bottom of label).
• 7.19.Diprivan TCI tag construction
• 7.20.Tagged syringe and Diprifusor™
• 7.21.Pill bottle with smart label (printed prescription label not shown)
• 7.22.ScripTalk speaker
• 7.23.On-the-fly calibration - just show the bottom of the container to the glucometer
• 7.24.Glucometer application in detail - the MLX90109 reader
• 7.25.Glucometer application in detail - the MLX90127 sticky label transponder
• 7.26.A selection of UWB RFID tags
• 7.27.Installation of a Radianse IPS
• 7.28.HealthCare pilot RTLS tags
• 7.29.How The HealthCare Pilot system works
• 7.30.Pill bottle with smart label (printed prescription label not shown)
• 7.31.ScripTalk speaker
• 7.32.Mediplus tagged catheter
• 7.33.Mediplus Pressflow overview
• 7.34.Paling Risk Scale for major transfusion hazards
• 7.35.SHOT project: cumulative data 1996 to 2001
• 7.36.Increasing errors within hospitals
• 7.37.Safe transfusion: Processes not just product
• 7.38.Automated warning generated when a possible mis-match of blood and patient occurs
• 7.39.RFID on blood container, next to interrogator
• 7.40.Blood labelled with RFID chip
• 7.41.Identifying patients and their blood
• 7.42.HF tags from TAGSYS
• 7.43.The first book to be RFID tagged by Toppan Printing at manufacture
• 7.44.The 2.45 GHz tag used in the Toppan Printing book - 4.5cm long
• 7.45.How tagged books can alert staff to many books being taken from the shelves as a precursor to theft
• 7.46.Demonstration of buying books tagged with RFID at the Point of Sale (POS)
• 7.47.RFID tag the size of a credit card is attached to the back of the book cover
• 7.48.The RFID system at Botany Library
• 7.49.Bibliotheca' s BiblioChip system
• 7.50.Time analysis of media circulation
• 7.51.Tag data elements
• 7.52.Future operational capabilities - smart stores
• 7.53.A typical supply dump during the Gulf War
• 7.54.Corpus Christie Army Depot
• 7.55.NCA in Korea
• 7.56.Challenges facing NCA
• 7.57.intellareturn Smart Return Services
• 7.58.DHL in the healthcare supply chain
• 7.59.DHL RFID Pilot Experience & Development Areas
• 7.60.ParcelCall scenarios
• 7.61.An RFID tag in a gas cylinder being read in France
• 7.62.Michelin tires with RFID embedded
• 7.63.Typical processes for garment cleaning
• 7.64.Textile tracking
• 7.65.Industrial launderers
• 7.66.Grantex case study
• 7.67.Return on investment
• 7.68.Changwon long term plan
• 7.69.Changwon core technology
• 7.70.Challenges facing the Korea USN Center
• 7.71.2004 RFID Pilot Projects
• 7.72.Property Management System
• 8.1.The process - blood sampling
• 8.2.The process - pathology laboratory
• 8.3.The benefits - supporting change
• 8.4.GSH equipment rental costs
• 8.5.GSH equipment purchasing costs
• 8.6.GSH associate satisfaction
• 8.7.Bibliotheca' s BiblioChip system
• 8.8.Time analysis of media circulation
• 8.9.The scale of the task.Scottish Courage Brewing have tagged 1.9 million containers to date

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