Abstract
This report addresses advances in localization of wireless objects in the
emergency situations.
The report covers both technological and marketing issues of such a process.
It consists of two major parts:
- -Part I: E911/E112 services, technologies and markets. We compare here
various methods to determine location of a cellular caller in emergency
situations, discuss the market and services.
- -Part II: Ultra Wideband (UWB) technology as an assistant to first
responders in localization various objects in the emergency situations. Here,
we focus on UWB as an important tool, which introduces many advanced features
to first responder's communication and radar abilities.
The service and the E911/E112 industry were born in response to growing the
cellular subscriber base and inability traditional 911/112 service to support
reliable caller's identification and location. Realizing the importance of
this service for people in critical situations, the governments around the
world, and particular in the U.S. mandate the phase approach to redefining 911
for mobile users.
The report addresses a complex of issues associated with the technological
challenges and the markets for E911/E112. It also provides information on the
FCC activity in this area. We cover in this report: a. E911 technologies,
services and regulations, and b. E91/E112 markets, vendors and providers. The
report also contains a detailed list of terminology used in the E911/E112
world.
The report discusses issues associated with E911/E112 importance, and why the
governments mandated the implementation of these emergency services. In
technology sections, the report provides the analysis of various approaches to
E911/E112 implementation, compares such approaches and provides their benefits
and limitations. In the market sections, the analysis of the E911/E112 market
is presented; portfolios of the major vendors are analyzed.
In the second part of the report, we provide the details of advantages to use
UWB devices for first responders operations. Such operations very often are
conducted in the areas where other localization techniques (such as GPS) are
not effective. With UWB, first responders may achieve object localization with
precise accuracy and with visibility through walls, doors and so on.
Table of Contents
1.0 Introduction 11
- 1.1 Scope and Goals 11
- 1.2 Research Methodology 12
- 1.3 Target Audience 12
PART I 14
2.0 Localization of Cellular Caller 14
- 2.1 Beginning 14
- 2.2 Needs 14
- 2.3 Actions: E911/E112 15
- 2.4 Standards 17
- 2.4.1 Organizations 18
- 2.4.1.1 LOC and Location Interoperability Forum (LIF) 18
- 2.4.1.2 Open Geospatial Consortium 20
- 2.4.2 Process 21
- 2.4.3 Protocols 22
- 2.4.3.1 MPP 22
- 2.4.3.2 SLoP 22
- 2.4.3.3 Open GIS Specification 22
- 2.4.3.4 Mobile Location Protocol 23
- 2.4.3.5 TIA 23
- 2.4.3.6 NENA 23
3.0 Technologies 26
- 3.1 E911 PLS Network Requirements 26
- 3.1.1 Two Approaches 26
- 3.1.2 Requirements 27
- 3.2 Methods 29
- 3.2.1 Network-Based 29
- 3.2.1.1 AOA (Angle of Arrival) 29
- 3.2.1.2 Time Difference of Arrival (TDOA) 31
- 3.2.1.2.1 U-TDOA (Uplink Time Difference of Arrival) 31
- 3.2.1.3 TOA (Time of Arrival) 33
- 3.2.1.4 E-OTD (Enhanced Observed Time Difference) 33
- 3.2.1.5 A-FLT (Advanced Forward Link Trilateration) 33
- 3.2.1.6 E-CID (Enhanced Cell Identification) 33
- 3.2.1.7 Location Pattern Matching (LPM) 34
- 3.2.2 Local 36
- 3.2.2.1 GPS (Global Position System) 36
- 3.2.2.2 A-GPS (Assisted Global Position System) 36
- 3.2.3 Hybrid Location Systems 38
- 3.2.3.1 Commercial Success: gpsOne Hybrid Overview 39
- 3.3 E911 AND INTERNET 40
- 3.4 Parameters 42
- 3.5 Comparison 44
- 3.6 E911 Call Processing 45
4.0 Issues 48
- 4.1 PSAP Activity 48
- 4.2 Economics and Technologies: Challenges 48
5.0 Europe E112 and Other 50
6.0 Market 53
- 6.1 General: PLS Drivers 53
- 6.1.1 U.S. and Europe: Differences 53
- 6.2 E911 Market Forecast 55
- 6.2.1 Model Assumptions 55
- 6.2.2 Estimates 55
- 6.2.2.1 Services 55
- 6.2.2.2 Equipment 58
- 6.2.3 Sensitivity Analysis 59
7.0 Providers 61
8.0 Equipment Vendors 66
- Andrew 66
- CPS (Cambridge Position Systems) 68
- Cell-Loc 70
- CellPoint 71
- CompassCom 71
- Ericsson 73
- GlobalLocate 73
- Lucent 74
- OpenCell 75
- Polaris Wireless 76
- Qualcomm 77
- SignalSoft (OpenWave) 78
- SIRF 79
- SnapTrack (Acquired by Qualcomm) 80
- TechnoCom 81
- Tendler Cellular 81
- Uticom 83
- Part II 85
- Ultra Wideband Technology -- Reliable Assistant for First Responders 85
9.0 First Responders Localization Specifics 85
10.0 UWB General 86
- 10.1 Brief Description 86
11.0 UWB: Technology Specifics 88
- 11.1 General 88
- 11.2 Definition 89
- 11.3 Rates 90
- 11.4 Spectrum Allocation 90
- 11.5 Major Features 92
- 11.5.1 Communications Features 95
- 11.5.2 Positioning Characteristics 96
- 11.5.2.1 Sensor Networks 96
- 11.6 Standards and Regulations 97
- 11.6.1 Multiband OFDM 97
- 11.6.2 DS-UWB 98
- 11.6.3 Standards Bodies 99
- 11.6.3.1 Groups 100
- 11.6.3.2 Forces 100
- 11.6.4 FCC and ETSI 100
- 11.6.5 ECMA International 102
- 11.6.6 ITU and International 103
- 11.6.7 Intel Efforts 103
12.0 Applications 105
- 12.1 General 105
- 12.2 Home Security 106
- 12.3 Phones 106
- 12.4 RFID 106
- 12.5 Communications and Imaging 107
- 12.5.1 WPAN 108
- 12.5.2 Imaging systems 108
- 12.5.3 Sensor Networks 109
- 12.5.4 Vehicular Radar Systems 109
- 12.5.5 Ranging 109
- 12.6 Summary 111
13.0 Issues 114
14.0 Market 115
15.0 Industry 118
- Aether (localization devices) 118
- Alereon (chipsets) 119
- Artimi (chipsets) 119
- BBN (radio, first responders) 120
- Camero (radar, equipment for first responders) 121
- decaWave (chipsets) 122
- Focus Enhancement (chipsets) 122
- Freescale (chipsets, systems) 123
- General Atomics (chipsets) 124
- Multispectral (RFID and others) 125
- Parco (RFID) 126
- Pulse~ Link (chipsets) 127
- Staccato (chipsets) 129
- TriQuint (chipsets -- homeland security applications) 130
- Time Domain (chipsets-fusion of communications & radar) 130
- Tzero (chipsets) 134
- Ubisense (RFID-tracking) 134
- Wisair (chipsets) 136
- WiQuest (chipsets) 137
- 16.0 Conclusions 139
- Glossary 142
- 911 Telephone Terminology 148
- References 151
List of Figures
- Figure 1: Categories 27
- Figure 2: AOA Illustration 30
- Figure 3: U-TDOA Illustration 32
- Figure 4: LPM Method 35
- Figure 5: A-GPS Illustration 38
- Figure 6: E911 Call Processing 46
- Figure 7: Worldwide LBS (Location-Based Services) Revenue Estimate ($B) 56
- Figure 8: LBS Components Proportion (2005 view) 56
- Figure 9: E911/E912 Services Revenue Estimate ($B) 57
- Figure 10: 2004 View: E911 Revenue vs. E112 and others 57
- Figure 11: E911 Equipment - Purchase Power 58
- Figure 12: Market Estimate E911/E112 Equipment (Handset-based Methods, $B)
59
- Figure 13: E911/E112 Market Estimate: Equipment, Network-based Methods (B)
59
- Figure 14: UWB Spectrum 91
- Figure 15: Market Estimate: UWB Circuitry ($B) 115
- Figure 16: Market Estimate: Multiband OFDM UWB Circuitry ($B) 116
- Figure 17: Market Estimate: DS UWB Circuitry ($B) 116
- Figure 18: Estimate of UWB Market -- Communications Applications ($B) 117
