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시장보고서
The Future of Carbon Sequestration: Key drivers and resistors, costs and technologies
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Abstract
Keeping in view the dangers of global warming, it is imperative to limit the
levels of CO2 in the atmosphere; there are three means of achieving this;
increased energy efficiency, the use of fuels that do not lead to an increase
in the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere and methods that remove carbon dioxide
from the atmosphere, for example carbon sequestration. The first two methods
are long term strategies and only the third offers some immediate relief to
the problem. 'The Future of Carbon Sequestration: Key drivers and resistors,
costs and technologies' is a new management report that examines the ways in
which CO2 can be captured, transported and stored to prevent it from returning
to the atmosphere. It analyzes the alternative means of generating
electricity, the associated costs and uses different costing models to
evaluate the most economical future strategy. Use this report to evaluate the
niche opportunities provided by carbon sequestration as a global CO2
stabilization strategy...
Table of Contents
- Executive summary
- Introduction
- Capturing carbon dioxide
- Transporting and sequestering carbon dioxide
- Alternative technologies
- Political and legislative issues
- The cost of sequestration
- Chapter 1 Introduction to carbon sequestration 16
- Emission control targets
- Hydrogen economy
- Status of the technology
- The structure of this report
- Chapter 2 Power generation technologies with carbon dioxide capture
- Introduction
- Post-combustion capture
- Absorption process
- Energy requirements
- Post-combustion developments
- Fuel cells
- Pre-combustion capture
- Steam reforming and partial oxidation
- Integrated gasification combined cycle
- Hydrogen
- Oxyfuel combustion
- The cost of carbon dioxide capture
- Demonstration projects
- Chapter 3 Transporting and sequestering carbon dioxide
- How much carbon dioxide needs to be sequestered?
- Transporting carbon dioxide
- Carbon dioxide sequestration
- Geological sequestration
- Oil and gas fields
- Coal beds
- Geological formations
- Geological storage capacities
- Ocean sequestration
- Reducing seawater acidity
- Storage capacity
- Sequestration monitoring
- Risks
- Risks associated with ocean storage
- Risks associated with geological storage
- Legislative issues
- Costs
- Chapter 4 Alternative technologies for carbon sequestration
- Introduction
- Hydropower
- Environmental issues
- Financing hydropower
- The cost of hydroelectricity
- Wind power
- Environmental issues
- The cost of wind power
- Marine generation technologies
- Environmental issues
- Cost of marine power
- Hydrogen
- Biomass energy conversion
- Environmental considerations
- The cost of electricity from biomass
- Solar power
- Solar thermal technology
- Solar photovoltaic technology
- Environmental issues
- The cost of solar power
- Forest sequestration
- Nuclear power
- The cost of nuclear electricity
- Cost comparison
- Chapter 5 Political and legislative issues
- Introduction
- Legislative issues
- The public perception of carbon sequestration
- Political issues
- Chapter 6 The cost of sequestration
- Introduction
- Fossil fuel power generation
- Capital cost
- Cost of electricity
- Cost of carbon dioxide capture
- Cost comparisons
- Alternative forms of power generation
- The cost of carbon-free electricity
- Conclusions
List of Figures
- Figure 1.1: Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration
- Figure 2.2: Cost of Electricity Comparison using IECM model
- Figure 2.3: Cost of electricity based on IPCC study ($/kWh)
- Figure 3.4: CO2 transportation costs (($/t CO2)
- Figure 3.5: Relationship between atmospheric CO2 concentration and
change in seawater acidity
- Figure 4.6: Global hydropower capacity and potential, by region
- Figure 4.7: Global wind capacity (MW), 1997-2005
- Figure 4.8: Installed wind energy capacity by country, 2005
- Figure 4.9: Costs of alternative technologies ($/Kwh)
- Figure 6.10: Capital cost of fossil fuel plants with and without capture
(EC)
- Figure 6.11: The cost of carbon-free electricity (€/kWh)
- Figure 6.12: The final cost of electricity (€/kWh)
List of Tables
- Table 1.1: Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration
- Table 2.2: Carbon dioxide quantities in flue gas from power plants
- Table 2.3: Pre-combustion fuel conversion efficiencies
- Table 2.4: Cost of Electricity Comparison using IECM model
- Table 2.5: Cost of carbon dioxide avoided using IECM model ($/t CO2)
- Table 2.6: Cost of electricity based on IPCC study ($/kWh)
- Table 2.7: Cost of carbon dioxide avoided based on IPCC study ($/t CO2)
- Table 2.8: Cost of electricity in EU to 2020 with, without capture
(€/kWh)
- Table 3.9: CO2 transportation costs (($/t CO2)
- Table 3.10: Underground storage capacities (Gt CO2)
- Table 3.11: Relationship between atmospheric CO2 concentration and
change in seawater acidity
- Table 3.12: Storage costs in geological formations as a function of
storage depth (€/t CO2)
- Table 3.13: Storage and monitoring costs ($/t CO2)
- Table 4.14: Global hydropower capacity and potential, by region
- Table 4.15: Global wind capacity (MW), 1997-2005
- Table 4.16: Installed wind energy capacity by country, 2005
- Table 4.17: Predicted European biomass generating capacity to 2020
- Table 4.18: Annual solar cell production and cumulative capacity
- Table 4.19: Costs of alternative technologies
- Table 5.20: Kyoto treaty emissions limits between 2008 and 2012 by
country
- Table 6.21: Capital cost of fossil fuel plants with and without capture
(EC)
- Table 6.22: Capital cost of fossil fuel plants with and without capture
(IPCC)
- Table 6.23: The cost of electricity from fossil fuel plants with and
without capture (Ecofys/TNO)
- Table 6.24: The cost of electricity from fossil fuel plants with and
without capture (IPCC)
- Table 6.25: The cost of electricity from fossil fuel plants with and
without capture (BI)
- Table 6.26: The cost of carbon dioxide capture from fossil fuel plants
(Ecofys/TNO)
- Table 6.27: The cost of carbon dioxide capture from fossil fuel plants
(IPCC)
- Table 6.28: Costs of alternative technologies
- Table 6.29: The cost of carbon-free electricity (€/kWh)
- Table 6.30: The final cost of electricity (€/kWh)
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