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시장보고서
The Future of Cogeneration in Europe: Growth Opportunities and Key Drivers of Success
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Abstract
Cogeneration (simultaneous production of electricity and heat), offers
significantly higher fuel efficiency compared with conventional ways of
generating electricity from fossil fuel. Provided there is a ready market for
the heat output, this not only saves on fuel costs but also reduces CO2
emissions.
The Future of Cogeneration in Europe is a new management report that
analyzes the current state of the market offering an European overview as
well as detailed profiles for selected markets -such as Germany, Italy,
Denmark, The Netherlands, United Kingdom, Turkey and Russia. This report
assesses the future prospects and the position of cogeneration technology
within the overall power generation mix. It evaluates the economics of
cogeneration, the regulatory environment, market structure and growth
potential. It also offers actionable recommendations based on independent,
expert analysis of the critical success factors.
Use the comprehensive analysis in this new report to assess current and
future profit opportunities and to anticipate potential market threats.
Table of Contents
Executive Summary
- Introduction to cogeneration
- Technology overview
- Economics of cogeneration
- Regulatory framework
- Market structure and growth potential
- Conclusions
Chapter 1 Introduction to cogeneration
- Summary
- Introduction
- Report structure
Chapter 2 Technology overview
- Summary
- Introduction
- Established technologies
- Steam turbine
- Technical description
- Applications
- Gas turbine
- Technical description
- Application
- CCGT
- Technical description
- Application
- Microturbine
- Technical description
- Applications
- Reciprocating engine
- Technical description
- Applications
- Alternative technologies
- Fuel cell
- Technical description
- Applications
- Stirling engine
- Technical description
- Applications
- Inverse gas turbine
- Technical description
- Applications
- Hot air turbine
- Technical description
- Applications
- Steam engine
- Technical description
- Applications
- ORC engine
- Technical description
- Applications
- Kalina engine
- Technical description
- Applications
- Comparative overview of the main technologies
- Technical overview
- Cost overview
- Technology costs
- Fuel costs
- Overview of applications
Chapter 3 Economics of cogeneration
- Summary
- Introduction
- General framework
- Net present value
- Risk factors
- Non-utility vs. utility cogenerators
- CHP vs. utility supply
- Revenues and cost savings
- Costs
- Summary of free cash flow from CHP
- CHP vs. stand-alone generation
- Direct fuel cost savings
- Fuel efficiency
- Achievable price of power
- Fuel spread
- Transmission and distribution savings
- Externalities
- Greenhouse gas reductions
- Other social benefits
- The problem of scale
- The need for support
Chapter 4 Regulatory framework
- Summary
- Introduction
- EU Cogeneration Directive
- Guarantees of Origin
- Quantification methodology
- Volume of electricity from cogeneration
- Efficiency of cogeneration
- Reference values
- Implementation mechanisms
- “Green tax” relief: UK case example
- Feed-in tariffs and price support: Portugal case example
- CHP obligations: Flanders case example
- Investment incentives
- Other support mechanisms
- Competitive tenders
- Direct targets
- Network assistance
- Summary of support mechanisms within member states
- Support schemes outside of the EU
- Kyoto mechanisms
Chapter 5 Market structure and growth potential
- Summary
- Introduction
- Industry organization
- Not a “proper” market
- Demand-side organization
- Supply-side organization
- Stand-alone plants
- Third-party intermediaries
- In-sourced solutions
- Current state of the market
- European overview
- Selected market profiles
- Germany
- Italy
- Denmark
- The Netherlands
- UK
- Turkey
- Russia
- Future levels of support
- Priority growth areas
- The case for micro-CHP
- Benefits and incentives
- Technology requirements and operating regime
- Potential obstacles
- Addressable market
- The trouble with biomass
- Benefits and drawbacks
- Likely growth areas
- Barriers to growth
- Difficult underlying economics
- Uneasy relationship with utilities
- Planning and permitting burden
- Support schemes interfering with market mechanisms
Chapter 6 Conclusions
- Summary
- Introduction
- “Philosophy” of CHP policy
- Top-down vs. bottom-up
- Focus of support
- Stable policy framework
- Unfinished business
- Certification and direct support
- A “level playing field”?
Chapter 7 Appendix 126
- Reference values
- Index
- Selected bibliography
List of Figures
- Figure 2.1: Principal schematics of a steam turbine CHP plant
- Figure 2.2: Principal schematics of a gas turbine CHP plant
- Figure 2.3: Principal schematics of a CCGT turbine CHP plant
- Figure 2.4: Principal schematics of a microturbine CHP plant
- Figure 2.5: Principal schematics of a reciprocating engine CHP plant
- Figure 2.6: Principal schematics of a fuel cell CHP plant
- Figure 2.7: Principal schematics of a Stirling engine CHP plant
- Figure 2.8: Principal schematics of an inverse gas turbine CHP plant
- Figure 2.9: Principal schematics of a hot air turbine CHP plant
- Figure 2.10: Principal schematics of a steam engine CHP plant
- Figure 2.11: Principal schematics of an ORC engine CHP plant
- Figure 2.12: Principal schematics of a Kalina engine CHP plant
- Figure 2.13: Output characteristics of the main cogeneration technologies
- Figure 3.14: Relative economics of CHP vs. utility supply
- Figure 3.15: Capital Cost Requirements to Meet 20 Year Projected
Electricity Demand in Brazil and China, 2005-25
- Figure 4.16: Cumulative emissions reductions from CDM-registered
cogeneration projects, Sept 2005 - Sept 06
- Figure 5.17: Leading European CHP markets, 2003
- Figure 5.18: Drivers and inhibitors of support for CHP
List of Tables
- Table 2.1: Output characteristics of the main cogeneration technologies
- Table 2.2: Cost characteristics of the main cogeneration technologies
- Table 2.3: Fuel utilization of main cogeneration technologies
- Table 2.4: Typical (or optimal) applications of main cogeneration
technologies
- Table 3.5: Efficiency gain of CHP over separate power and heat generation
- Table 4.6: Support mechanisms for CHP within EU-15
- Table 5.7: CHP electricity in the EU and neighboring states, 2003
- Table 7.8: EC Cogeneration Directive efficiency reference values for
separate production of electricity, December 2006
- Table 7.9: EC Cogeneration Directive efficiency reference values for
separate production of heat, December 2006
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