세계의 탄소가격제 현황

※ 본 상품은 영문 자료로 한글과 영문 목차에 불일치하는 내용이 있을 경우 영문을 우선합니다. 정확한 검토를 위해 영문목차를 참고해주시기 바랍니다.

2021년에 세계의 탄소 가격이 상승한 것은 넷 제로 목표와 COP26과 관련된 오염 규제 강화가 큰 요인이 되고 있습니다. 기타 요인으로는 천연가스 가격 상승에 의한 석탄 사용량 증가, 독일에 의한 가격 하한제 추진 및 옵션거래 기한이 다가오고 있는 점 등을 들 수 있습니다.

세계의 탄소가격제(Carbon Pricing) 현황을 조사했으며, 다양한 종류의 메커니즘, 현재 세계의 가격 수준, 대상이 되는 부문, 배출량을 절감하기 위해 필요한 가격 수준과 사용 효과 등의 정보를 제공합니다.

목차

목차

• 탄소가격제란?
• 탄소가격제의 유효성
• 배출권 거래 제도
• 탄소세
• 탄소배출권
• 내부탄소가격
• 탄소 가격 상승
• 세계의 배출량 범위
• 적용되는 부문과 세금/수수료 부과
• 파리협정 목표 달성을 위해 필요한 희생
• 실효탄소세율
• 파리협정 제6조에 기반한 탄소배출권
• 유럽연합 배출권거래제의 사례 연구
• 액티브하고 계획된 가격 스킴 : 미국과 캐나다, 라틴아메리카, 중동·아시아·오세아니아, 유럽, 아프리카

List of Figures

List of Figures

• Figure 1: US Emissions Scenarios and Paris Targets
• Figure 2: Cap-and-Trade and Baseline-and-Credit Examples
• Figure 3: Carbon Tax Rates, April 2021
• Figure 4: National and Sub-national Crediting Systems
• Figure 5: Internal Carbon Prices Among Oil & Gas Majors
• Figure 6: EU and UK ETS Allowance Prices, 2021
• Figure 7: Carbon Prices in 2021
• Figure 8: Carbon Price Coverage of Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions
• Figure 9: Allocation of Sector Coverage and Payment Responsibility in Active ETS and Carbon Tax Systems, Worldwide
• Figure 10: Percentage of Emissions Priced at Paris-Compatible Level, 2018

Carbon pricing mechanisms include include emissions trading systems (ETS), carbon taxes, carbon credits, and internal carbon pricing. Carbon prices around the world rose during 2021, in large part due to net zero targets and tightening pollution restrictions related to COP26. Other contributing factors have been greater use of coal due to higher natural gas prices, a price floor push from Germany, and upcoming deadlines for options trading. Just 22% of global GHG emissions are priced, and only 4% are priced at Paris-compatible levels. Most ETS's are focused on heavy industry and power sectors, while carbon taxes sometimes include all sectors. Generally, the taxes are applied to the highest level of the value chain (i.e. producers and importers), and in a minority of cases applied directly to users. In the US, a methane fee is under consideration in Congress. It would apply a tax of $900/ton to oil & gas operations in 2023, increasing to $1500/ton in 2025. Europe has the most mature ETS, with other carbon pricing leaders being Canada and, South Korea, and New Zealand.

Carbon pricing is an effective economic measure for refelcting the true costs associated with greenhous gas emissions. This report provides an introduction to the different types of carbon pricing mechanisms, current global price levels, sectors that are covered by carbon pricing, gives context to the current scope and scale of carbon pricing coverage, addresses the pricing level needed to reduce emissions and the effectiveness of using carbon pricing, and shows which countries or regions currently use or are considering implementing carbon pricing.

Scope

• Introduce the mechanics of carbon pricing schemes
• Examine the effectiveness of carbon pricing in reducing emissions
• Review the current price of carbon and sectoral coverage globally
• Learn where carbon pricing is currently applied or under consideration

Reasons to Buy

• Learn what factors have led to record-high carbon prices in 2021
• Understand what pricing levels are needed to meet Paris targets
• See which oil & gas companies are using carbon pricing
• Understand where carbon pricing is likely to be implemented

Table of Contents

Table of Contents

• What is Carbon Pricing?
• Carbon Pricing Effectiveness
• Emissions Trading Schemes
• Carbon Taxes
• Carbon Crediting
• Internal Carbon Pricing
• Carbon Prices on the Rise
• Coverage of Global Emissions
• Sectors Applied and Tax/Fee Imposition
• Price Necessary to Achieve Paris Climate Targets
• Effective Carbon Rates
• Carbon Crediting Under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement
• EU ETS Case Study
• Active and Planned Pricing Schemes: US and Canada; Latin America; Middle East, Asia, and Oceania; Europe; Africa