이산화탄소 포집 및 저장(CCS)의 미래 : 기술 혁신, 비용, 향후 전망

이산화탄소 포집 및 저장(CCS: Carbon Capture and Storage) 시장에 대해 조사했으며, CCS 기술 비용, 개념, 성장 촉진요인 및 저해요인 분석, 가장 혁신적인 기술 및 제조업체의 잠재적인 기회 분야, 주요 CCS 기술 비용 조사, 시장을 형성하는 주요 동향, 혁신을 촉진하는 새로운 동향 평가 등의 정보를 전해드립니다.

주요 요약

제1장 이산화탄소 포집 및 저장(CCS) : 가능성과 과제

• 요약
• 서론
• CCS 상업화 길은 지연돼
• 기타 중공업의 중요성
• 자금 조달과 위험
• CCS를 촉진하는 장려책
• 문제의 규모 : 세계의 배출량

제2장 이산화탄소 포집 기술과 발전

• 요약
• 서론
• 이산화탄소 포집
• 연소후 포집
• 산소 연소
• 연소전 포집
• 화학적 루핑(Chemical Looping)
• 시범 사업(Demonstration Project)

제3장 이산화탄소 운반 및 저장 : 옵션

• 요약
• 서론
• 이산화탄소의 지하 저장
• 지질학적 저장(Geo-storage) 매핑 및 매칭
• 파이프라인 운반 네트워크
• 이산화탄소 운반 및 저장 비지니스 모델
• 활용

제4장 이산화탄소 포집 및 저장(CCS) 비용

• 요약
• 서론
• 자본 비용
• 평준화 비용
• 회피 비용
• 운반 및 저장 비용

제5장 이산화탄소 포집 및 저장(CCS) 전망

• 요약
• 서론
• 세계적인 배출량 증가
• 저탄소 발생 기술 비용 비교
• 잠재적 시장 규모
• 기타 산업
• CCS를 위한 비지니스 모델 개발
• 결론

도표

Chapter 1 Carbon capture and storage: the potential and the challenges

Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is recognized as a key technology in the fight to reduce the global emissions of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. The technology, which is well understood, can be used to remove carbon dioxide from the emissions of power plants and a range of industrial plants that burn fossil fuel. However the development of commercial CCS technology for power plants and industrial facilities remains perilously slow. Europe, which was expected to drive forward the technology with a series of early demonstration plants has failed to do so because of financial constraints within government and industry, and the USA is now taking the lead. International organizations such as the IEA are lobbying for greater incentives to develop the technology, which needs to be available commercially by 2020 if it is to play a role in limiting the global temperature rise to 2°C. Meanwhile the greatest need for CCS is expected to be within developing nations such as China and India.

Chapter 2 Carbon capture technologies and developments

Carbon dioxide is a major product of the combustion of coal, oil and natural gas. The biggest source is coal and coal-fired power plants offer the single best target for applying carbon capture technologies to reduce global emissions. There are three primary methods of carbon dioxide capture being developed today, post-combustion capture, pre-combustion capture and oxyfuel combustion. A fourth, chemical looping, is in an early development stage. Post combustion capture involves scrubbing flue gases from a power plant to remove carbon dioxide. This is already carried out industrially and post combustion capture offers the best method of retro-fitting capture to existing plants. Oxyfuel combustion is another form of post-combustion capture in which the fossil is burnt in oxygen, leading to a carbon dioxide rich fuel gas from which it can easily be separated. However it has not been tested at the scale of a major power plant. Pre-combustion capture is based on the gasification of coal followed by removal of carbon dioxide to leave hydrogen which can be used to generate power, often in an integrated gasification combined cycle plant. All the stages of a pre-combustion plant have been operated but not together. Demonstration plants to establish all these technologies are now needed urgently to commercialize the technology.

Chapter 3 Carbon dioxide transportation and storage: the options

The transportation and sequestration of carbon dioxide are key elements of any overall strategy for carbon capture and storage (CCS). The pipeline transportation of carbon dioxide has been carried out extensively in the USA and elsewhere for enhanced oil recovery and the technology is available today. However underground storage of carbon dioxide has only been demonstrated to a limited extent. Moreover, the development of carbon storage sites can take five to ten years according to the International Energy Agency so development is necessary now if sites are to be ready for commercialization of CCS in the third decade of the century. Oil and gas wells can be used for sequestration and these offer the cheapest initial sequestration options but for large scale storage underground brine aquifers are the only geological structure capable of providing the necessary global capacity. Alongside the development of these storage sites, extensive pipeline networks will be needed. Business models will be needed to encourage investment in transportation and storage and this will have to be supported by legislation and regulation to ensure both safe and equitable use of networks and storage.

Chapter 4 The cost of carbon capture and storage

The cost of carbon capture and storage can be broken down into elements relating to the capture of carbon dioxide and those related to the transportation and storage of the gas, once isolated. The breakdown shows that the capital cost of carbon capture is the most significant part of the initial outlay. The cost of pipelines and to develop storage sites is likely to cost less in initial investment, but overall lifetime costs will be significant and could account for between 10% and 30% of the cost for each tonne of carbon dioxide sequestered based on the technology available today. The effect of adding carbon capture and storage to a power plant is to increase the cost of electricity from the plant. Increases are likely to be between 25% for a natural gas-fired plant to 40% for a coal plant according to the International Energy Agency. Both capital cost and levelized cost of electricity increases represent a significant hurdle preventing the expansion of carbon capture and storage. Technology development could bring costs down but this depends on the technology being implemented widely.

Chapter 5 The prospects for carbon capture and storage

Carbon capture and storage has the potential to transform the battle to control carbon dioxide emissions from the combustion of fossil fuels. The use of these fuels will continue to expand at least until the middle of the century. In power generation there will be major growth in the use of coal in developing countries, particularly China and India while natural gas use for power generation will expand in the developed world. The cost of adding carbon capture and storage to a power plant is an increase in the levelized cost of energy from the plant. This will make electricity from fossil fuel power plants more expensive than from some other sources such as wind power. Development can reduce this penalty but today the investment needed to reduce costs is not being made. If the technology can be brought to commercial viability then there is a massive market for carbon capture and storage technology over the next four decades. Failure to develop the technology will ultimately reduce demand for coal and natural gas for power generation more quickly as they are replaced by cleaner sources.

Key features of this report

• Analysis of Carbon Capture and Storage technology costs, concepts, drivers and components.
• Insight relating to the most innovative technologies and potential areas of opportunity for manufacturers.
• Examination of the key Carbon Capture and Storage technologies costs.
• Identification of the key trends shaping the market, as well as an evaluation of emerging trends that will drive innovation moving forward.

Key benefits from reading this report

• Realize up to date competitive intelligence through a comprehensive cost analysis in Carbon Capture and Storage markets.
• Assess Carbon Capture and Storage costs and analysis - including Carbon Capture and Storage rollout costs and Carbon Capture and Storage cost-benefit ratios.
• Identify which key trends will offer the greatest growth potential and learn which technology trends are likely to allow greater market impact.
• Quantify cost trends and how these vary regionally.

Key findings of this report

• 1.Average Carbon Capture and Storage roll-out costs.
• 2.Annual growth value of Carbon Capture and Storage.
• 3.Forecasts of Carbon Capture and Storage value growth.
• 4.Carbon Capture and Storage cost breakdown.
• 5.Past, current and future Carbon Capture and Storage investment requirements.
• 6.Global and regional investment breakdown.
• 7.Carbon Capture and Storage investments plans by country.

Key questions answered by this report

• 1.What are the drivers shaping and influencing power plant development in the electricity industry?
• 2.What is Carbon Capture and Storage going to cost?
• 3.Which Carbon Capture and Storage technology types will be the winners and which the losers?
• 4.Which Carbon Capture and Storage technologies are likely to find favour with manufacturers moving forward?
• 5.Which emerging technologies are gaining in popularity and why?

Who this report is for

Power utility strategists, energy analysts, research managers, power sector manufacturers, Carbon Capture and Storage power developers, investors in renewables systems and infrastructure, renewable energy developers, energy/power planning managers, energy/power development managers, governmental organisations, system operators, companies investing in renewable power infrastructure and generation, investment banks, infrastructure developers and investors, intergovernmental lenders, energy security analysts.

Why buy it

• To utilise in-depth assessment and analysis of the current and future technological and market state of Carbon Capture and Storage, carried out by an industry expert with 30 years in the power generation industry.
• Use cutting edge information and data.
• Use the highest level of research carried out.
• Expert analysis to say what is happening in the market and what will happen next.
• Have the 'what if' questions answered about new Carbon Capture and Storage technologies.
• Save time and money by having top quality research done for you at a low cost.

Report Details

Table of Contents

About the author

Disclaimer

• Note about authors and sources

Table of contents

Table of tables

Table of figures

Executive summary

Chapter 1 Carbon capture and storage: the potential and the challenges

Chapter 2 Carbon capture technologies and developments

Chapter 3 Carbon dioxide transportation and storage: the options

Chapter 4 The cost of carbon capture and storage

Chapter 5 The prospects for carbon capture and storage

Chapter 1 Carbon capture and storage, the potential and the challenges

• Summary
• Introduction
• The slow road to CCS commercialization
• Finance and risk
• The importance of other heavy industries
• Incentives to promote CCS
• The scale of the problem: global emissions to 2040

Chapter 2 Carbon capture technologies and developments

• Summary
• Introduction
• Capturing carbon dioxide
• Post-combustion capture
• Oxyfuel combustion
• Pre-combustion capture
• Chemical looping
• Demonstration projects

Chapter 3 Carbon dioxide transportation and storage: the options

• Summary
• Introduction
• Underground storage of carbon dioxide
• Geo-storage mapping and matching
• Pipeline transportation networks
• A business model for carbon transportation and storage
• Utilization

Chapter 4 The cost of carbon capture and storage

• Summary
• Introduction
• Capital costs
• Levelized costs
• Avoided cost
• Transportation and storage costs

Chapter 5 The outlook for carbon capture and storage

• Summary
• Introduction
• Global emissions growth
• The comparative cost of low carbon generating technologies
• Potential size of the market
• Other industries
• Developing a business model for CCS
• Conclusion

List of abbreviations

Table of tables

• Table 1: Key policies to accelerate CCS deployment by 2020, (2013)
• Table 2: Global carbon dioxide emission forecasts by region 2015 - 2040 (Mt), 2013
• Table 3: Breakdown of predicted CO2 emission reduction by 2050 by technology (%), 2013
• Table 4: Carbon dioxide capture strategies, 2014
• Table 5: Typical proportion of carbon dioxide in the flue gases of power plants (%), 2005
• Table 6: Efficiencies of power plants without and with carbon capture (%), 2013
• Table 7: Proposed power industry CCS projects, 2014
• Table 8: Underground storage potential (GtCO2), 2005
• Table 9: Estimates of annual CO2 emissions and storage capacity for European countries (Mt), 2009
• Table 10: Carbon dioxide pipeline estimates, 2020 - 2050 (km), 2010
• Table 11: Total overnight costs for US fossil fuel power plants (MW, $/kW), 2014
• Table 12: IEA costs and efficiencies of fossil fuel plants with carbon capture in OECD nations, 2013
• Table 13: Levelized cost of electricity from fossil fuel plants in USA 2019 and 2040 ($/MWh), 2014
• Table 14: Levelized cost estimates for fossil fuel technologies in the UK 2014-2030 (£/MWh), 2013
• Table 15: Predicted global fossil fuel generating capacities 2010 - 2040 (GW), 2013
• Table 16: Lazard unsubsidized levelized cost of electricity from low carbon technologies, ($/MWh), 2013
• Table 17: LCOE from low carbon technologies entering service in 2019 ($/MWh), 2014.
• Table 18: Cumulative total CO2 capture for IEA 2°C scenario (Gt CO 2), 2013
• Table 19: Predicted deployment of CCS 2020 - 2050 for IEA 2°C scenario (GW), 2013
• Table 20: Proportion of CCS in EU power generation mix 2030 and 2050 for a range of scenarios (%), 2011

Table of figures

• Figure 1: Selected countries carbon dioxide emission forecasts by region 2015 - 2040 (Mt), 2013
• Figure 2: Breakdown of predicted CO2 emission reduction by 2050 by technology (%), 2013
• Figure 3: Typical proportion of carbon dioxide in the flue gases of power plants (%), 2005
• Figure 4: Post-combustion capture, 2013
• Figure 5: Efficiencies of power plants without and with carbon capture (%), 2013
• Figure 6: Oxyfuel combustion, 2013
• Figure 7: Pre-combustion capture (IGCC with CCS), 2013
• Figure 8: Proposed power industry CCS projects, 2014
• Figure 9: Underground storage potential (GtCO2), 2005
• Figure 10: Map showing storage regions and emission sources in North America, 2012
• Figure 11: Annual CO2 emissions from large point source (Mt)
• Figure 12: Deep saline aquifer capacity (Mt)
• Figure 13: Hydrocarbon field capacity (Mt)
• Figure 14: Carbon dioxide pipeline estimates, 2020 - 2050 (km), 2010
• Figure 15: CO2Europipe 2030 reference scenario CO2 transportation routes, 2010
• Figure 16: Total overnight costs for US fossil fuel power plants (MW, $/kW), 2014
• Figure 17: IEA overnight capital costs of fossil fuel plants with carbon capture in OECD nations ($/kW), 2013
• Figure 18: Levelized cost of electricity from fossil fuel plants in USA 2019 and 2040 ($/MWh), 2014
• Figure 19: Levelized cost estimates for fossil fuel technologies in the UK 2014-2030 (£/MWh), 2013
• Figure 20: Predicted global fossil fuel generating capacities 2010 - 2040 (GW), 2013
• Figure 21: Lazard unsubsidized levelized cost of electricity from low carbon technologies, ($/MWh), 2013
• Figure 22: LCOE from low carbon technologies entering service in 2019 ($/MWh), 2014
• Figure 23: Cumulative total CO2 capture for IEA 2°C scenario (Gt CO 2), 2013
• Figure 24: Predicted deployment of CCS 2020 - 2050 for IEA 2°C scenario (GW), 2013
• Figure 25: : Proportion of CCS in EU power generation mix 2030 and 2050 for a range of scenarios (%), 2011