세계의 반응성 핫멜트 접착제 시장 분석 및 예측(2023-2033년)

“Global Reactive Hot Melt Adhesives Market Set for Unprecedented Growth.”

The global Reactive Hot Melt Adhesives market is experiencing significant growth, propelled by the increasing demand across various industries for advanced adhesive solutions. It is a type of adhesive that combines the benefits of hot melt adhesives with reactive properties, offering improved performance in terms of bond strength, durability, and temperature resistance. This versatile adhesive is finding widespread application in sectors such as transportation, textiles, and electronics, among others, where strong and durable bonds are essential.

One of the key drivers of the growing reactive hot melt adhesives market is its ability to address the evolving needs of modern manufacturing processes. Reactive hot melt adhesives provide a fast and efficient bonding solution with enhanced durability, making them suitable for applications where traditional adhesives may fall short. The automotive industry, for instance, is increasingly adopting reactive hot melt adhesives for assembly and bonding applications due to its ability to withstand challenging environmental conditions and provide reliable, long-lasting bonds.

As the global emphasis on sustainable and eco-friendly practices continues to grow, the reactive hot melt adhesives market is witnessing a shift towards formulations that are free from volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and other harmful substances. Manufacturers are investing in research and development to create environmentally friendly reactive hot melt adhesives formulations without compromising on performance.

Market Segmentation:

Segmentation 1: by Application

• Transportation
• Furniture and Upholstery
• Textile and Apparel
• Electronics
• Others

Segmentation 2: by Resin Type

• Polyurethane
• Polyolefin
• Others

Segmentation 3: by Substrate

• Plastic
• Wood
• Others

Segmentation 4: by Region

• North America
• Europe
• Asia-Pacific
• Rest-of-the-World

Key Questions Answered:

• What are the main factors driving the demand for global reactive hot melt adhesives market?
• What are the major patents filed by the companies active in the Global Reactive Hot Melt Adhesives Market?
• What are the strategies adopted by the key companies to gain a competitive edge in reactive hot melt adhesives industry?
• What is the futuristic outlook for the reactive hot melt adhesives market in terms of growth potential?
• Which application, resin type, and substrate is expected to lead the market over the forecast period (2023-2033)?
• Which region and country is expected to lead the market over the forecast period (2023-2033)?
• Who are the prominent players catering to the demand for the Global Reactive Hot Melt Adhesives Market, and what are the key offerings?

Table of Contents

1. Markets: Industry Outlook

• 1.1. Trends: Current and Future Impact Assessment
  • 1.1.1. Growing Emphasis on Eco-Friendly Adhesives
  • 1.1.2. Developments of Rapid-Setting Adhesives
• 1.2. Supply Chain Overview
  • 1.2.1. Value chain Analysis
  • 1.2.2. Market Map
  • 1.2.2. Pricing Forecast
• 1.3. R&D Review
  • 1.3.1. Patent Filing Trend by Country, by Company
• 1.4. Regulatory Landscape
• 1.5. Stakeholder Analysis
  • 1.5.1. Use Case
  • 1.5.2. End User and buying criteria
• 1.6. Impact analysis for key global events- covid19, Russia/Ukraine or Middle East crisis
• 1.7. Comparative Analysis of Reactive Hot Melt Adhesives and Other Adhesives
• 1.8. Market Dynamics Overview
  • 1.8.1. Market Drivers
  • 1.8.2. Market Restraints
  • 1.8.3. Market Opportunities

2. Application

• 2.1. Application Segmentation
• 2.2. Application Summary
• 2.3. Global Reactive Hot Melt Adhesives Market (by Application)
  • 2.3.1. Transportation
  • 2.3.2. Furniture and Upholstery
  • 2.3.3. Textile and Apparel
  • 2.3.4. Electronics
  • 2.3.5. Others

3. Product

• 3.1. Product Segmentation
• 3.2. Product Summary
• 3.3. Global Reactive Hot Melt Adhesives Market (by Resin Type)
  • 3.3.1. Polyurethane
  • 3.3.2. Polyolefin
  • 3.3.3. Others
• 3.4. Global Reactive Hot Melt Adhesives Market (by Substrate)
  • 3.4.1. Plastic
  • 3.4.2. Wood
  • 3.4.3. Others

4. Region

• 4.1. Regional Summary
  • Table: Global Reactive Hot Melt Adhesives Market, By Region, (Kilo Tons), 2022-2033
  • Table: Global Reactive Hot Melt Adhesives Market, By Region, ($ Million), 2022-2033
• 4.2. Drivers and Restraints
• 4.3. North America
  • 4.3.1. Key Market Participants in North America
  • 4.3.2. Business Drivers
  • 4.3.3. Business Challenges
  • 4.3.4. Application
    • Table: North America Reactive Hot Melt Adhesives Market, By Application (Kilo Tons), 2022-2033
    • Table: North America Reactive Hot Melt Adhesives Market, By Application ($ Million), 2022-2033
  • 4.3.5. Product
    • Table: North America Reactive Hot Melt Adhesives Market, By Resin Type (Kilo Tons), 2022-2033
    • Table: North America Reactive Hot Melt Adhesives Market, By Resin Type ($ Million), 2022-2033
    • Table: North America Reactive Hot Melt Adhesives Market, By Substrate (Kilo Tons), 2022-2033
    • Table: North America Reactive Hot Melt Adhesives Market, By Substrate ($ Million), 2022-2033
  • 4.3.6. North America Reactive Hot Melt Adhesives Market (by Country)
    • 4.3.6.1. U.S.
      • Table: U.S. Reactive Hot Melt Adhesives Market, By Application (Kilo Tons), 2022-2033
      • Table: U.S. Reactive Hot Melt Adhesives Market, By Application ($ Million), 2022-2033
      • Table: U.S. Reactive Hot Melt Adhesives Market, By Resin Type (Kilo Tons), 2022-2033
      • Table: U.S. Reactive Hot Melt Adhesives Market, By Resin Type ($ Million), 2022-2033
      • Table: U.S. Reactive Hot Melt Adhesives Market, By Substrate (Kilo Tons), 2022-2033
      • Table: U.S. Reactive Hot Melt Adhesives Market, By Substrate ($ Million), 2022-2033
    • 4.3.6.2. Canada
      • Table: Canada Reactive Hot Melt Adhesives Market, By Application (Kilo Tons), 2022-2033
      • Table: Canada Reactive Hot Melt Adhesives Market, By Application ($ Million), 2022-2033
      • Table: Canada Reactive Hot Melt Adhesives Market, By Resin Type (Kilo Tons), 2022-2033
      • Table: Canada Reactive Hot Melt Adhesives Market, By Resin Type ($ Million), 2022-2033
      • Table: Canada Reactive Hot Melt Adhesives Market, By Substrate (Kilo Tons), 2022-2033
      • Table: Canada Reactive Hot Melt Adhesives Market, By Substrate ($ Million), 2022-2033
• 4.4. Europe
  • 4.4.1. Key Market Participants in Europe
  • 4.4.2. Business Drivers
  • 4.4.3. Business Challenges
  • 4.4.4. Application
    • Table: Europe Reactive Hot Melt Adhesives Market, By Application (Kilo Tons), 2022-2033
    • Table: Europe Reactive Hot Melt Adhesives Market, By Application ($ Million), 2022-2033
  • 4.4.5. Product
    • Table: Europe Reactive Hot Melt Adhesives Market, By Resin Type (Kilo Tons), 2022-2033
    • Table: Europe Reactive Hot Melt Adhesives Market, By Resin Type ($ Million), 2022-2033
    • Table: Europe Reactive Hot Melt Adhesives Market, By Substrate (Kilo Tons), 2022-2033
    • Table: Europe Reactive Hot Melt Adhesives Market, By Substrate ($ Million), 2022-2033
  • 4.4.6. Europe Reactive Hot Melt Adhesives Market (by Country)
    • 4.4.6.1. Germany
      • Table: Germany Reactive Hot Melt Adhesives Market, By Application (Kilo Tons), 2022-2033
      • Table: Germany Reactive Hot Melt Adhesives Market, By Application ($ Million), 2022-2033
      • Table: Germany Reactive Hot Melt Adhesives Market, By Resin Type (Kilo Tons), 2022-2033
      • Table: Germany Reactive Hot Melt Adhesives Market, By Resin Type ($ Million), 2022-2033
      • Table: Germany Reactive Hot Melt Adhesives Market, By Substrate (Kilo Tons), 2022-2033
      • Table: Germany Reactive Hot Melt Adhesives Market, By Substrate ($ Million), 2022-2033
    • 4.4.6.2. France
      • Table: France Reactive Hot Melt Adhesives Market, By Application (Kilo Tons), 2022-2033
      • Table: France Reactive Hot Melt Adhesives Market, By Application ($ Million), 2022-2033
      • Table: France Reactive Hot Melt Adhesives Market, By Resin Type (Kilo Tons), 2022-2033
      • Table: France Reactive Hot Melt Adhesives Market, By Resin Type ($ Million), 2022-2033
      • Table: France Reactive Hot Melt Adhesives Market, By Substrate (Kilo Tons), 2022-2033
      • Table: France Reactive Hot Melt Adhesives Market, By Substrate ($ Million), 2022-2033
    • 4.4.6.3. Italy
      • Table: Italy Reactive Hot Melt Adhesives Market, By Application (Kilo Tons), 2022-2033
      • Table: Italy Reactive Hot Melt Adhesives Market, By Application ($ Million), 2022-2033
      • Table: Italy Reactive Hot Melt Adhesives Market, By Resin Type (Kilo Tons), 2022-2033
      • Table: Italy Reactive Hot Melt Adhesives Market, By Resin Type ($ Million), 2022-2033
      • Table: Italy Reactive Hot Melt Adhesives Market, By Substrate (Kilo Tons), 2022-2033
      • Table: Italy Reactive Hot Melt Adhesives Market, By Substrate ($ Million), 2022-2033
    • 4.4.6.4. Spain
      • Table: Spain Reactive Hot Melt Adhesives Market, By Application (Kilo Tons), 2022-2033
      • Table: Spain Reactive Hot Melt Adhesives Market, By Application ($ Million), 2022-2033
      • Table: Spain Reactive Hot Melt Adhesives Market, By Resin Type (Kilo Tons), 2022-2033
      • Table: Spain Reactive Hot Melt Adhesives Market, By Resin Type ($ Million), 2022-2033
      • Table: Spain Reactive Hot Melt Adhesives Market, By Substrate (Kilo Tons), 2022-2033
      • Table: Spain Reactive Hot Melt Adhesives Market, By Substrate ($ Million), 2022-2033
    • 4.4.6.5. U.K.
      • Table: U.K. Reactive Hot Melt Adhesives Market, By Application (Kilo Tons), 2022-2033
      • Table: U.K. Reactive Hot Melt Adhesives Market, By Application ($ Million), 2022-2033
      • Table: U.K. Reactive Hot Melt Adhesives Market, By Resin Type (Kilo Tons), 2022-2033
      • Table: U.K. Reactive Hot Melt Adhesives Market, By Resin Type ($ Million), 2022-2033
      • Table: U.K. Reactive Hot Melt Adhesives Market, By Substrate (Kilo Tons), 2022-2033
      • Table: U.K. Reactive Hot Melt Adhesives Market, By Substrate ($ Million), 2022-2033
    • 4.4.6.6. Rest-of-Europe
      • Table: Rest-of-Europe Reactive Hot Melt Adhesives Market, By Application (Kilo Tons), 2022-2033
      • Table: Rest-of-Europe Reactive Hot Melt Adhesives Market, By Application ($ Million), 2022-2033
      • Table: Rest-of-Europe Reactive Hot Melt Adhesives Market, By Resin Type (Kilo Tons), 2022-2033
      • Table: Rest-of-Europe Reactive Hot Melt Adhesives Market, By Resin Type ($ Million), 2022-2033
      • Table: Rest-of-Europe Reactive Hot Melt Adhesives Market, By Substrate (Kilo Tons), 2022-2033
      • Table: Rest-of-Europe Reactive Hot Melt Adhesives Market, By Substrate ($ Million), 2022-2033
• 4.5. Asia Pacific
  • 4.5.1. Key Market Participants in Asia Pacific
  • 4.5.2. Business Drivers
  • 4.5.3. Business Challenges
  • 4.5.4. Application
    • Table: Asia Pacific Reactive Hot Melt Adhesives Market, By Application (Kilo Tons), 2022-2033
    • Table: Asia Pacific Reactive Hot Melt Adhesives Market, By Application ($ Million), 2022-2033
  • 4.5.5. Product
    • Table: Asia Pacific Reactive Hot Melt Adhesives Market, By Resin Type (Kilo Tons), 2022-2033
    • Table: Asia Pacific Reactive Hot Melt Adhesives Market, By Resin Type ($ Million), 2022-2033
    • Table: Asia Pacific Reactive Hot Melt Adhesives Market, By Substrate (Kilo Tons), 2022-2033
    • Table: Asia Pacific Reactive Hot Melt Adhesives Market, By Substrate ($ Million), 2022-2033
  • 4.5.6. Asia-Pacific Reactive Hot Melt Adhesives Market (by Country)
    • 4.5.6.1. China
      • Table: China Reactive Hot Melt Adhesives Market, By Application (Kilo Tons), 2022-2033
      • Table: China Reactive Hot Melt Adhesives Market, By Application ($ Million), 2022-2033
      • Table: China Reactive Hot Melt Adhesives Market, By Resin Type (Kilo Tons), 2022-2033
      • Table: China Reactive Hot Melt Adhesives Market, By Resin Type ($ Million), 2022-2033
      • Table: China Reactive Hot Melt Adhesives Market, By Substrate (Kilo Tons), 2022-2033
      • Table: China Reactive Hot Melt Adhesives Market, By Substrate ($ Million), 2022-2033
    • 4.5.6.2. Japan
      • Table: Japan Reactive Hot Melt Adhesives Market, By Application (Kilo Tons), 2022-2033
      • Table: Japan Reactive Hot Melt Adhesives Market, By Application ($ Million), 2022-2033
      • Table: Japan Reactive Hot Melt Adhesives Market, By Resin Type (Kilo Tons), 2022-2033
      • Table: Japan Reactive Hot Melt Adhesives Market, By Resin Type ($ Million), 2022-2033
      • Table: Japan Reactive Hot Melt Adhesives Market, By Substrate (Kilo Tons), 2022-2033
      • Table: Japan Reactive Hot Melt Adhesives Market, By Substrate ($ Million), 2022-2033
    • 4.5.6.3. India
      • Table: India Reactive Hot Melt Adhesives Market, By Application (Kilo Tons), 2022-2033
      • Table: India Reactive Hot Melt Adhesives Market, By Application ($ Million), 2022-2033
      • Table: India Reactive Hot Melt Adhesives Market, By Resin Type (Kilo Tons), 2022-2033
      • Table: India Reactive Hot Melt Adhesives Market, By Resin Type ($ Million), 2022-2033
      • Table: India Reactive Hot Melt Adhesives Market, By Substrate (Kilo Tons), 2022-2033
      • Table: India Reactive Hot Melt Adhesives Market, By Substrate ($ Million), 2022-2033
    • 4.5.6.4. South Korea
      • Table: South Korea Reactive Hot Melt Adhesives Market, By Application (Kilo Tons), 2022-2033
      • Table: South Korea Reactive Hot Melt Adhesives Market, By Application ($ Million), 2022-2033
      • Table: South Korea Reactive Hot Melt Adhesives Market, By Resin Type (Kilo Tons), 2022-2033
      • Table: South Korea Reactive Hot Melt Adhesives Market, By Resin Type ($ Million), 2022-2033
      • Table: South Korea Reactive Hot Melt Adhesives Market, By Substrate (Kilo Tons), 2022-2033
      • Table: South Korea Reactive Hot Melt Adhesives Market, By Substrate ($ Million), 2022-2033
    • 4.5.6.5. Rest-of-Asia Pacific
      • Table: Rest-of-Asia Pacific Reactive Hot Melt Adhesives Market, By Application (Kilo Tons), 2022-2033
      • Table: Rest-of-Asia Pacific Reactive Hot Melt Adhesives Market, By Application ($ Million), 2022-2033
      • Table: Rest-of-Asia Pacific Reactive Hot Melt Adhesives Market, By Resin Type (Kilo Tons), 2022-2033
      • Table: Rest-of-Asia Pacific Reactive Hot Melt Adhesives Market, By Resin Type ($ Million), 2022-2033
      • Table: Rest-of-Asia Pacific Reactive Hot Melt Adhesives Market, By Substrate (Kilo Tons), 2022-2033
      • Table: Rest-of-Asia Pacific Reactive Hot Melt Adhesives Market, By Substrate ($ Million), 2022-2033
• 4.6. Rest-of-the-World
  • 4.6.1. Key Market Participants in Rest-of-the-World
  • 4.6.2. Business Drivers
  • 4.6.3. Business Challenges
  • 4.6.4. Application
    • Table: Rest-of-the-World Reactive Hot Melt Adhesives Market, By Application (Kilo Tons), 2022-2033
    • Table: Rest-of-the-World Reactive Hot Melt Adhesives Market, By Application ($ Million), 2022-2033
  • 4.6.5. Product
    • Table: Rest-of-the-World Reactive Hot Melt Adhesives Market, By Resin Type (Kilo Tons), 2022-2033
    • Table: Rest-of-the-World Reactive Hot Melt Adhesives Market, By Resin Type ($ Million), 2022-2033
    • Table: Rest-of-the-World Reactive Hot Melt Adhesives Market, By Substrate (Kilo Tons), 2022-2033
    • Table: Rest-of-the-World Reactive Hot Melt Adhesives Market, By Substrate ($ Million), 2022-2033
  • 4.6.6. Rest-of-the-World Reactive Hot Melt Adhesives Market (by Region)
    • 4.6.6.1. The Middle East and Africa
      • Table: The Middle East and Africa Reactive Hot Melt Adhesives Market, By Application (Kilo Tons), 2022-2033
      • Table: The Middle East and Africa Reactive Hot Melt Adhesives Market, By Application ($ Million), 2022-2033
      • Table: The Middle East and Africa Reactive Hot Melt Adhesives Market, By Resin Type (Kilo Tons), 2022-2033
      • Table: The Middle East and Africa Reactive Hot Melt Adhesives Market, By Resin Type ($ Million), 2022-2033
      • Table: The Middle East and Africa Reactive Hot Melt Adhesives Market, By Substrate (Kilo Tons), 2022-2033
      • Table: The Middle East and Africa Reactive Hot Melt Adhesives Market, By Substrate ($ Million), 2022-2033
    • 4.6.6.2. South America
      • Table: South America Reactive Hot Melt Adhesives Market, By Application (Kilo Tons), 2022-2033
      • Table: South America Reactive Hot Melt Adhesives Market, By Application ($ Million), 2022-2033
      • Table: South America Reactive Hot Melt Adhesives Market, By Resin Type (Kilo Tons), 2022-2033
      • Table: South America Reactive Hot Melt Adhesives Market, By Resin Type ($ Million), 2022-2033
      • Table: South America Reactive Hot Melt Adhesives Market, By Substrate (Kilo Tons), 2022-2033
      • Table: South America Reactive Hot Melt Adhesives Market, By Substrate ($ Million), 2022-2033

5. Markets - Competitive Landscape & Company Profiles

• 5.1. Competitive Landscape
• 5.2. Company Profile
  • 5.2.1. Henkel AG & Co. KGaA
    • 5.2.1.1. Overview
    • 5.2.1.2. Top Products / Product Portfolio
    • 5.2.1.3. Top Competitors
    • 5.2.1.4. Target Customers /End-Users
    • 5.2.1.5. Key Personnel
    • 5.2.1.6. Analyst View
    • 5.2.1.7. Market Share
  • 5.2.2. H.B. Fuller Company
    • 5.2.2.1. Overview
    • 5.2.2.2. Top Products / Product Portfolio
    • 5.2.2.3. Top Competitors
    • 5.2.2.4. Target Customers /End-Users
    • 5.2.2.5. Key Personnel
    • 5.2.2.6. Analyst View
    • 5.2.2.7. Market Share
  • 5.2.3. Dow
    • 5.2.3.1. Overview
    • 5.2.3.2. Top Products / Product Portfolio
    • 5.2.3.3. Top Competitors
    • 5.2.3.4. Target Customers /End-Users
    • 5.2.3.5. Key Personnel
    • 5.2.3.6. Analyst View
    • 5.2.3.7. Market Share
  • 5.2.4. 3M
    • 5.2.4.1. Overview
    • 5.2.4.2. Top Products / Product Portfolio
    • 5.2.4.3. Top Competitors
    • 5.2.4.4. Target Customers /End-Users
    • 5.2.4.5. Key Personnel
    • 5.2.4.6. Analyst View
    • 5.2.4.7. Market Share
  • 5.2.5. JOWAT WHISTLEBLOWING SYSTEM
    • 5.2.5.1. Overview
    • 5.2.5.2. Top Products / Product Portfolio
    • 5.2.5.3. Top Competitors
    • 5.2.5.4. Target Customers /End-Users
    • 5.2.5.5. Key Personnel
    • 5.2.5.6. Analyst View
    • 5.2.5.7. Market Share
  • 5.2.6. Arkema
    • 5.2.6.1. Overview
    • 5.2.6.2. Top Products / Product Portfolio
    • 5.2.6.3. Top Competitors
    • 5.2.6.4. Target Customers /End-Users
    • 5.2.6.5. Key Personnel
    • 5.2.6.6. Analyst View
    • 5.2.6.7. Market Share
  • 5.2.7. Sika Services AG
    • 5.2.7.1. Overview
    • 5.2.7.2. Top Products / Product Portfolio
    • 5.2.7.3. Top Competitors
    • 5.2.7.4. Target Customers /End-Users
    • 5.2.7.5. Key Personnel
    • 5.2.7.6. Analyst View
    • 5.2.7.7. Market Share
  • 5.2.8. DIC CORPORATION
    • 5.2.8.1. Overview
    • 5.2.8.2. Top Products / Product Portfolio
    • 5.2.8.3. Top Competitors
    • 5.2.8.4. Target Customers /End-Users
    • 5.2.8.5. Key Personnel
    • 5.2.8.6. Analyst View
    • 5.2.8.7. Market Share
  • 5.2.9. NANPAO RESINS CHEMICAL GROUP
    • 5.2.9.1. Overview
    • 5.2.9.2. Top Products / Product Portfolio
    • 5.2.9.3. Top Competitors
    • 5.2.9.4. Target Customers /End-Users
    • 5.2.9.5. Key Personnel
    • 5.2.9.6. Analyst View
    • 5.2.9.7. Market Share
  • 5.2.10. Daubert Chemical Company
    • 5.2.10.1. Overview
    • 5.2.10.2. Top Products / Product Portfolio
    • 5.2.10.3. Top Competitors
    • 5.2.10.4. Target Customers /End-Users
    • 5.2.10.5. Key Personnel
    • 5.2.10.6. Analyst View
    • 5.2.10.7. Market Share
  • 5.2.11. KLEIBERIT SE & CO. KG
    • 5.2.11.1. Overview
    • 5.2.11.2. Top Products / Product Portfolio
    • 5.2.11.3. Top Competitors
    • 5.2.11.4. Target Customers /End-Users
    • 5.2.11.5. Key Personnel
    • 5.2.11.6. Analyst View
    • 5.2.11.7. Market Share
  • 5.2.12. TEX YEAR INDUSTRIES INC.
    • 5.2.12.1. Overview
    • 5.2.12.2. Top Products / Product Portfolio
    • 5.2.12.3. Top Competitors
    • 5.2.12.4. Target Customers /End-Users
    • 5.2.12.5. Key Personnel
    • 5.2.12.6. Analyst View
    • 5.2.12.7. Market Share
  • 5.2.13. Chemence Commercial Ltd.
    • 5.2.13.1. Overview
    • 5.2.13.2. Top Products / Product Portfolio
    • 5.2.13.3. Top Competitors
    • 5.2.13.4. Target Customers /End-Users
    • 5.2.13.5. Key Personnel
    • 5.2.13.6. Analyst View
    • 5.2.13.7. Market Share
  • 5.2.14. Cattie Adhesives
    • 5.2.14.1. Overview
    • 5.2.14.2. Top Products / Product Portfolio
    • 5.2.14.3. Top Competitors
    • 5.2.14.4. Target Customers /End-Users
    • 5.2.14.5. Key Personnel
    • 5.2.14.6. Analyst View
    • 5.2.14.7. Market Share
  • 5.2.15. Franklin International
    • 5.2.15.1. Overview
    • 5.2.15.2. Top Products / Product Portfolio
    • 5.2.15.3. Top Competitors
    • 5.2.15.4. Target Customers /End-Users
    • 5.2.15.5. Key Personnel
    • 5.2.15.6. Analyst View
    • 5.2.15.7. Market Share
• 5.3. Other Key Market Participants

6. Growth Opportunities & Recommendations

7. Research Methodology