※ 본 상품은 영문 자료로 한글과 영문 목차에 불일치하는 내용이 있을 경우 영문을 우선합니다. 정확한 검토를 위해 영문 목차를 참고해주시기 바랍니다.
세계의 위성용 플랫 패널 안테나 시장 규모는 2023년 72억 8,000만 달러에 달했으며, 2024-2032년의 예측 기간 동안 15.04% 이상의 견조한 성장률을 보일 것으로 예상됩니다.
위성용 플랫 패널 안테나는 통신 기술의 선구적인 발전으로, 기존의 부피가 큰 포물선형 안테나와는 달리 세련되고 컴팩트한 디자인이 특징입니다. 이 안테나는 최적의 성능과 내구성을 보장하기 위해 알루미늄과 같은 가볍고 견고한 금속과 유리 섬유와 같은 복합재료와 같은 고품질 재료를 사용하여 세심하게 제작됩니다. 이러한 소재는 무게를 최소화하고 효율성을 극대화하는 동시에 가혹한 환경 조건을 견딜 수 있는 능력으로 선택됩니다. 또한, 안테나의 표면은 신호 수신을 강화하고 간섭을 줄이기 위해 특수 소재로 코팅되어 다양한 작동 환경에서 뛰어난 성능을 발휘합니다.
위성용 플랫 패널 안테나 시장은 안정적이고 빠른 위성 기반 통신 서비스에 대한 수요 증가로 인해 크게 성장하고 있습니다. 이러한 수요는 다양한 분야와 지역, 특히 기존 인프라가 제한되어 있는 원격지나 서비스 소외지역에서 발생하고 있습니다. 플랫 패널 안테나는 데이터 송수신을 위한 효율적이고 확장 가능한 솔루션을 제공함으로써 이러한 연결성 수요를 충족시킬 수 있습니다. 또한, 비디오 스트리밍, 원격 의료, 사물인터넷(IoT) 기기 등 대역폭을 많이 사용하는 용도의 급증으로 인해 강력한 위성 통신 네트워크가 필요합니다. 이에 따라 설치가 용이한 소형 플랫 패널 안테나의 채택이 가속화되고 있습니다. 또한, 모바일 플랫폼과 커넥티드카에의 통합, 위상배열 기술의 발전은 위성용 플랫 패널 안테나 시장의 성장을 주도하고 있으며, 이러한 안테나는 디지털 격차를 해소하고 연결성을 실현하는 데 필수적인 도구로 부상하고 있습니다. 또한, 투명 필름 안테나의 기술 혁신과 5G 인프라에 대한 투자 증가로 인해 2024-2032년의 예측 기간 동안 기술적 복잡성과 통합 문제가 시장 성장을 저해할 것으로 예상됩니다.
세계의 위성용 플랫 패널 안테나 시장 조사에서 고려한 주요 지역은 아시아태평양, 북미, 유럽, 라틴아메리카, 기타 라틴아메리카이며, 2023년에는 북미가 지배적인 시장으로 부상할 것으로 예상되며, 안테나 기술 연구 개발에 많은 투자가 이루어지고 기술 발전이 가속화되고 있습니다, 기술 발전이 가속화되고 있습니다. 이에 따라 플랫 패널 안테나는 지속적으로 개선되고 있으며, 보다 효율적이고 다재다능한 제품으로 거듭나고 있습니다. 한편, 아시아태평양은 시장에 대한 적극적인 투자와 정부 지원책으로 인해 가장 빠른 성장을 기록할 것으로 예상됩니다.
목차
제1장 세계의 위성용 플랫 패널 안테나 시장 주요 요약
- 세계의 위성용 플랫 패널 안테나 시장 규모와 예측(2022년-2032년)
- 지역별 개요
- 부문별 개요
- 용도별
- 주파수대역별
- 스티어링 메커니즘별
- 유형별
- 주요 동향
- 경기후퇴의 영향
- 애널리스트의 결론 및 제안
제2장 세계의 위성용 플랫 패널 안테나 시장 정의와 조사의 전제조건
- 조사 목적
- 시장의 정의
- 조사의 전제조건
- 포함과 제외
- 제한 사항
- 공급측 분석
- 가용성
- 인프라
- 규제 환경
- 시장 경쟁
- 경제성(소비자 시점)
- 수요측 분석
- 규제 프레임워크
- 기술 진보
- 친환경
- 소비자 의식과 수용
- 조사 방법
- 조사 대상년도
- 통화 환산율
제3장 세계의 위성용 플랫 패널 안테나 시장 역학
- 시장 성장 촉진요인
]
- 시장이 해결해야 할 과제
- 시장 기회
제4장 세계의 위성용 플랫 패널 안테나 시장 산업 분석
- Porter's Five Forces 모델
- 공급 기업의 교섭력
- 바이어의 교섭력
- 신규 진출업체의 위협
- 대체품의 위협
- 경쟁 기업간 경쟁 관계
- Porter's Five Forces 모델에 대한 미래적 접근
- Porter's Five Forces의 영향 분석
- PESTEL 분석
- 주요 투자 기회
- 주요 성공 전략
- 파괴적 동향
- 업계 전문가의 견해
- 애널리스트의 결론 및 제안
제5장 세계의 위성용 플랫 패널 안테나 시장 규모와 예측 : 용도별, 2022년-2032년
- 부문 대시보드
- 세계의 위성용 플랫 패널 안테나 시장 : 매출 동향 분석, 2022년·2032년
- 자동차
- 항공
- 방위 및 관공청
- 기업
- 해사
- 통신
- 석유 및 가스
- 우주
제6장 세계의 위성용 플랫 패널 안테나 시장 규모와 예측 : 주파수대역별, 2022년-2032년
- 부문 대시보드
- 세계의 위성용 플랫 패널 안테나 시장 : 매출 동향 분석, 2022년·2032년
- Ku, K, Ka-Band
- L 및 S-Band
- C 및 X-Band
제7장 세계의 위성용 플랫 패널 안테나 시장 규모와 예측 : 스티어링 기구별, 2022년-2032년
- 부문 대시보드
- 세계의 위성용 플랫 패널 안테나 시장 : 매출 동향 분석, 2022년·2032년
- 전자 스티어링 안테나
- 기계적 스티어링 안테나
- 하이브리드
제8장 세계의 위성용 플랫 패널 안테나 시장 규모와 예측 : 유형별, 2022년-2032년
- 부문 대시보드
- 세계의 위성용 플랫 패널 안테나 시장 : 매출 동향 분석, 2022년·2032년
- 위성통신용 플랫 패널 안테나
- 지상통신용 플랫 패널 안테나
제9장 세계의 위성용 플랫 패널 안테나 시장 규모와 예측 : 지역별, 2022년-2032년
- 북미
- 유럽
- 아시아태평양
- 라틴아메리카
- 중동 및 아프리카
- 사우디아라비아
- 남아프리카공화국
- 기타 중동 및 아프리카
제10장 경쟁 정보
- 주요 기업의 SWOT 분석
- 주요 시장 전략
- 기업 개요
- Kymeta Corporation
- L3Harris Technologies
- Starlink
- ST Engineering iDirect, Inc.
- ALL.SPACE Networks Limited
- ALCAN Systems GmbH i.L.
- Ball Aerospace
- C-COM Satellite Systems Inc
- China Starwin Science & Technology Co.
- GILAT Satellite Networks
제11장 조사 과정
LSH 24.07.24
The Global Satellite Flat Panel Antenna Market is valued approximately at USD 7.28 billion in 2023 and is anticipated to grow with a healthy growth rate of more than 15.04% over the forecast period 2024-2032. Satellite flat panel antennas represent a pioneering advancement in telecommunications technology, characterized by their sleek and compact design, which diverges from traditional bulky parabolic dishes. These antennas are meticulously crafted using high-quality materials to ensure optimal performance and durability, including lightweight yet sturdy metals such as aluminium or composite materials such as fiberglass. These materials are chosen for their ability to withstand harsh environmental conditions while minimizing weight and maximizing efficiency. Additionally, the antenna's surface is coated with specialized materials to enhance signal reception and reduce interference, contributing to its exceptional performance in diverse operating environments.
The Satellite Flat Panel Antenna Market is experiencing significant growth driven by the increasing demand for reliable and high-speed satellite-based communication services. This demand stems from diverse sectors and geographical regions, particularly in remote or underserved areas where traditional infrastructure is limited. Flat panel antennas offer an efficient and scalable solution for data transmission and reception, addressing this need for connectivity. Furthermore, the proliferation of bandwidth-intensive applications such as video streaming, telemedicine, and the Internet of Things (IoT) devices necessitates robust satellite communication networks. Consequently, this is accelerating the adoption of flat panel antennas due to their compact size and ease of installation. Furthermore, integration in mobile platforms and connected vehicles, advancements in phased array technology are driving the growth of the Satellite Flat Panel Antenna Market, these antennas have emerged as indispensable tools for bridging the digital divide and enabling connectivity. Moreover, innovations in transparent film antennas and increasing investments in 5G Infrastructure However, technological complexity and integration challenges are expected to stifle the market growth throughout the forecasted period 2024-2032.
Key regions considered for the Global Satellite Flat Panel Antenna Market study include Asia Pacific, North America, Europe, Latin America, and the Rest of the World. In 2023, the North America region emerged as the dominant market, driven by rising technological advancements, with significant investments in research and development for antenna technology. This fosters a continuous stream of improvements in flat panel antennas, making them more efficient and versatile. Meanwhile, Asia Pacific is projected to registered fastest growth due to its active investments and supportive government initiatives in the marketplace.
Major market players included in this report are:
- Kymeta Corporation
- L3Harris Technologies
- Starlink
- ST Engineering iDirect, Inc.
- ALL.SPACE Networks Limited
- ALCAN Systems GmbH i.L.
- Ball Aerospace
- C-COM Satellite Systems Inc
- China Starwin Science & Technology Co.
- GILAT Satellite Networks
- Hanwha Phasor
The detailed segments and sub-segment of the market are explained below:
By Application:
- Automotive
- Aviation
- Defense and Government
- Enterprise
- Maritime
- Telecom
- Oil and Gas
- Space
By Frequency Band:
- Ku, K, and Ka-Band
- L and S-Band
- C and X-Band
By Steering Mechanism:
- Electronically Steered Antenna
- Mechanically Steered Antenna
- Hybrid
By Type:
- Flat Panel Antenna for Satellite Communication (Satcom)
- Flat Panel Antenna for Terrestrial Communication
By Region:
- North America
- U.S.
- Canada
- Europe
- UK
- Germany
- France
- Spain
- Italy
- ROE
- Asia Pacific
- China
- India
- Japan
- Australia
- South Korea
- RoAPAC
- Latin America
- Brazil
- Mexico
- Middle East & Africa
- Saudi Arabia
- South Africa
- RoMEA
Years considered for the study are as follows:
- Historical year - 2022
- Base year - 2023
- Forecast period - 2024 to 2032
Key Takeaways:
- Market Estimates & Forecast for 10 years from 2022 to 2032.
- Annualized revenues and regional level analysis for each market segment.
- Detailed analysis of geographical landscape with Country level analysis of major regions.
- Competitive landscape with information on major players in the market.
- Analysis of key business strategies and recommendations on future market approach.
- Analysis of competitive structure of the market.
- Demand side and supply side analysis of the market
Table of Contents
Chapter 1. Global Satellite Flat Panel Antenna Market Executive Summary
- 1.1. Global Satellite Flat Panel Antenna Market Size & Forecast (2022- 2032)
- 1.2. Regional Summary
- 1.3. Segmental Summary
- 1.3.1. By Application
- 1.3.2. By Frequency Band
- 1.3.3. By Steering Mechanism
- 1.3.4. By Type
- 1.4. Key Trends
- 1.5. Recession Impact
- 1.6. Analyst Recommendation & Conclusion
Chapter 2. Global Satellite Flat Panel Antenna Market Definition and Research Assumptions
- 2.1. Research Objective
- 2.2. Market Definition
- 2.3. Research Assumptions
- 2.3.1. Inclusion & Exclusion
- 2.3.2. Limitations
- 2.3.3. Supply Side Analysis
- 2.3.3.1. Availability
- 2.3.3.2. Infrastructure
- 2.3.3.3. Regulatory Environment
- 2.3.3.4. Market Competition
- 2.3.3.5. Economic Viability (Consumer's Perspective)
- 2.3.4. Demand Side Analysis
- 2.3.4.1. Regulatory frameworks
- 2.3.4.2. Technological Advancements
- 2.3.4.3. Environmental Considerations
- 2.3.4.4. Consumer Awareness & Acceptance
- 2.4. Estimation Methodology
- 2.5. Years Considered for the Study
- 2.6. Currency Conversion Rates
Chapter 3. Global Satellite Flat Panel Antenna Market Dynamics
- 3.1. Market Drivers
- 3.1.1. Increasing Demand for Satellite-Based Communication Services
- 3.1.2. Integration in Mobile Platforms and Connected Vehicles
- 3.1.3. Advancements in Phased Array Technology
- 3.2. Market Challenges
- 3.2.1. Technological Complexity and Integration Challenges
- 3.2.2. High Costs of Advanced Technologies
- 3.3. Market Opportunities
- 3.3.3. Increasing Technological Advancement
Chapter 4. Global Satellite Flat Panel Antenna Market Industry Analysis
- 4.1. Porter's 5 Force Model
- 4.1.1. Bargaining Power of Suppliers
- 4.1.2. Bargaining Power of Buyers
- 4.1.3. Threat of New Entrants
- 4.1.4. Threat of Substitutes
- 4.1.5. Competitive Rivalry
- 4.1.6. Futuristic Approach to Porter's 5 Force Model
- 4.1.7. Porter's 5 Force Impact Analysis
- 4.2. PESTEL Analysis
- 4.2.1. Political
- 4.2.2. Economical
- 4.2.3. Social
- 4.2.4. Technological
- 4.2.5. Environmental
- 4.2.6. Legal
- 4.3. Top investment opportunity
- 4.4. Top winning strategies
- 4.5. Disruptive Trends
- 4.6. Industry Expert Perspective
- 4.7. Analyst Recommendation & Conclusion
Chapter 5. Global Satellite Flat Panel Antenna Market Size & Forecasts by Application 2022-2032
- 5.1. Segment Dashboard
- 5.2. Global Satellite Flat Panel Antenna Market: Application Revenue Trend Analysis, 2022 & 2032 (USD Billion)
- 5.2.1. Automotive
- 5.2.2. Aviation
- 5.2.3. Defense and Government
- 5.2.4. Enterprise
- 5.2.5. Maritime
- 5.2.6. Telecom
- 5.2.7. Oil and Gas
- 5.2.8. Space
Chapter 6. Global Satellite Flat Panel Antenna Market Size & Forecasts by Frequency Band 2022-2032
- 6.1. Segment Dashboard
- 6.2. Global Satellite Flat Panel Antenna Market: Frequency Band Revenue Trend Analysis, 2022 & 2032 (USD Billion)
- 6.2.1. Ku, K, and Ka-Band
- 6.2.2. L and S-Band
- 6.2.3. C and X-Band
Chapter 7. Global Satellite Flat Panel Antenna Market Size & Forecasts by Steering Mechanism 2022-2032
- 7.1. Segment Dashboard
- 7.2. Global Satellite Flat Panel Antenna Market: Steering Mechanism Revenue Trend Analysis, 2022 & 2032 (USD Billion)
- 7.2.1. Electronically Steered Antenna
- 7.2.2. Mechanically Steered Antenna
- 7.2.3. Hybrid
Chapter 8. Global Satellite Flat Panel Antenna Market Size & Forecasts by Type 2022-2032
- 8.1. Segment Dashboard
- 8.2. Global Satellite Flat Panel Antenna Market: Type Revenue Trend Analysis, 2022 & 2032 (USD Billion)
- 8.2.1. Flat Panel Antenna for Satellite Communication (Satcom)
- 8.2.2. Flat Panel Antenna for Terrestrial Communication
Chapter 9. Global Satellite Flat Panel Antenna Market Size & Forecasts by Region 2022-2032
- 9.1. North America Satellite Flat Panel Antenna Market
- 9.1.1. U.S. Satellite Flat Panel Antenna Market
- 9.1.1.1. Application breakdown size & forecasts, 2022-2032
- 9.1.1.2. Frequency Band breakdown size & forecasts, 2022-2032
- 9.1.1.3. Steering Mechanism breakdown size & forecasts, 2022-2032
- 9.1.1.4. Type breakdown size & forecasts, 2022-2032
- 9.1.2. Canada Satellite Flat Panel Antenna Market
- 9.1.2.1. Application breakdown size & forecasts, 2022-2032
- 9.1.2.2. Frequency Band breakdown size & forecasts, 2022-2032
- 9.1.2.3. Steering Mechanism breakdown size & forecasts, 2022-2032
- 9.1.2.4. Type breakdown size & forecasts, 2022-2032
- 9.2. Europe Satellite Flat Panel Antenna Market
- 9.2.1. UK Satellite Flat Panel Antenna Market
- 9.2.1.1. Application breakdown size & forecasts, 2022-2032
- 9.2.1.2. Frequency Band breakdown size & forecasts, 2022-2032
- 9.2.1.3. Steering Mechanism breakdown size & forecasts, 2022-2032
- 9.2.1.4. Type breakdown size & forecasts, 2022-2032
- 9.2.2. Germany Satellite Flat Panel Antenna Market
- 9.2.2.1. Application breakdown size & forecasts, 2022-2032
- 9.2.2.2. Frequency Band breakdown size & forecasts, 2022-2032
- 9.2.2.3. Steering Mechanism breakdown size & forecasts, 2022-2032
- 9.2.2.4. Type breakdown size & forecasts, 2022-2032
- 9.2.3. France Satellite Flat Panel Antenna Market
- 9.2.3.1. Application breakdown size & forecasts, 2022-2032
- 9.2.3.2. Frequency Band breakdown size & forecasts, 2022-2032
- 9.2.3.3. Steering Mechanism breakdown size & forecasts, 2022-2032
- 9.2.3.4. Type breakdown size & forecasts, 2022-2032
- 9.2.4. Spain Satellite Flat Panel Antenna Market
- 9.2.4.1. Application breakdown size & forecasts, 2022-2032
- 9.2.4.2. Frequency Band breakdown size & forecasts, 2022-2032
- 9.2.4.3. Steering Mechanism breakdown size & forecasts, 2022-2032
- 9.2.4.4. Type breakdown size & forecasts, 2022-2032
- 9.2.5. Italy Satellite Flat Panel Antenna Market
- 9.2.5.1. Application breakdown size & forecasts, 2022-2032
- 9.2.5.2. Frequency Band breakdown size & forecasts, 2022-2032
- 9.2.5.3. Steering Mechanism breakdown size & forecasts, 2022-2032
- 9.2.5.4. Type breakdown size & forecasts, 2022-2032
- 9.2.6. Rest of Europe Satellite Flat Panel Antenna Market
- 9.2.6.1. Application breakdown size & forecasts, 2022-2032
- 9.2.6.2. Frequency Band breakdown size & forecasts, 2022-2032
- 9.2.6.3. Steering Mechanism breakdown size & forecasts, 2022-2032
- 9.2.6.4. Type breakdown size & forecasts, 2022-2032
- 9.3. Asia-Pacific Satellite Flat Panel Antenna Market
- 9.3.1. China Satellite Flat Panel Antenna Market
- 9.3.1.1. Application breakdown size & forecasts, 2022-2032
- 9.3.1.2. Frequency Band breakdown size & forecasts, 2022-2032
- 9.3.1.3. Steering Mechanism breakdown size & forecasts, 2022-2032
- 9.3.1.4. Type breakdown size & forecasts, 2022-2032
- 9.3.2. India Satellite Flat Panel Antenna Market
- 9.3.2.1. Application breakdown size & forecasts, 2022-2032
- 9.3.2.2. Frequency Band breakdown size & forecasts, 2022-2032
- 9.3.2.3. Steering Mechanism breakdown size & forecasts, 2022-2032
- 9.3.2.4. Type breakdown size & forecasts, 2022-2032
- 9.3.3. Japan Satellite Flat Panel Antenna Market
- 9.3.3.1. Application breakdown size & forecasts, 2022-2032
- 9.3.3.2. Frequency Band breakdown size & forecasts, 2022-2032
- 9.3.3.3. Steering Mechanism breakdown size & forecasts, 2022-2032
- 9.3.3.4. Type breakdown size & forecasts, 2022-2032
- 9.3.4. Australia Satellite Flat Panel Antenna Market
- 9.3.4.1. Application breakdown size & forecasts, 2022-2032
- 9.3.4.2. Frequency Band breakdown size & forecasts, 2022-2032
- 9.3.4.3. Steering Mechanism breakdown size & forecasts, 2022-2032
- 9.3.4.4. Type breakdown size & forecasts, 2022-2032
- 9.3.5. South Korea Satellite Flat Panel Antenna Market
- 9.3.5.1. Application breakdown size & forecasts, 2022-2032
- 9.3.5.2. Frequency Band breakdown size & forecasts, 2022-2032
- 9.3.5.3. Steering Mechanism breakdown size & forecasts, 2022-2032
- 9.3.5.4. Type breakdown size & forecasts, 2022-2032
- 9.3.6. Rest of Asia Pacific Satellite Flat Panel Antenna Market
- 9.3.6.1. Application breakdown size & forecasts, 2022-2032
- 9.3.6.2. Frequency Band breakdown size & forecasts, 2022-2032
- 9.3.6.3. Steering Mechanism breakdown size & forecasts, 2022-2032
- 9.3.6.4. Type breakdown size & forecasts, 2022-2032
- 9.4. Latin America Satellite Flat Panel Antenna Market
- 9.4.1. Brazil Satellite Flat Panel Antenna Market
- 9.4.1.1. Application breakdown size & forecasts, 2022-2032
- 9.4.1.2. Frequency Band breakdown size & forecasts, 2022-2032
- 9.4.1.3. Steering Mechanism breakdown size & forecasts, 2022-2032
- 9.4.1.4. Type breakdown size & forecasts, 2022-2032
- 9.4.2. Mexico Satellite Flat Panel Antenna Market
- 9.4.2.1. Application breakdown size & forecasts, 2022-2032
- 9.4.2.2. Frequency Band breakdown size & forecasts, 2022-2032
- 9.4.2.3. Steering Mechanism breakdown size & forecasts, 2022-2032
- 9.4.2.4. Type breakdown size & forecasts, 2022-2032
- 9.4.3. Rest of Latin America Satellite Flat Panel Antenna Market
- 9.4.3.1. Application breakdown size & forecasts, 2022-2032
- 9.4.3.2. Frequency Band breakdown size & forecasts, 2022-2032
- 9.4.3.3. Steering Mechanism breakdown size & forecasts, 2022-2032
- 9.4.3.4. Type breakdown size & forecasts, 2022-2032
- 9.5. Middle East & Africa Satellite Flat Panel Antenna Market
- 9.5.1. Saudi Arabia Satellite Flat Panel Antenna Market
- 9.5.1.1. Application breakdown size & forecasts, 2022-2032
- 9.5.1.2. Frequency Band breakdown size & forecasts, 2022-2032
- 9.5.1.3. Steering Mechanism breakdown size & forecasts, 2022-2032
- 9.5.1.4. Type breakdown size & forecasts, 2022-2032
- 9.5.2. South Africa Satellite Flat Panel Antenna Market
- 9.5.2.1. Application breakdown size & forecasts, 2022-2032
- 9.5.2.2. Frequency Band breakdown size & forecasts, 2022-2032
- 9.5.2.3. Steering Mechanism breakdown size & forecasts, 2022-2032
- 9.5.2.4. Type breakdown size & forecasts, 2022-2032
- 9.5.3. Rest of Middle East & Africa Satellite Flat Panel Antenna Market
- 9.5.3.1. Application breakdown size & forecasts, 2022-2032
- 9.5.3.2. Frequency Band breakdown size & forecasts, 2022-2032
- 9.5.3.3. Steering Mechanism breakdown size & forecasts, 2022-2032
- 9.5.3.4. Type breakdown size & forecasts, 2022-2032
Chapter 10. Competitive Intelligence
- 10.1. Key Company SWOT Analysis
- 10.2 Top Market Strategies
- 10.3. Company Profiles
- 10.3.1. Kymeta Corporation
- 10.3.2. L3Harris Technologies
- 10.3.3. Starlink
- 10.3.4. ST Engineering iDirect, Inc.
- 10.3.5. ALL.SPACE Networks Limited
- 10.3.6. ALCAN Systems GmbH i.L.
- 10.3.7. Ball Aerospace
- 10.3.8. C-COM Satellite Systems Inc
- 10.3.9. China Starwin Science & Technology Co.
- 10.3.10. GILAT Satellite Networks
Chapter 11. Research Process
- 11.1. Research Process
- 11.1.1. Data Mining
- 11.1.2. Analysis
- 11.1.3. Market Estimation
- 11.1.4. Validation
- 11.1.5. Publishing
- 11.2. Research Attributes