열에너지 저장(TES) 시장(2026-2036년)

Thermal energy storage (TES) has emerged as one of the most consequential technologies in the energy transition, moving rapidly from a niche adjunct of concentrated solar power into a broad-based industry that observers increasingly describe as part of clean energy's next trillion-dollar storage business. The core proposition is simple and durable: heat and cold are far cheaper to store than electricity, and roughly half of global final energy demand is for heat. TES systems capture surplus or low-cost renewable electricity as heat - typically in solid media such as carbon, brick, ceramic and rock, or in molten salts and phase change materials - hold it at high temperature for hours or even days, and release it on demand as industrial steam, hot air or, through a power-conversion system, electricity. In doing so, TES decouples cheap but intermittent renewable supply from the time at which heat or power is actually required.

Growth in the global TES market rests on four reinforcing pillars: decarbonizing power and the hard-to-abate heat sector, providing grid flexibility as variable renewables scale, improving energy security by displacing fossil fuels, and a step-change in deployed project scale during 2025–2026. Industrial process heat is the fastest-growing application, overtaking power generation as the single largest end-use during the early 2030s, while Europe leads the market by revenue and Asia-Pacific grows fastest, supported by strong manufacturing and policy.

The defining development of the current period is the arrival of the first large, commercial-scale industrial "thermal batteries." Projects reaching gigawatt-hour scale - among the largest storage installations of any kind - are now being financed and built at industrial sites, frequently delivering heat to a host facility under long-term offtake agreements and, in some cases, commissioning in around a year from groundbreaking. This marks the industry's transition from pilots and demonstrations to bankable, utility- and industrial-scale assets, and it reflects growing confidence among strategic investors and project financiers in the technology's commercial maturity.

Innovation is simultaneously pushing the technology frontier. Developers are competing on storage medium - carbon, brick, ceramic, salt and metal - and on operating temperature, with some systems now targeting temperatures well above 1,500 °C to raise power density, shrink the system footprint and cut balance-of-system costs. Commercial models are evolving in parallel: Heat-as-a-Service contracts, under which a developer owns and operates the asset and sells delivered heat, remove the large up-front capital barrier that has historically deterred industrial customers.

Demand is increasingly broadening beyond traditional power and process-heat uses. Data centres seeking fast-to-build flexible capacity are emerging as a notable new driver, alongside district energy, buildings and cold chain. With venture capital, strategic corporate investment and government programmes retiring technology and financing risk, thermal energy storage is positioned to scale from first-of-a-kind plants toward repeatable, gigawatt-hour-scale deployments central to the decarbonization of heat and the flexibility of future power systems.

Report contents include:

• Executive summary - market size and growth potential, drivers and barriers, emerging trends and opportunities, key technology conclusions, the TES value chain, and market segmentation by technology, application and region
• Introduction - overview of TES technologies, historical development, comparison with other energy storage, working principles, and classification (sensible, latent, thermochemical, mechanical-thermal), temperature ranges and centralized vs distributed systems
• Market drivers and opportunities - decarbonization of power and industry, renewable integration (solar/CSP, wind/power-to-heat, geothermal/waste heat), energy efficiency and cost savings, grid stability and resilience, policy support and emissions trading, and regional initiatives and funding programs
• Applications - concentrated solar power; industrial process heat (by temperature band and by industry); district heating and cooling; residential and commercial buildings; long-duration energy storage (electro-thermal, PTES, CAES/LAES); chemical looping and hydrogen production; and cold chain and refrigeration - each with a SWOT analysis
• Technologies and materials - technology benchmarking and readiness levels; sensible heat (molten salts, concrete and solid media, rock/sand/brick); latent heat / phase change materials (organic, bio-based, inorganic salt hydrates and metallics, eutectics, encapsulation and heat-exchanger design); thermochemical storage (sorption and reaction systems, materials and prototypes); and electro-thermal storage (resistive, induction, heat pumps)
• Market analysis - market size by technology, application and region; annual installations forecasts (GWh); price and cost analysis; value-chain analysis; and project case studies
• Projects and installations - operational and planned/under-construction projects by sector and by company; cumulative capacity by region; and a regional breakdown (North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Rest of World)
• Company profiles - detailed profiles of leading players across the TES value chain including 1414 Degrees, Advanced Cooling Technologies, Inc., AED Energy, Allye Energy, Alternō, Alumina Energy, Antora Energy, Axiotherm GmbH, Azelio, Babcock & Wilcox, Bedrock Energy, BioLargo Energy Technologies, BOCA-PCM, Brenmiller Energy, Caldera, Cartesian, Climator Sweden AB, Croda Europe Ltd., Echogen Power Systems, Electrified Thermal Solutions, Energy Dome, Energy Vault, EnergyNest, Enesoon New Energy Co. Ltd, EnerVenue, Eos Energy Enterprises, Exergy3, Exergy Storage BV, Exowatt, Form Energy, Fourth Power, Glaciem Cooling Technologies, Harvest Thermal, Heatrix GmbH, HeatVentors, Heliogen, Highview Power, Hydrostor, Hyme Energy, Invinity Energy Systems, i-TES srl, Kraftblock, Kyoto Group and more....

Table of Contents

1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

• 1.1 Current market size and growth potential
• 1.2 Major market drivers and barriers
• 1.3 Emerging trends and opportunities
• 1.4 Key technology conclusions
  • 1.4.1 TES technologies and their applications
  • 1.4.2 Technology readiness and commercialization status
  • 1.4.3 Future technology development and innovation roadmap
• 1.5 Thermal energy storage value chain and key players
• 1.6 Thermal energy storage market size and growth projections
  • 1.6.1 Global market size and forecast
  • 1.6.2 Market segmentation by technology, application, and region
  • 1.6.3 Regional initiatives

2 INTRODUCTION

• 2.1 Overview of thermal energy storage technologies
  • 2.1.1 Historical development and milestones
  • 2.1.2 Comparison with other energy storage technologies
  • 2.1.3 Benefits and challenges of TES deployment
• 2.2 Working principles of thermal energy storage systems
  • 2.2.1 Charging and discharging processes
  • 2.2.2 Heat transfer and storage mechanisms
  • 2.2.3 System components and configurations
• 2.3 Thermal energy storage classification and applications
  • 2.3.1 Sensible
  • 2.3.2 Latent
  • 2.3.3 Thermochemical storage
  • 2.3.4 Mechanical-thermal
  • 2.3.5 Low, medium, and high-temperature applications
  • 2.3.6 Centralized and distributed storage systems

3 MARKET DRIVERS AND OPPORTUNITIES

• 3.1 Decarbonization of power and industrial sectors
  • 3.1.1 Renewable energy integration and intermittency management
  • 3.1.2 Emissions reduction targets and carbon pricing
  • 3.1.3 Energy efficiency and process optimization
• 3.2 Grid flexibility and long-duration energy storage
• 3.3 Energy security and fossil-fuel displacement
• 3.4 Integration of renewable energy sources
  • 3.4.1 Solar thermal and concentrated solar power
  • 3.4.2 Wind energy and power-to-heat solutions
  • 3.4.3 Geothermal energy and waste heat recovery
• 3.5 Energy efficiency and cost savings
  • 3.5.1 Peak shaving and load shifting
  • 3.5.2 Demand response and energy arbitrage
  • 3.5.3 Reduced fuel consumption and operating costs
• 3.6 Grid stability and resilience
  • 3.6.1 Frequency regulation and ancillary services
  • 3.6.2 Transmission and distribution infrastructure deferral
  • 3.6.3 Microgrid and off-grid applications
• 3.7 Policy support and emissions trading schemes
  • 3.7.1 Renewable energy mandates and incentives
  • 3.7.2 Carbon markets and emissions trading schemes
  • 3.7.3 Building codes and energy efficiency standards
• 3.8 Regional initiatives and funding programs
• 3.9 Emerging opportunities

4 THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE APPLICATIONS

• 4.1 Concentrated solar power (CSP)
  • 4.1.1 TES installations with concentrated solar power
    • 4.1.1.1 TES deployments with CSP projects, 2008–2023
    • 4.1.1.2 Capacity of TES (MWh) with installed CSP plants by region
    • 4.1.1.3 Capacity of TES (MWh) with planned CSP plants by country and project
  • 4.1.2 Parabolic trough and power tower systems
  • 4.1.3 Molten salt and other storage media
  • 4.1.4 Hybridization with fossil fuel and biomass
  • 4.1.5 SWOT analysis
• 4.2 Industrial process heat
  • 4.2.1 Thermal energy storage value chain
  • 4.2.2 Key suppliers and manufacturers for TES media and materials
  • 4.2.3 Heat as a Product and Heat as a Service
  • 4.2.4 Thermal energy storage players
  • 4.2.5 Global distribution of TES system installations (excluding CSP)
  • 4.2.6 Existing and planned TES projects by industry / sector end-user
  • 4.2.7 TES projects by commercial readiness timeline
  • 4.2.8 TES technologies by commercial readiness level (CRL)
  • 4.2.9 Cumulative capacity of TES systems by region
  • 4.2.10 Cumulative capacity of TES systems by player
  • 4.2.11 Overview of industrial heat demand by temperature and operation
    • 4.2.11.1 Low-temperature processes (<100°C)
    • 4.2.11.2 Medium-temperature processes (100-400°C)
    • 4.2.11.3 High-temperature processes (>400°C)
  • 4.2.12 TES applications for specific industrial processes
    • 4.2.12.1 Food and beverage processing
    • 4.2.12.2 Pulp and paper manufacturing
    • 4.2.12.3 Chemical and petrochemical industries
    • 4.2.12.4 Metallurgy and mining
    • 4.2.12.5 Cement and ceramic production
  • 4.2.13 SWOT analysis
• 4.3 District heating and cooling
  • 4.3.1 Combined heat and power (CHP) systems
  • 4.3.2 Waste heat recovery and utilization
  • 4.3.3 Seasonal storage and load balancing
  • 4.3.4 SWOT analysis
• 4.4 Residential and commercial buildings
  • 4.4.1 Space heating and cooling
  • 4.4.2 Water heating and thermal comfort
  • 4.4.3 Integration with solar thermal and heat pump systems
  • 4.4.4 SWOT analysis
• 4.5 Long-duration energy storage
  • 4.5.1 Electro-thermal energy storage systems
  • 4.5.2 TES as a technology to support adiabatic CAES and LAES systems
    • 4.5.2.1 Adiabatic LAES system with thermal energy storage
  • 4.5.3 Long-duration energy storage installation forecasts
    • 4.5.3.1 Annual installations forecast by region (GWh)
    • 4.5.3.2 Annual installations forecast by technology and segment (GWh)
    • 4.5.3.3 Installations forecast by application and value
  • 4.5.4 SWOT analysis
• 4.6 Chemical looping and hydrogen production
  • 4.6.1 Chemical looping combustion (CLC) and reforming (CLR)
  • 4.6.2 Hydrogen production and storage
  • 4.6.3 Integration with carbon capture and utilization (CCU)
  • 4.6.4 Chemical looping combustion (CLC)
  • 4.6.5 Chemical looping hydrogen (CLH) generation
  • 4.6.6 Sorption-enhanced steam methane reforming (SE-SMR)
• 4.7 Cold chain and refrigeration
  • 4.7.1 Food and pharmaceutical storage and transport
  • 4.7.2 Industrial refrigeration and process cooling
  • 4.7.3 Air conditioning and space cooling
  • 4.7.4 SWOT analysis

5 TECHNOLOGIES AND MATERIALS

• 5.1 Overview
  • 5.1.1 TES commercial readiness and technology benchmarking for industrial applications
  • 5.1.2 Thermal energy storage working principles
  • 5.1.3 TES system considerations
  • 5.1.4 TES system designs to provide heat at constant working parameters
  • 5.1.5 Thermal energy storage applications
  • 5.1.6 Types of thermal storage systems — latent and sensible heat
  • 5.1.7 Molten salt versus concrete as a thermal storage medium
• 5.2 Sensible heat storage
  • 5.2.1 Molten salts
    • 5.2.1.1 Nitrate salts and eutectics
    • 5.2.1.2 Chloride and carbonate salts
    • 5.2.1.3 Salt selection criteria and properties
  • 5.2.2 Concrete and solid materials
    • 5.2.2.1 High-temperature concrete and ceramics
    • 5.2.2.2 Natural and recycled materials (rock, sand, bricks)
    • 5.2.2.3 Compatibility with heat transfer fluids
• 5.3 Latent heat storage (Phase Change Materials)
  • 5.3.1 Organic PCMs (paraffins, fatty acids)
    • 5.3.1.1 Paraffin wax
    • 5.3.1.2 Non-Paraffins (fatty acids, esters, alcohols)
    • 5.3.1.3 Bio-based phase change materials
  • 5.3.2 Inorganic PCMs (salt hydrates, metallics)
    • 5.3.2.1 Salt hydrates
    • 5.3.2.2 Metal and metal alloy PCMs (High-temperature)
  • 5.3.3 Encapsulation and heat exchanger design
    • 5.3.3.1 Benefits
    • 5.3.3.2 Encapsulation selection considerations
    • 5.3.3.3 Macroencapsulation
    • 5.3.3.4 Micro/nanoencapsulation
    • 5.3.3.5 Shape Stabilized PCMs
    • 5.3.3.6 Commercial Encapsulation Technologies
  • 5.3.4 Eutectic PCMs
    • 5.3.4.1 Eutectic Mixtures
    • 5.3.4.2 Examples of Eutectic Inorganic PCMs
    • 5.3.4.3 Benefits
    • 5.3.4.4 Applications
    • 5.3.4.5 Advantages and disadvantages of eutectics
    • 5.3.4.6 Recent developments
• 5.4 Thermochemical energy storage
  • 5.4.1 Thermochemical energy storage classification
  • 5.4.2 Thermochemical adsorption and absorption (sorption storage)
    • 5.4.2.1 Closed salt–water hydration (sorption) process
    • 5.4.2.2 Open salt–water hydration (sorption) process
  • 5.4.3 Thermochemical reaction energy storage (without sorption)
  • 5.4.4 Materials for thermochemical storage
    • 5.4.4.1 Materials overview
    • 5.4.4.2 Salt hydration
    • 5.4.4.3 Metal halides and sulfates with ammonia
    • 5.4.4.4 Metal oxide hydration
    • 5.4.4.5 Metal oxide carbonation and redox reactions
    • 5.4.4.6 Materials outlook and map
  • 5.4.5 Prototypes of thermochemical energy storage systems
  • 5.4.6 Complexities of reactor and system design
  • 5.4.7 Thermochemical energy storage advantages and disadvantages
• 5.5 Electro-thermal energy storage
  • 5.5.1 Joule heating and resistive heating
  • 5.5.2 Induction heating and electromagnetic systems
  • 5.5.3 Heat pumps and refrigeration cycles
• 5.6 Comparison of TES technologies: advantages and disadvantages
  • 5.6.1 Energy density and storage capacity
  • 5.6.2 Efficiency and round-trip
  • 5.6.3 Cost and economic viability
  • 5.6.4 Operational flexibility and response time
  • 5.6.5 Environmental impact and safety considerations
• 5.7 Technology readiness levels and commercial maturity
  • 5.7.1 Research and development (TRL 1-3)
  • 5.7.2 Prototype and pilot-scale demonstration (TRL 4-6)
  • 5.7.3 Commercial-scale deployment (TRL 7-9)

6 MARKET ANALYSIS

• 6.1 Market Size
  • 6.1.1 By technology type
  • 6.1.2 By application and end-use sector
  • 6.1.3 By region
  • 6.1.4 Annual installations by region (GWh)
  • 6.1.5 Annual installations by technology (GWh)
  • 6.1.6 Annual installations by market segment (GWh)
• 6.2 Price and Cost Analysis
• 6.3 Value Chain
  • 6.3.1 Raw material suppliers and logistics
  • 6.3.2 Component manufacturers and system integrators
  • 6.3.3 Project developers and engineering firms
  • 6.3.4 End-users and asset owners
  • 6.3.5 Operation and maintenance service providers
• 6.4 Project case studies and deployment examples
  • 6.4.1 Utility-scale TES projects
  • 6.4.2 Industrial TES applications
  • 6.4.3 District heating and cooling networks
  • 6.4.4 Residential and commercial building projects

7 THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE PROJECTS AND INSTALLATIONS

• 7.1 Cumulative capacity of TES systems by region
• 7.2 Global overview of TES projects and installations
  • 7.2.1 Number and capacity of operational projects
  • 7.2.2 Planned and under-construction projects
• 7.3 Regional breakdown of TES projects
  • 7.3.1 North America
  • 7.3.2 Europe
  • 7.3.3 Asia-Pacific
  • 7.3.4 Rest of the World
• 7.4 TES projects by application and industry
  • 7.4.1 Power generation and utilities
  • 7.4.2 Industrial manufacturing and process heat
  • 7.4.3 District heating and cooling
  • 7.4.4 Buildings and construction
  • 7.4.5 Transportation and mobility

8 COMPANY PROFILES 136 (69 company profiles)

9 APPENDIX

• 9.1 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
  • 9.1.1 A note on market definitions
• 9.2 REPORT SCOPE
  • 9.2.1 Technologies and materials in scope
  • 9.2.2 Applications and end-use sectors in scope
  • 9.2.3 Geographic and time scope

10 REFERENCES