지속가능한 화학제품 원료 시장(2027-2035년)

The chemical industry is undergoing a change in its raw material base comparable to the shift from coal to oil in the mid-twentieth century. This time the driver is not a cheaper carbon source but a cleaner one. Roughly two-thirds of the sector's carbon footprint is not energy at all: it is the carbon embedded in the feedstock itself, which ends up in plastics, fibres, solvents, fertilisers and pharmaceuticals. Renewable electricity cannot remove that carbon. Only changing where the carbon comes from can. Six feedstock classes are competing to displace petroleum naphtha and natural gas. Biomass supplies sugars, oils and lignocellulose. Captured carbon dioxide can be converted into fuels, polymers and construction materials. Waste plastics can be broken back down to monomers or cracker feed. Municipal, agricultural and industrial residues can be valorised into chemicals rather than landfilled. Industrial by-products such as slags and tailings carry recoverable value. Renewable hydrogen supplies the reagent on which ammonia, methanol and every carbon dioxide hydrogenation route depends.

These are not interchangeable. They differ in contaminant profile, conversion chemistry, capital intensity and commercial readiness, and the most common error in early-stage feedstock strategy is to treat them as a single category. Some are drop-in substitutes requiring no downstream change but constrained by supply. Others open far larger markets but demand an entirely new reaction platform, a hydrogen obligation and a power purchase strategy.

The binding constraints are rarely scientific. Sustainable feedstocks are contested resources: the same waste lipids serve renewable diesel, aviation fuel and oleochemicals, and mandate-backed fuel demand generally outbids chemical demand. Conversion routes that reduce carbon dioxide are governed by the cost of energy rather than the price of the molecule. Waste-derived streams are heterogeneous, so purification rather than the reactor is where cost concentrates. Capital costs run well above conventional petrochemical equivalents, and first-of-a-kind risk keeps financing expensive.

What is changing is the direction of the cost curves. Fossil feedstock economics are set by a mature, fully depreciated system and rise with crude prices and carbon pricing. Sustainable feedstock economics are set by young supply chains and fall with volume, learning and scale. Carbon pricing, renewable content mandates and brand-owner commitments are pulling demand forward, while mass-balance certification is allowing renewable carbon into commodity chains without new assets. The crossover is no longer a single global event but a series of regional, product-specific ones.

The Global Market for Sustainable Chemical Feedstocks 2027-2035 is a comprehensive assessment of the transition of the chemical industry away from petroleum naphtha and natural gas towards biomass, captured carbon dioxide, waste streams, recycled plastics, industrial by-products and renewable hydrogen. The report covers the feedstocks themselves, the conversion technologies that turn them into usable chemicals, and the downstream markets being reshaped as a result. It examines biomass classification and pretreatment, carbon dioxide capture and conversion pathways, chemical recycling by pyrolysis, gasification, dissolution and depolymerisation, water electrolysis and the electrolyser technology base, biorefining and industrial biotechnology, advanced catalysis and biocatalysis, synthetic biology and metabolic engineering, green solvents, waste valorisation and critical material recovery.

Alongside the technology, the report addresses the commercial environment that determines deployment: green chemistry principles and sustainability metrics, life cycle assessment, the regulatory and carbon pricing landscape, energy efficiency and renewable integration, cost competitiveness against conventional alternatives, investment trends, and the circular business models emerging around the transition.

Thirteen downstream markets are analysed in detail, spanning polymers and materials, agriculture, construction, packaging, cosmetics and personal care, paints and coatings, electronics, textiles, fuels and lubricants, pharmaceuticals, additive manufacturing, and the application of artificial intelligence and quantum chemistry to chemical design.

The analysis is supported by extensive company coverage, with product and technology descriptions for more than two thousand organisations across the value chain, from established chemical majors to early-stage technology developers, each with its website for direct follow-up. Forecasts, technology readiness assessments and capacity data are provided throughout, together with an evaluation of the barriers that continue to constrain commercial deployment, including feedstock availability and competition, purification costs, capital intensity and the pace of regulatory change.

The report is intended for chemical producers evaluating feedstock strategy, investors assessing the sector, technology developers seeking market context, and corporate sustainability and procurement teams working to secure renewable and recycled content.

Report contents include:

• 1. Executive Summary - Drivers and trends, emissions profile of the sector, consumer and regulatory pressure, carbon taxation, cost structure, and the markets being transformed
• 2. Feedstocks - Biomass types and composition, pretreatment and conversion, lignocellulosic and non-lignocellulosic sources, algae, energy crops, CO2 as a carbon source, waste valorisation, renewable hydrogen, and feedstock transition pathways by sector
• 3. Green Chemistry Principles and Applications - The twelve principles, atom and step economy, green solvents, catalysis and biocatalysis, green metrics and life cycle assessment, feedstock-specific approaches
• 4. Circular Economy in the Chemical Industry - Design for circularity, chemical recycling by pyrolysis, gasification, dissolution and depolymerisation, plant capacities, upcycling, circular business models
• 5. Electrification of Chemical Processes - Renewable electricity in production, electrochemical and electroorganic synthesis, CO2 reduction, nitrogen fixation, plasma and microwave chemistry, Power-to-X
• 6. Digitalization and Industry 4.0 in Chemistry - Big data and analytics, AI and machine learning applications, digital twins, blockchain traceability, cybersecurity
• 7. Advanced Manufacturing Technologies - Continuous flow chemistry, microreactors and process intensification, modular and distributed manufacturing, 3D printing of chemicals, advanced process control
• 8. Biorefining and Industrial Biotechnology - Biorefinery concepts and configurations, lignocellulosic and algal processing, upstream and downstream bioprocessing, scale-up, analytical methods
• 9. CO2 Utilization Technologies - Capture technologies, conversion pathways, business models, CO2-derived fuels, chemicals, polymers and construction materials, enhanced oil recovery, mineralisation
• 10. Advanced Catalysts for Sustainable Chemistry - Biocatalyst types, protein engineering, industrial enzyme applications, production methods, emerging design technologies
• 11. Synthetic Biology and Metabolic Engineering - Metabolic engineering, DNA synthesis and assembly, genome engineering, strain construction, chassis organisms, feedstocks for synthetic biology
• 12. Green Solvents and Alternative Reaction Media - Bio-based, switchable and deep eutectic solvents, supercritical fluids, solvent-free routes and mechanochemistry, selection frameworks
• 13. Waste Valorization and Resource Recovery - Municipal and agricultural waste to chemicals, critical material extraction, battery and rare-earth recovery, wastewater resource recovery, mining waste
• 14. Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Integration - Efficiency measures, heat recovery and pinch analysis, renewable sources, energy storage, combined heat and power, industrial symbiosis
• 15. Safety and Sustainability Assessment - Green chemistry metrics, life cycle assessment, safety by design, risk assessment, environmental impact assessment, social and ethical considerations
• 16. Regulations and Policy - Evolution of chemical regulation, environmental policy drivers, incentives, challenges in regulating emerging technologies, international harmonisation
• 17. Markets and Products - Thirteen downstream markets analysed in full: sustainable materials and polymers; agriculture chemicals; construction materials; packaging; cosmetics and personal care; paints and coatings; electronics; textiles and fibres; alternative fuels and lubricants; pharmaceuticals and healthcare; advanced materials for 3D printing; AI in chemical design; quantum chemistry applications
• 18. Economic Aspects and Business Models - Cost competitiveness by technology, investment trends, circular economy business models, commercial case studies
• 19. Future Outlook and Emerging Trends - Convergence of bio, nano and information technologies, quantum computing, space-based manufacturing, artificial photosynthesis, AI-driven R&D
• 20. Appendices and References - Supporting reference material and full source list

Companies mentioned in this report include 1point8, 1QBit, 3Bar Biologics, 3D Systems, 3M, 3R-BioPhosphate, 44.01, 4R Energy Corporation, 525 Solutions, Inc, 8Rivers, 9Fiber, Inc, Aamati Green Pvt Ltd, Aanika Biosciences, ABIS Aerogel Co., Ltd, Absci Corp, Abu Dhabi National Oil Company (ADNOC), Accelegrow, Accurec Recycling GmbH, ACE Green Recycling, Active Aerogels, Adaptavate, Adaptive Biotechnologies, Adaptive Symbiotic Technologies, ADBioplastics, Adionics, Adjuvants Plus, ADRIANO DI MARTI, Adriano di Marti/Desserto, Adsorbi, Aduro Clean Technologies, Aduro Clean Technologies, Inc, Advanced Biochemical (Thailand) Co., Ltd, Advanced Biochemical (Thailand) Co., Ltd (ABT), Aekyung Chemical Co., Ltd, Aemetis, Inc, AEP Polymers, Aerobel BV, Aerofybers Technologies SL, Aerogel Technologies LLC, aerogel-it GmbH, Aeropowder Limited, Aeternal Upcycling, AFINGEN, Again, Again Bio, AgBiome, AGFA-Gevaert, Agilyx, Agilyx/ ExxonMobil, AGITEC International AG, Agra Energy, Agragene, AGRANA Staerke GmbH, AGRI SMILE, Agrinos, AgriSea NZ Seaweed Ltd, Agrivida, Agrobiomics, AgroSpheres, AgroSustain SA, AGvisorPRO, Ahlstrom-Munksjo Oyj, AI Proteins, AIM Solder, Air Company, Air Liquide S.A, Air Products, Air Products and Chemicals Inc, Air Protein, Air Quality Solutions Worldwide DAC, Aircela Inc, Airco Process Technology, Airex Energy, AirHive, Airovation Technologies, Aizawa Concrete Corporation, Akorn Technology, Akzo Nobel N.V, Albemarle, Alberdingk Boley, Alberdingk Boley GmbH, Alberta Innovates, Alberta Innovates/Innotech Materials, LLC, Alchemy GmbH (Alcemy), Alfa Kimya S.A, Algaeing, Algal Bio Co., Ltd, Algenesis Corporation, Algenol, Algiecel, Algiecel ApS, AlgiKnit, Algix LLC, Algorithmiq, AlixLabs AB, Allnex, allnex GmbH, Allonnia LLC, Allozymes, AlmaScience, Alpha Assembly Solutions, Alpha Biofuels (Singapore) Pte Ltd, Alpha Recyclage Composites, Alt.Leather, Altana AG (Heliosonic GmbH), Alter Eco Pulp, Alterpacks, Alterra Energy, Altilium, Alto Neuroscience, Altropol Kunststoff GmbH, AM Green, Amano Enzyme Inc, Amatera, Ambercycle, American Battery Technology Company (ABTC), Amfora, Amgen, AmicaTerra, AmphiStar, Amply Discovery, Amroy Europe, AMSilk GmbH, Amyris, Amyris, Inc, An Phat Bioplastics, Anacarda ltd, Ananas Anam, Ananas Anam Ltd, Andermatt Biocontrol, Andes Ag, Inc, ANDRITZ AG, Andritz Oy, Anellotech, Anellotech, Inc, Anhua Taisen, Anhui Oursun Resource Technology, Ankor Bioplastics Co., Ltd, Anomera Inc, ANP, ANPOLY, Inc, Anqing He Xing Chemical Co., Ltd, Antheia, Anuvia, APChemi, APChemi Pvt. Ltd, Apeel Sciences, Apeiron Bioenergy, Aperam BioEnergia, ApexQubit, Aphea.Bio, APK AG, Applied Bioplastics, Applied Graphene Materials, Applied Ink Solutions, Applied Research Associates, Inc. (ARA), Aqemia, Aqua Metals, Inc, Aquafil, Aquafil S.p.A, Aqualung Carbon Capture, Aquapak Polymers Ltd, Aralez Bio, Arborea, Arca, Arcadia Biosciences, Arcadia eFuels, ArcelorMittal SA, Archer Daniel Midland Company (ADM), Archer Daniels Midland Company (ADM), Archroma, Arctic Biomaterials Oy, ARCUS Greencycling, Arda Biomaterials, Ardra Bio, Arekapak GmbH, Arjowiggins Group, Arkema, Arkema S.A, Arkeon, Arkeon Biotechnologies, Arlanxeo, Armacell International S.A, Arrow Greentech, Arysta LifeScience, Arzeda, Arzeda Corp, Asahi Kasei, Asahi Kasei Chemicals Corporation, Asahi Kasei Corporation, ASB Biodiesel Limited, Ascend Elements, Ascribe Bioscience, Asfert Global, Asimov, Aspen Aerogels, Inc, AspiraDAC Pty Ltd, Aspiring Materials, AstraZeneca, Atantares, Athos Therapeutics, Atlantica Agricola, Atmonia, Atoco, Atomwise, Atos Quantum, Attero, Attis Innovations, llc, Audi, Aurigene Pharmaceutical Services, Autolus, AVA Biochem AG, Avalon BioEnergy, Avani Eco, Avantium, Avantium B.V, Avantium N.V, Avicenna Biosciences, Avient Corporation, Avioxx, Avnos Inc, Axalta, Axcelon Biopolymers Corporation, Axens, Axens SA, Axens/Borealis, Ayas Renewables Inc, Aymium, Azolla, Azotic Technologies, Azul Energy, B-PREG, BacTech Environmental Corporation, Balena, Ballance Agri-Nutrients, Ballard Power Systems, Balrampur Chini Mills, Bando Chemical, BANIQL, Baril Coatings B.V, BarkTex, Barton Blakeley Technologies Ltd, Basecamp Research, BASF, BASF 3D Printing Solutions, BASF SE, Basilisk, Battery Pollution Technologies, Batx Energies Private Limited, Bayer CropScience, BBCA Biochemical & GALACTIC Lactic Acid Co., Ltd, BC Biocarbon, Bcircular, BDI-BioEnergy International GmbH, BEE Biofuel, Bee Vectoring Technologies, BeFC, Benefuel Inc, BenevolentAI, Benson Hill, Berkeley Energia, Betolar, Beyond Leather Materials ApS, BHP, BigHat Biosciences, BigSis, Bio Fab NZ, BIO-FED, BIO-LUTIONS International AG, Bio-Oils, Bio2Coat, Bio2Materials Sp. z o.o, BioAge Labs, Biobest, BioBetter, BioBTX, Biocatalysts Ltd, Bioceres Crop Solutions, BioConsortia, Bioelements Group, Bioenergy 2020+ -, Bioeutectics, Bioextrax, Bioextrax AB, Biofabrik Technologies, Biofabrik Technologies GmbH, Biofibre GmbH, Biofine Technology, LLC, Bioform Technologies, Biofy, BiogasClean A/S, Biohm, Biojet AS, Biokemik, Bioleather, Biolevel, Biolexis Therapeutics, Bioline AgroSciences, BioLNG Eurohub, BIOLO, BioLogiQ, Inc, BioMap, Biomason, Inc, Biomass Resin Holdings Co., Ltd, Biomatter Designs, Biome Bioplastics, Biome Makers, Biomemory, Bionema, BioPak (Australia), BioPhero, Biophilica, BioPhy, Bioplastech Ltd, Bioptimus SAS, BioSmart Nano, Biosyntia, Biotalys, BIOTEC GmbH & Co. KG, Biotecam, Biotelliga, Biotic Circular Technologies Ltd, Biotrem, Biovox GmbH, Bioweg, BioZeroc, bit.bio, Blastr Green Steel, Blest, BlockTexx Pty Ltd, Bloom Biorenewables SA, BluCon Biotech GmbH, Blue BioFuels, Inc, Blue Cycle, Blue Goose Bioref ineries, Blue Ocean Closures, Blue Planet, Blue Planet Systems Corporation, BlueAlp Technology, Bluepha Beijing Lanjing Microbiology Technology Co., Ltd, Blueshift Materials, Inc, BMW, Bolt Threads, Bolt Threads, Inc, Bon Vivant, Bontera, Boreal Bioproducts, Borealis, Borealis (Austria), Borealis AG, Borregaard, Borregaard Chemcell, Bosk Bioproducts Inc, Boston Materials, Boston Metal, Botanical Solutions, BotanoCap, Botree Cycling, Bowil Biotech Sp. z o.o, Brasil BioFuels, Braskem SA, Braven Environmental, Braven Environmental, LLC, Brazilian Nickel PLC, Brewer Science, Brightmark, Brightmark Energy, Brightplus Oy, Brightseed, Brilliant Planet, Brimstone, British Airways Shell Velocys, Brotherton Seed Company, bse Methanol GmbH, BTG Bioliquids B.V, BTG-BTL, Bucha Bio, Bucha Bio, Inc, Burgo Group S.p.A, Business Innovation Partners Co., Ltd, ByFusion Global Inc, BYK-Chemie GmbH, Byogy Renewables, Inc, C-Zero Inc, C1 Green Chemicals AG, C16 Biosciences, C2CNT LLC, C2CNT LLC/Capital Power, C3Nano, C4X Technologies Inc, CABIO Biotech (Wuhan) Co, Ltd, Cabot Corporation, Cadel Deinking, California Cultured, California Safe Soil, Callfax, Calysta, Calyxia, Calyxt, Cambridge Carbon Capture Ltd, Cambridge Quantum Computing, Cambrium GmbH, Camena Bioscience, Camurus, CapaTec Inc, Caphenia GmbH, Capra Biosciences, CARAPAC Company, CarbiCrete, CarbiCrete (Canada), Carbiolice, Carbios, Carboclave, Carboliq, Carbon Collect Limited, Carbon Crusher, Carbon Engineering, Carbon Engineering Ltd, Carbon Fiber Recycling, Carbon Infinity Limited, Carbon Limit, Carbon Re, Carbon Recycling International, Carbon Sink, Carbon Sink LLC, Carbon Upcycling Technologies, Carbon8, Carbon8 Systems, Carbonade, Carbonaide Oy, CarbonBridge, CarbonBuilt, CarbonCure Technologies, CarbonCure Technologies (Canada), CarbonCure Technologies, Inc, Carbonfree Chemicals, Carbonova, Carbonwave, Carbstone Innovation NV (Belgium), Carbyon BV, Cardia Bioplastics Ltd, Cardolite, Carester, Cargill, Cargill Corporation, Cargill, Incorporated, Cascade Biocatalysts, Cascade Biocatalysts, Inc, Cass Materials Pty Ltd, Cassandra Oil, Cassandra Oil AB, Casterra Ag Ltd, Catalent, Catalyxx, Cathay Industrial Biotech, Ltd, Cathy Biotech Inc, CATL, Cauldron, Ceibo, Celanese Corporation, Cellana, Cellicon B.V, Cellucomp, Cellucomp Ltd, CelluForce, Celluforce, Inc, Cellugy, Cellutech AB, Cellutech AB (Stora Enso), Celtic Renewables Ltd, Celus GmbH, CemVision AB, Cemvita Factory, Cemvita Factory Inc, Century Health Technology, Inc, Ceradis, Cereal Process Technologies (CPT), CERT Systems, Inc, Certis USA, CF Industries, CF Industries Holdings, Inc, CH-Bioforce Oy, ChainCraft, Charm Industrial, Checkerspot, Checkerspot, Inc, Cheetah Resources, ChemCubed, Chemical Process Services Ltd. (Bitrez), Chemkey Advanced Materials Technology (Shanghai) Co., Ltd, Chemol Company (Seydel), Chempolis Oy, Chevron Phillips Chemical, China Baowu Steel Group, China Tianying, China Tianying Inc, Chinova Bioworks, Chitose Bio Evolution Pte Ltd, Chongqing Bofei Biochemical Products Co., Ltd, Chuetsu Pulp & Paper Co., Ltd, CIMV, CinderBio, CINIS Fertilizer, Cirba Solutions, CIRC, Circa Group, Circa Group AS, Circe, Circla Nordic, Circu Li-ion, Circular Industries, Circular Systems, Circunomics, CJ Biomaterials, Inc, Clariant AG, Clariter, Clariter ZA, Clean Energy Fuels, Clean Food Group, Clean Planet Energy, CleanJoule, CleanTech Lithium, Climeworks, CMS Technology, CNF Biofuel AS, CO2CirculAir, Coastgrass ApS, Codagenix, Codexis, COFCO Cooperation Ltd, Colipi, colorFabb, Colorifix, Colossal Biosciences, Conagen, Concentric Agriculture, Concord Blue Engineering, Concrene Limited, Concretene, CondAlign AS, Constructive Bio, Cool Planet Energy Systems, Copprint, Corbion, Corbion N.V, Corium Biotech, Corsair Group, Corsair Group International, Cortec, Cortec Corporation, Corteva, Corumat, Inc, Cosun Beet Company, Coval Energy, Coval Energy B.V, Covestro, Covestro AG, Cquestr8, Cradle, CreaCycle, CreaFill Fibers Corporation, Creative Materials, Crimson Renewable Energy LLC, Cristal Union Group, Croda, Croda International plc, Croft, Cruz Foam, Cryo Pur, CuanTec Ltd, CuRe Technology, Cyclic Materials, Cyclize, Cylib, Cysbio, D-CRBN, Daesang, Daicel Corporation, Daicel Polymer Ltd, DaikyoNishikawa Corporation, Daily Polymer, Daio Paper Corporation, Daishowa Paper Products Co. Ltd, Daito Kasei Kogyo Co, DAK Americas LLC, Danimer Scientific, Danimer Scientific LLC, Debut Biotechnology, Deep Branch Biotechnology, Deep Genomics, Deepcell, DeepCure, DeepTech Recycling, Demetrix, DENSO Corporation, DePoly, Design Therapeutics, Diagonal Therapeutics, Diamond Green Diesel LLC, DIC Corporation, DIC Products, Inc, Diffuse Bio, Dimensional Energy, Dioxide Materials, Dioxycle, Dispersa, DisSolves, DKS Co. Ltd, DMAT, DNA Script, Domsjo Fabriker AB, Domtar, Domtar Paper Company LLC, Dongjin Semichem, Dongnam Realize, Dongying Hebang Chemical Corp, Dow, Dow Chemical, Dow Chemical Company, Dow Chemicals, Dow Inc, Dowa Eco-System Co, DP Patterning AB, DSM, DSM Additive Manufacturing, DuFor Resins B.V, Dundee Sustainable Technologies, DuPont, DuPont Tate & Lyle Bio Products Co., LLC, DuPont Tate & Lyle, LLC, Dycotec, DyeRecycle, Dyno Nobel, E2IP, E3 Metals, Earli, Earth Recycle Co., Ltd, EarthForm, Earthodic Pty Ltd, Eastman, Eastman Chemical Company, Eastman Chemical Ltd. Corporation, Eckart, ECO Environmental, Eco Fuel Technology, Eco Fuel Technology, Inc, Eco Safety Products, Ecoat, Ecoat S.A.S, eCobalt Solutions, Ecobat, EcoCeres, Inc, Ecolibrium Biologicals, ecoLocked, ecoLocked GmbH, Ecomann Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Econic, Econic Technologies, Econili Battery, Ecopek, Ecopel, EcoPro, Ecoshell, Ecospray, Ruhe group and Agrarvereinigung eG Darchau, EcoSynthetix, Inc, Ecovative Design LLC, Ecovia Renewables, Eden Brew, Eden Innovations LLC, EdenShield, Eeden, EG Group, EggPlant Srl, Ehime Paper Manufacturing Co. Ltd, Ekosolve, Elantas and more......

Table of Contents

1. Executive Summary

• 1.1  The Need for a New Era in the Chemical Industry
• 1.2  Defining the New Era of Chemicals
• 1.3  Global Drivers and Trends
  • 1.3.1  Consumer and brand demand for sustainable products
  • 1.3.2  Government Regulation
  • 1.3.3  Carbon taxation
  • 1.3.4  Costs
• 1.4  The Changing Landscape of the Chemical Industry
  • 1.4.1  Historical Context: From Coal to Oil to Renewables
  • 1.4.2  Current State of the Global Chemical Industry
  • 1.4.3  Environmental Challenges and Regulatory Pressures
  • 1.4.4  Shifting Consumer Demands and Market Dynamics
  • 1.4.5  The Role of Digitalization and Industry 4.0
• 1.5  Emerging and Transforming Markets in the New Era of Chemicals
  • 1.5.1  Sustainable Agriculture Chemicals
  • 1.5.2  Green Cosmetics and Personal Care
  • 1.5.3  Sustainable Packaging
  • 1.5.4  Eco-friendly Paints and Coatings
  • 1.5.5  Alternative Fuels and Lubricants
  • 1.5.6  Pharmaceuticals and Healthcare
  • 1.5.7  Water Treatment and Purification
  • 1.5.8  Carbon Capture and Utilization Products
  • 1.5.9  Advanced Materials for 3D Printing
  • 1.5.10  Sustainable Mining and Metallurgy

2. Feedstocks

• 2.1  Sustainable Feedstocks: The Foundation of the New Era
• 2.2  Overview of Sustainable Feedstock Options
• 2.3  Biomass as a Chemical Feedstock
  • 2.3.1  Types of Biomass and Their Chemical Compositions
  • 2.3.2  Pretreatment and Conversion Technologies
  • 2.3.3  Challenges in Scaling Up Biomass Utilization
  • 2.3.4  Lignocellulosic feedstocks
  • 2.3.5  Non-lignocellulosic feedstocks
• 2.4  CO2 as a Carbon Source
  • 2.4.1  CO2 Capture Technologies
  • 2.4.2  Chemical Conversion Pathways for CO2
  • 2.4.3  Economic and Technical Barriers to CO2 Utilization
• 2.5  Waste Valorization
  • 2.5.1  Municipal Solid Waste as a Feedstock
  • 2.5.2  Industrial Waste Streams and By-products
  • 2.5.3  Plastic Waste Recycling and Upcycling
• 2.6  Renewable (Green) Hydrogen
  • 2.6.1  Electrolysis Technologies
  • 2.6.2  Integration of Renewable Energy in Hydrogen Production
  • 2.6.3  Hydrogen's Role in Chemical Synthesis
• 2.7  Feedstock Transition Pathways for Industry

3. Green Chemistry Principles and Applications

• 3.1  The 12 Principles of Green Chemistry
• 3.2  Atom Economy and Step Economy in Synthesis
• 3.3  Solvent Reduction and Green Solvents
  • 3.3.1  Water as a Reaction Medium
  • 3.3.2  Ionic Liquids and Deep Eutectic Solvents
  • 3.3.3  Supercritical Fluids in Chemical Processes
• 3.4  Catalysis for Green Chemistry
  • 3.4.1  Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering
  • 3.4.2  Heterogeneous Catalysis Advancements
  • 3.4.3  Photocatalysis and Electrocatalysis
• 3.5  Green Metrics and Life Cycle Assessment in Chemistry
• 3.6  Feedstock-Specific Green Chemistry Approaches
  • 3.6.1  Green Chemistry Principles Applied to Next-Generation Feedstocks

4. Circular Economy in the Chemical Industry

• 4.1  Principles of Circular Economy
• 4.2  Design for Circularity in Chemical Products
• 4.3  Chemical Recycling Technologies
  • 4.3.1  Applications
  • 4.3.2  Pyrolysis
  • 4.3.3  Gasification
  • 4.3.4  Dissolution
  • 4.3.5  Depolymerisation
  • 4.3.6  Other advanced chemical recycling technologies
• 4.4  Upcycling of Chemical Waste
• 4.5  Circular Business Models in the Chemical Sector
• 4.6  Challenges and Opportunities in Implementing Circularity
• 4.7  Companies

5. Electrification of Chemical Processes

• 5.1  The Role of Renewable Electricity in Chemical Production
• 5.2  Electrochemical Synthesis
  • 5.2.1  Electroorganic Synthesis
  • 5.2.2  Electrochemical CO2 Reduction
  • 5.2.3  Electrochemical Nitrogen Fixation
• 5.3  Plasma Chemistry
• 5.4  Microwave-Assisted Chemistry
• 5.5  Integration of Power-to-X Technologies in Chemical Production

6. Digitalization and Industry 4.0 in Chemistry

• 6.1  Big Data and Advanced Analytics in Chemical Research
• 6.2  Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Applications
  • 6.2.1  In Silico Design of Molecules and Materials
  • 6.2.2  Process Optimization and Predictive Maintenance
  • 6.2.3  Automated Synthesis and High-Throughput Experimentation
• 6.3  Digital Twins in Chemical Plant Operations
• 6.4  Blockchain for Supply Chain Transparency and Traceability
• 6.5  Cybersecurity Challenges in the Digitalized Chemical Industry

7. Advanced Manufacturing Technologies

• 7.1  Continuous Flow Chemistry
  • 7.1.1  Microreactors and Process Intensification
  • 7.1.2  Advantages in Pharmaceuticals and Fine Chemicals
  • 7.1.3  Challenges in Scale-up and Implementation
• 7.2  Modular and Distributed Manufacturing
• 7.3  3D Printing of Chemicals and Materials
  • 7.3.1  Direct Ink Writing and Reactive Printing
  • 7.3.2  Applications in Custom Synthesis and Formulation
• 7.4  Advanced Process Control and Real-time Monitoring
• 7.5  Flexible and Adaptable Production Systems

8. Biorefining and Industrial Biotechnology

• 8.1  Biorefinery Concepts and Configurations
  • 8.1.1  Biorefinery Classifications
  • 8.1.2  Biorefinery Configurations
• 8.2  Lignocellulosic Biomass Processing
• 8.3  Algal Biorefineries
• 8.4  Upstream Processing
  • 8.4.1  Cell Culture
• 8.5  Fermentation
  • 8.5.1  Overview
• 8.6  Downstream Processing
  • 8.6.1  Purification
• 8.7  Formulation
  • 8.7.1  Overview
• 8.8  Bioprocess Development
  • 8.8.1  Scale-up
  • 8.8.2  Optimization
• 8.9  Analytical Methods
  • 8.9.1  Quality Control
  • 8.9.2  Characterization
• 8.10  Scale of Production
  • 8.10.1  Laboratory Scale
  • 8.10.2  Pilot Scale
  • 8.10.3  Commercial Scale
• 8.11  Mode of Operation
  • 8.11.1  Batch Production
  • 8.11.2  Fed-batch Production
  • 8.11.3  Continuous Production
  • 8.11.4  Cell factories for biomanufacturing
  • 8.11.5  Perfusion Culture
  • 8.11.6  Other Modes of Operation
• 8.12  Host Organisms

9. CO2 Utilization Technologies

• 9.1  Overview
• 9.2  CO2 non-conversion and conversion technology
• 9.3  Carbon utilization business models
  • 9.3.1  Benefits of carbon utilization
  • 9.3.2  Market challenges
• 9.4  Co2 utilization pathways
• 9.5  Conversion processes
  • 9.5.1  Thermochemical
  • 9.5.2  Electrochemical conversion of CO2
  • 9.5.3  Photocatalytic and photothermal catalytic conversion of CO2
  • 9.5.4  Catalytic conversion of CO2
  • 9.5.5  Biological conversion of CO2
  • 9.5.6  Copolymerization of CO2
  • 9.5.7  Mineral carbonation
• 9.6  CO2-derived products
  • 9.6.1  Fuels
  • 9.6.2  Chemicals and polymers
  • 9.6.3  Construction materials
  • 9.6.4  CO2 Utilization in Biological Yield-Boosting
• 9.7  CO₂ Utilization in Enhanced Oil Recovery
  • 9.7.1  Overview
  • 9.7.2  CO₂-EOR facilities and projects
  • 9.7.3  Challenges
• 9.8  Enhanced mineralization
  • 9.8.1  Advantages
  • 9.8.2  In situ and ex-situ mineralization
  • 9.8.3  Enhanced mineralization pathways
  • 9.8.4  Challenges

10. Advanced Catalysts for Sustainable Chemistry

• 10.1  Overview of biocatalyst technology
  • 10.1.1  Biotransformations
  • 10.1.2  Cascade biocatalysis
  • 10.1.3  Co-factor recycling
  • 10.1.4  Immobilization
• 10.2  Types of biocatalysts
  • 10.2.1  Microorganisms
  • 10.2.2  Engineered biocatalysts
  • 10.2.3  Enzymes
  • 10.2.4  Other types
• 10.3  Production methods and processes
  • 10.3.1  Fermentation
  • 10.3.2  Recombinant DNA technology
  • 10.3.3  ell-Free Protein Synthesis
  • 10.3.4  Extraction from Natural Sources
  • 10.3.5  Solid-State Fermentation
• 10.4  Emerging technologies and innovations in biocatalysis
  • 10.4.1  Synthetic biology and metabolic engineering
  • 10.4.2  Generative biology and Artificial Intelligence (AI)
  • 10.4.3  Genome engineering
  • 10.4.4  Immobilization and encapsulation techniques
  • 10.4.5  Biomimetics
  • 10.4.6  Nanoparticle-based biocatalysts
  • 10.4.7  Biocatalytic cascades and multi-enzyme systems
  • 10.4.8  Microfluidics
• 10.5  Companies

11. Synthetic Biology and Metabolic Engineering

• 11.1  Metabolic engineering
• 11.2  Gene and DNA synthesis
• 11.3  Gene Synthesis and Assembly
• 11.4  Genome engineering
  • 11.4.1  CRISPR
• 11.5  Protein/Enzyme Engineering
• 11.6  Synthetic genomics
  • 11.6.1  Principles of Synthetic Genomics
  • 11.6.2  Synthetic Chromosomes and Genomes
• 11.7  Strain construction and optimization
• 11.8  Smart bioprocessing
• 11.9  Chassis organisms
• 11.10  Biomimetics
• 11.11  Sustainable materials
• 11.12  Robotics and automation
  • 11.12.1  Robotic cloud laboratories
  • 11.12.2  Automating organism design
  • 11.12.3  Artificial intelligence and machine learning
• 11.13  Bioinformatics and computational tools
  • 11.13.1  Role of Bioinformatics in Synthetic Biology
  • 11.13.2  Computational Tools for Design and Analysis
• 11.14  Xenobiology and expanded genetic alphabets
• 11.15  Biosensors and bioelectronics
• 11.16  Feedstocks
  • 11.16.1  C1 feedstocks
  • 11.16.2  C2 feedstocks
  • 11.16.3  Biological conversion of CO2
  • 11.16.4  Food processing wastes
  • 11.16.5  Marine biotechnology

12. Green Solvents and Alternative Reaction Media

• 12.1  Bio-based Solvents
• 12.2  Switchable Solvents
• 12.3  Deep Eutectic Solvents (DES)
• 12.4  Supercritical Fluids in Industrial Applications
• 12.5  Solvent-free Reactions and Mechanochemistry
• 12.6  Solvent Selection Tools and Frameworks
• 12.7  Companies

13. Waste Valorization and Resource Recovery

• 13.1  Municipal Solid Waste to Chemicals
• 13.2  Agricultural and Food Waste Valorization
• 13.3  Critical Material Extraction Technology
  • 13.3.1  Recovery of critical materials from secondary sources (e.g., end-of-life products, industrial waste)
  • 13.3.2  Critical rare-earth element recovery from secondary sources
  • 13.3.3  Li-ion battery technology metal recovery
  • 13.3.4  Critical semiconductor materials recovery
  • 13.3.5  Critical semiconductor materials recovery
  • 13.3.6  Critical platinum group metal recovery
  • 13.3.7  Critical platinum Group metal recovery
• 13.4  Wastewater Treatment and Resource Recovery
  • 13.4.1  Bio-based Flocculants and Coagulants
  • 13.4.2  Green Oxidants and Disinfectants
  • 13.4.3  Sustainable Membrane Materials
  • 13.4.4  Advanced Adsorbents for Contaminant Removal
  • 13.4.5  Nutrient Recovery Technologies
  • 13.4.6  Resource Recovery from Industrial Wastewater
  • 13.4.7  Bioelectrochemical Systems
  • 13.4.8  Green Solvents in Extraction Processes
  • 13.4.9  Photocatalytic Materials
  • 13.4.10  Biodegradable Chelating Agents
  • 13.4.11  Biocatalysts for Wastewater Treatment
  • 13.4.12  Advanced Adsorption Materials
  • 13.4.13  Sustainable pH Adjustment Chemicals
• 13.5  Mining Waste Valorization
  • 13.5.1  Bioleaching and Biooxidation
  • 13.5.2  Green Lixiviants for Metal Extraction
  • 13.5.3  Phytomining and Phytoremediation
  • 13.5.4  Sustainable Flotation Chemicals
  • 13.5.5  Electrochemical Recovery Methods
  • 13.5.6  Geopolymers and Mine Tailings Utilization
  • 13.5.7  CO2 Mineralization
  • 13.5.8  Sustainable Remediation Technologies
  • 13.5.9  Waste-to-Energy Technologies
  • 13.5.10  Advanced Separation Techniques
• 13.6  Companies

14. Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Integration

• 14.1  Energy Efficiency Measures in Chemical Plants
• 14.2  Heat Recovery and Pinch Analysis
• 14.3  Renewable Energy Sources in Chemical Production
• 14.4  Energy Storage Technologies for Process Industries
• 14.5  Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Systems
• 14.6  Industrial Symbiosis and Energy Integration

15. Safety and Sustainability Assessment

• 15.1  Green Chemistry Metrics and Sustainability Indicators
• 15.2  Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) in Chemical Processes
• 15.3  Safety by Design Principles
• 15.4  Risk Assessment and Management in New Chemical Technologies
• 15.5  Environmental Impact Assessment
• 15.6  Social and Ethical Considerations in the New Era of Chemicals

16. Regulations and Policy

• 16.1  Global Chemical Regulations and Their Evolution
• 16.2  Environmental Policies Driving Sustainable Chemistry
• 16.3  Incentives and Support Mechanisms for Green Chemistry
• 16.4  Challenges in Regulating Emerging Technologies
• 16.5  International Cooperation and Harmonization Efforts

17. Markets and Products

• 17.1. Sustainable Materials and Polymers
  • 17.1.1  Bioplastics and Biodegradable Polymers
    • 17.1.1.1  Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA)
    • 17.1.1.2  Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET)
    • 17.1.1.3  Polytrimethylene terephthalate (Bio-PTT)
    • 17.1.1.4  Polyethylene furanoate (Bio-PEF)
    • 17.1.1.5  Bio-PA
    • 17.1.1.6  Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (Bio-PBAT)- Aliphatic aromatic copolyesters
    • 17.1.1.7  Polybutylene succinate (PBS) and copolymers
    • 17.1.1.8  Polypropylene (Bio-PP)
    • 17.1.1.9  Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA)
    • 17.1.1.10  Starch-based blends
    • 17.1.1.11  Cellulose
    • 17.1.1.12  Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC)
    • 17.1.1.13  Nanocellulose
    • 17.1.1.14  Protein-based bioplastics in packaging
    • 17.1.1.15  Alginate
    • 17.1.1.16  Mycelium
    • 17.1.1.17  Chitosan
    • 17.1.1.18  Bio-naphtha
  • 17.1.2  Recycled and Upcycled Plastics
  • 17.1.3  High-Performance Bio-based Materials
  • 17.1.4  Companies
• 17.2. Sustainable Agriculture Chemicals
  • 17.2.1  Overview
  • 17.2.2  Biopesticides and Biocontrol Agents
  • 17.2.3  Precision Agriculture Chemicals
  • 17.2.4  Controlled-Release Fertilizers
  • 17.2.5  Biostimulants
  • 17.2.6  Microbials
    • 17.2.6.1  Overview
    • 17.2.6.2  Microbial biostimulants and biofertilizers
    • 17.2.6.3  Microbiome manipulation
    • 17.2.6.4  Prebiotics
  • 17.2.7  Biochemicals
  • 17.2.8  Semiochemicals
  • 17.2.9  Macrobials
  • 17.2.10  Biopesticides
    • 17.2.10.1  Natural herbicides and insecticides
  • 17.2.11  Companies
• 17.3. Sustainable Construction Materials
  • 17.3.1  Established bio-based construction materials
  • 17.3.2  Hemp-based Materials
    • 17.3.2.1  Hemp Concrete (Hempcrete)
    • 17.3.2.2  Hemp Fiberboard
    • 17.3.2.3  Hemp Insulation
  • 17.3.3  Mycelium-based Materials
    • 17.3.3.1  Insulation
    • 17.3.3.2  Structural Elements
    • 17.3.3.3  Acoustic Panels
    • 17.3.3.4  Decorative Elements
  • 17.3.4  Sustainable Concrete and Cement Alternatives
    • 17.3.4.1  Geopolymer Concrete
    • 17.3.4.2  Recycled Aggregate Concrete
    • 17.3.4.3  Lime-Based Materials
    • 17.3.4.4  Self-healing concrete
    • 17.3.4.5  Microalgae biocement
    • 17.3.4.6  Carbon-negative concrete
    • 17.3.4.7  Biomineral binders
  • 17.3.5  Natural Fiber Composites
    • 17.3.5.1  Types of Natural Fibers
    • 17.3.5.2  Properties
    • 17.3.5.3  Applications in Construction
  • 17.3.6  Cellulose nanofibers
    • 17.3.6.1  Sandwich composites
    • 17.3.6.2  Cement additives
    • 17.3.6.3  Pump primers
    • 17.3.6.4  Insulation materials
  • 17.3.7  Sustainable Insulation Materials
    • 17.3.7.1  Types of sustainable insulation materials
    • 17.3.7.2  Biobased and sustainable aerogels (bio-aerogels)
  • 17.3.8  Companies
• 17.4. Sustainable Packaging
  • 17.4.1  Paper and board packaging
  • 17.4.2  Food packaging
    • 17.4.2.1  Bio-Based films and trays
    • 17.4.2.2  Bio-Based pouches and bags
    • 17.4.2.3  Bio-Based textiles and nets
    • 17.4.2.4  Bioadhesives
    • 17.4.2.5  Barrier coatings and films
    • 17.4.2.6  Active and Smart Food Packaging
    • 17.4.2.7  Antimicrobial films and agents
    • 17.4.2.8  Bio-based Inks and Dyes
    • 17.4.2.9  Edible films and coatings
    • 17.4.2.10  Types of bio-based coatings and films in packaging
  • 17.4.3  Carbon capture derived materials for packaging
    • 17.4.3.1  Benefits of carbon utilization for plastics feedstocks
    • 17.4.3.2  CO₂-derived polymers and plastics
    • 17.4.3.3  CO2 utilization products
  • 17.4.4  Companies
• 17.5. Green Cosmetics and Personal Care
  • 17.5.1  Natural and Bio-based Ingredients
  • 17.5.2  Microplastic Alternatives
    • 17.5.2.1  Natural hard materials
    • 17.5.2.2  Polysaccharides
    • 17.5.2.3  Proteins
    • 17.5.2.4  Polyesters
    • 17.5.2.5  Other natural polymers
  • 17.5.3  Waterless Formulations
  • 17.5.4  Companies
• 17.6. Bio-based and Eco-Friendly Paints and Coatings
  • 17.6.1  UV-cure
  • 17.6.2  Waterborne coatings
  • 17.6.3  Treatments with less or no solvents
  • 17.6.4  Hyperbranched polymers for coatings
  • 17.6.5  Powder coatings
  • 17.6.6  High solid (HS) coatings
  • 17.6.7  Use of bio-based materials in coatings
    • 17.6.7.1  Biopolymers
    • 17.6.7.2  Coatings based on agricultural waste
    • 17.6.7.3  Vegetable oils and fatty acids
    • 17.6.7.4  Proteins
    • 17.6.7.5  Cellulose
    • 17.6.7.6  Plant-Based wax coatings
  • 17.6.8  Barrier coatings
    • 17.6.8.1  Polysaccharides
    • 17.6.8.2  Poly(lactic acid) (PLA)
    • 17.6.8.3  Poly(butylene Succinate)
    • 17.6.8.4  Functional Lipid and Proteins Based Coatings
  • 17.6.9  Alkyd coatings
    • 17.6.9.1  Alkyd resin properties
    • 17.6.9.2  Bio-based alkyd coatings
    • 17.6.9.3  Products
  • 17.6.10  Polyurethane coatings
    • 17.6.10.1  Properties
    • 17.6.10.2  Bio-based polyurethane coatings
    • 17.6.10.3  Products
  • 17.6.11  Epoxy coatings
    • 17.6.11.1  Properties
    • 17.6.11.2  Bio-based epoxy coatings
    • 17.6.11.3  Products
  • 17.6.12  Acrylate resins
    • 17.6.12.1  Properties
    • 17.6.12.2  Bio-based acrylates
    • 17.6.12.3  Products
  • 17.6.13  Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA)
    • 17.6.13.1  Bio-PLA coatings and films
  • 17.6.14  Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA)
  • 17.6.15  Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC)
  • 17.6.16  Cellulose nanofibers
  • 17.6.17  Bacterial Nanocellulose (BNC)
  • 17.6.18  Rosins
  • 17.6.19  Bio-based carbon black
    • 17.6.19.1  Lignin-based
    • 17.6.19.2  Algae-based
  • 17.6.20  Lignin
  • 17.6.21  Antimicrobial films and agents
    • 17.6.21.1  Natural
    • 17.6.21.2  Inorganic nanoparticles
    • 17.6.21.3  Biopolymers
  • 17.6.22  Nanocoatings
  • 17.6.23  Protein-based biomaterials for coatings
    • 17.6.23.1  Plant derived proteins
    • 17.6.23.2  Animal origin proteins
  • 17.6.24  Algal coatings
  • 17.6.25  Polypeptides
  • 17.6.26  Companies
• 17.7. Green Electronics
  • 17.7.1  Biodegradable Electronics
  • 17.7.2  Recycled and Recoverable Electronic Materials
  • 17.7.3  Conventional electronics manufacturing
  • 17.7.4  Benefits of Green Electronics manufacturing
  • 17.7.5  Challenges in adopting Green Electronics manufacturing
  • 17.7.6  Green Electronics Manufacturing
  • 17.7.7  Sustainability in PCB manufacturing
    • 17.7.7.1  Sustainable cleaning of PCBs
  • 17.7.8  Design of PCBs for sustainability
    • 17.7.8.1  Rigid
    • 17.7.8.2  Flexible
    • 17.7.8.3  Additive manufacturing
    • 17.7.8.4  In-mold elctronics (IME)
  • 17.7.9  Materials
    • 17.7.9.1  Metal cores
    • 17.7.9.2  Recycled laminates
    • 17.7.9.3  Conductive inks
    • 17.7.9.4  Green and lead-free solder
    • 17.7.9.5  Biodegradable substrates
    • 17.7.9.6  Biobased inks
  • 17.7.10  Substrates
    • 17.7.10.1  Halogen-free FR4
    • 17.7.10.2  Metal-core PCBs
    • 17.7.10.3  Biobased PCBs
    • 17.7.10.4  Paper-based PCBs
    • 17.7.10.5  PCBs without solder mask
    • 17.7.10.6  Thinner dielectrics
    • 17.7.10.7  Recycled plastic substrates
    • 17.7.10.8  Flexible substrates
  • 17.7.11  Sustainable patterning and metallization in electronics manufacturing
    • 17.7.11.1  Introduction
    • 17.7.11.2  Issues with sustainability
    • 17.7.11.3  Regeneration and reuse of etching chemicals
    • 17.7.11.4  Transition from Wet to Dry phase patterning
    • 17.7.11.5  Print-and-plate
    • 17.7.11.6  Approaches
  • 17.7.12  Sustainable attachment and integration of components
    • 17.7.12.1  Conventional component attachment materials
    • 17.7.12.2  Materials
    • 17.7.12.3  Processes
  • 17.7.13  Sustainable integrated circuits
    • 17.7.13.1  IC manufacturing
    • 17.7.13.2  Sustainable IC manufacturing
    • 17.7.13.3  Wafer production
    • 17.7.13.4  Oxidation methods
    • 17.7.13.5  Patterning and doping
    • 17.7.13.6  Metallization
  • 17.7.14  End of life
    • 17.7.14.1  Hazardous waste
    • 17.7.14.2  Emissions
    • 17.7.14.3  Water Usage
    • 17.7.14.4  Recycling
  • 17.7.15  Green Certification
  • 17.7.16  Companies
• 17.8. Sustainable Textiles and Fibers
  • 17.8.1  Types of bio-based fibres
    • 17.8.1.1  Natural fibres
    • 17.8.1.2  Main-made bio-based fibres
  • 17.8.2  Bio-based synthetics
  • 17.8.3  Recyclability of bio-based fibres
  • 17.8.4  Lyocell
  • 17.8.5  Bacterial cellulose
  • 17.8.6  Algae textiles
  • 17.8.7  Bio-based leather
    • 17.8.7.1  Properties of bio-based leathers
    • 17.8.7.2  Comparison with conventional leathers
    • 17.8.7.3  Comparative analysis of bio-based leathers
    • 17.8.7.4  Plant-based leather
    • 17.8.7.5  Mycelium leather
    • 17.8.7.6  Microbial leather
    • 17.8.7.7  Lab grown leather
    • 17.8.7.8  Protein-based leather
    • 17.8.7.9  Sustainable textiles coatings and dyes
  • 17.8.8  Companies
• 17.9. Alternative Fuels and Lubricants
  • 17.9.1  Biofuels and Synthetic Fuels
  • 17.9.2  Biodiesel
    • 17.9.2.1  Biodiesel by generation
    • 17.9.2.2  Production of biodiesel and other biofuels
    • 17.9.2.3  Prices
    • 17.9.2.4  Global production and consumption
  • 17.9.3  Renewable diesel
    • 17.9.3.1  Production
    • 17.9.3.2  SWOT analysis
    • 17.9.3.3  Global consumption
    • 17.9.3.4  Prices
  • 17.9.4  Bio-aviation fuel (bio-jet fuel, sustainable aviation fuel, renewable jet fuel or aviation biofuel)
    • 17.9.4.1  Description
    • 17.9.4.2  SWOT analysis
    • 17.9.4.3  Global production and consumption
    • 17.9.4.4  Production pathways
    • 17.9.4.5  Prices
    • 17.9.4.6  Bio-aviation fuel production capacities
    • 17.9.4.7  Market challenges
    • 17.9.4.8  Global consumption
  • 17.9.5  Bio-naphtha
    • 17.9.5.1  Overview
    • 17.9.5.2  SWOT analysis
    • 17.9.5.3  Markets and applications
    • 17.9.5.4  Prices
    • 17.9.5.5  Production capacities, by producer, current and planned
  • 17.9.6  Biomethanol
    • 17.9.6.1  SWOT analysis
    • 17.9.6.2  Methanol-to gasoline technology
  • 17.9.7  Ethanol
    • 17.9.7.1  Technology description
    • 17.9.7.2  1G Bio-Ethanol
    • 17.9.7.3  SWOT analysis
    • 17.9.7.4  Ethanol to jet fuel technology
    • 17.9.7.5  Methanol from pulp & paper production
    • 17.9.7.6  Sulfite spent liquor fermentation
    • 17.9.7.7  Gasification
    • 17.9.7.8  CO~2~ capture and alcohol synthesis
    • 17.9.7.9  Biomass hydrolysis and fermentation
    • 17.9.7.10  Global ethanol consumption
  • 17.9.8  Biobutanol
    • 17.9.8.1  Production
    • 17.9.8.2  Prices
  • 17.9.9  Biomass-based Gas
    • 17.9.9.1  Biomethane
    • 17.9.9.2  Production pathways
    • 17.9.9.3  SWOT analysis
    • 17.9.9.4  Global production
    • 17.9.9.5  Prices
    • 17.9.9.6  Bio-LNG
    • 17.9.9.7  bio-CNG (compressed natural gas derived from biogas)
    • 17.9.9.8  Carbon capture from biogas
  • 17.9.10  Biosyngas
    • 17.9.10.1  Production
    • 17.9.10.2  Prices
  • 17.9.11  Biohydrogen
    • 17.9.11.1  Description
    • 17.9.11.2  SWOT analysis
    • 17.9.11.3  Production of biohydrogen from biomass
    • 17.9.11.4  Applications
    • 17.9.11.5  Prices
  • 17.9.12  Biochar in biogas production
  • 17.9.13  Bio-DME
  • 17.9.14  Chemical recycling for biofuels
    • 17.9.14.1  Plastic pyrolysis
    • 17.9.14.2  Used tires pyrolysis
    • 17.9.14.3  Co-pyrolysis of biomass and plastic wastes
    • 17.9.14.4  Gasification
    • 17.9.14.5  Hydrothermal cracking
  • 17.9.15  Electrofuels (E-fuels, power-to-gas/liquids/fuels)
    • 17.9.15.1  Introduction
    • 17.9.15.2  Benefits of e-fuels
    • 17.9.15.3  Feedstocks
    • 17.9.15.4  CO~2~ capture
    • 17.9.15.5  Production
    • 17.9.15.6  Companies
  • 17.9.16  Algae-derived biofuels
    • 17.9.16.1  Technology description
    • 17.9.16.2  Production
    • 17.9.16.3  Market challenges
    • 17.9.16.4  Prices
    • 17.9.16.5  Producers
  • 17.9.17  Green Ammonia
    • 17.9.17.1  Production
    • 17.9.17.2  Green ammonia synthesis methods
    • 17.9.17.3  Blue ammonia
    • 17.9.17.4  Companies and projects
  • 17.9.18  Bio-oils (pyrolysis oils)
    • 17.9.18.1  Description
    • 17.9.18.2  Production
    • 17.9.18.3  Applications
    • 17.9.18.4  Bio-oil producers
    • 17.9.18.5  Prices
  • 17.9.19  Refuse Derived Fuels (RDF)
    • 17.9.19.1  Overview
    • 17.9.19.2  Production
    • 17.9.19.3  Markets
  • 17.9.20  Bio-based Lubricants
  • 17.9.21  Companies
• 17.10. Green Pharmaceuticals and Healthcare
  • 17.10.1  Green Pharmaceutical Synthesis
    • 17.10.1.1  Green Solvents
    • 17.10.1.2  Catalysis
    • 17.10.1.3  Continuous Flow Chemistry
    • 17.10.1.4  Alternative Energy Sources
    • 17.10.1.5  Green Oxidation and Reduction Methods
    • 17.10.1.6  Atom-Economical Reactions
    • 17.10.1.7  Bio-based Starting Materials
    • 17.10.1.8  Process Intensification
    • 17.10.1.9  Green Analytical Techniques
    • 17.10.1.10  Sustainable Purification Methods
  • 17.10.2  Bio-based Drug Delivery Systems
    • 17.10.2.1  Natural polymers
    • 17.10.2.2  Protein-based Materials
    • 17.10.2.3  Polysaccharide-based Systems
    • 17.10.2.4  Lipid-based Carriers
    • 17.10.2.5  Plant-derived Materials
    • 17.10.2.6  Microbial-derived Polymers
    • 17.10.2.7  Stimuli-responsive Biopolymers
    • 17.10.2.8  Bioconjugation Techniques
    • 17.10.2.9  Sustainable Particle Formation
  • 17.10.3  Sustainable Medical Devices
  • 17.10.4  Personalized Chemistry in Medicine
    • 17.10.4.1  Tailored Drug Delivery Systems
    • 17.10.4.2  Personalized Diagnostic Materials
    • 17.10.4.3  Custom-synthesized Therapeutics
    • 17.10.4.4  Biocompatible Materials for Implants
    • 17.10.4.5  3D-printed Pharmaceuticals
    • 17.10.4.6  Personalized Nutrient Formulations
  • 17.10.5  Companies
• 17.11. Advanced Materials for 3D Printing
  • 17.11.1  Bio-based 3D Printing Resins
  • 17.11.2  Recyclable and Reusable 3D Printing Materials
  • 17.11.3  Functional and Smart 3D Printing Materials
  • 17.11.4  Companies
• 17.12. Artificial Intelligence in Chemical Design
  • 17.12.1  Machine Learning for Molecular Design
  • 17.12.2  AI-driven Retrosynthesis Planning
  • 17.12.3  Predictive Modelling of Chemical Properties
  • 17.12.4  AI in Process Optimization
  • 17.12.5  Automated Lab Systems and Robotics
  • 17.12.6  AI for Materials Discovery and Development
• 17.13. Quantum Chemistry Applications
  • 17.13.1  Quantum Computing for Molecular Simulations
  • 17.13.2  Quantum Sensors in Chemical Analysis
  • 17.13.3  Quantum-inspired Algorithms for Property Prediction
  • 17.13.4  Quantum Approaches to Catalyst Design
  • 17.13.5  Quantum Chemistry in Drug Discovery
  • 17.13.6  Quantum Effects in Nanomaterials
  • 17.13.7  Companies

18. Economic Aspects and Business Models

• 18.1  Cost Competitiveness of Sustainable Chemical Technologies
• 18.2  Investment Trends in Green Chemistry
• 18.3  New Business Models in the Circular Economy
• 18.4  Market Dynamics and Consumer Preferences
• 18.5  Intellectual Property Considerations
• 18.6  Case Studies
  • 18.6.1  Bio-based Production of Bulk Chemicals
  • 18.6.2  CO2 to Polymers: Innovating in Materials
  • 18.6.3  Waste Plastic to Fuels and Chemicals
  • 18.6.4  Green Pharmaceutical Manufacturing
  • 18.6.5  Sustainable Agriculture Chemicals
  • 18.6.6  Circular Economy in Action: Closing the Loop in Packaging
  • 18.6.7  Revolutionizing Textiles: From Petrochemicals to Bio-based Fibers

19. Future Outlook and Emerging Trends

• 19.1  Convergence of Bio, Nano, and Information Technologies
• 19.2  Quantum Computing in Chemical Research and Development
• 19.3  Space-based Manufacturing of Chemicals
• 19.4  Artificial Photosynthesis and Solar Fuels
• 19.5  Personalized and On-demand Chemical Manufacturing
• 19.6  The Role of Chemistry in Achieving Net-Zero Emissions
• 19.7  Circular Economy Solutions
• 19.8  Artificial Intelligence and Digitalization Impact
• 19.9  Quantum Chemistry Prospects

20. Appendices

• 20.1  Glossary of Terms
• 20.2  List of Abbreviations
• 20.3  Research Methodology

References