½ÃÀ庸°í¼­
»óǰÄÚµå
1442040

Æú¸®¿ì·¹ÅºÀÇ ¼ºÀå ±âȸ

Growth Opportunities in Polyurethane

¹ßÇàÀÏ: | ¸®¼­Ä¡»ç: Frost & Sullivan | ÆäÀÌÁö Á¤º¸: ¿µ¹® 166 Pages | ¹è¼Û¾È³» : 1-2ÀÏ (¿µ¾÷ÀÏ ±âÁØ)

    
    
    



¡Ø º» »óǰÀº ¿µ¹® ÀÚ·á·Î Çѱ۰ú ¿µ¹® ¸ñÂ÷¿¡ ºÒÀÏÄ¡ÇÏ´Â ³»¿ëÀÌ ÀÖÀ» °æ¿ì ¿µ¹®À» ¿ì¼±ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. Á¤È®ÇÑ °ËÅ並 À§ÇØ ¿µ¹® ¸ñÂ÷¸¦ Âü°íÇØÁֽñ⠹ٶø´Ï´Ù.

ģȯ°æ ¼Ö·ç¼Ç ¹× ¼øÈ¯ °æÁ¦ ¿øÄ¢À» Áö¿øÇÏ´Â PU Á¦Ç°¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¼ö¿ä Áõ°¡·Î ¼ºÀå ÆÄÀÌÇÁ¶óÀÎ °­È­

ÀÌ Á¶»ç º¸°í¼­´Â ¼¼°èÀÇ Æú¸®¿ì·¹Åº(PU) ½ÃÀåÀ» Á¾ÇÕÀûÀ¸·Î ºÐ¼®Çϰí 2019³âºÎÅÍ 2029³â±îÁö Áö¿ª ±¸ºÐ, ¼öÀÍ, ¼ö·® ÁöÇ¥¿¡ »ó¼¼ÇÑ ÃÊÁ¡À» ¸ÂÃß¾ú½À´Ï´Ù. °ú°Å µ¥ÀÌÅ͸¦ °ËÁõÇϰí ÇâÈÄ µ¿ÇâÀ» ¿¹ÃøÇÔÀ¸·Î½á 2022³âÀ» ±âÁسâÀ¸·Î 2023³âºÎÅÍ 2029³â±îÁö 7³â°£ÀÇ ¿¹ÃøÀ» Á¦°øÇÕ´Ï´Ù.

¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«¿¡¼­´Â ¹Ì±¹, ij³ª´Ù, ¸ß½ÃÄÚ¸¦ Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ ¶óƾ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«¸¦ ´ë»óÀ¸·Î ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. ÀÌ Áö¿ªÀº ´Ù¾çÇÑ ½ÃÀå ¿ªÇÐÀ» º¸¿©ÁÖ¸ç ¹Ì±¹Àº ¼Òºñ¿Í ±â¼ú Çõ½ÅÀ¸·Î À̲ø°í ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ij³ª´Ù ½ÃÀå Æ¯Â¡Àº Áö¼Ó°¡´ÉÇϰí ȯ°æ ģȭÀûÀÎ PU Á¦Ç°¿¡ ÃÊÁ¡À» ¸ÂÃß°í ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ¶óƾ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«´Â Á¦Á¶ ¹× °Ç¼³ »ê¾÷ÀÇ È®´ë¿¡ °ßÀεǾî Å« ¼ºÀå °¡´É¼ºÀ» º¸¿©ÁÝ´Ï´Ù.

À¯·´ ºÎ¹®¿¡´Â À¯·´ °æÁ¦ Áö¿ª, À¯·´ ÀÚÀ¯ ¹«¿ª ¿¬ÇÕ ±¹°¡, ¹Ì±¹, ¿ìÅ©¶óÀ̳ª ¹× À̽º¶ó¿¤À» Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ µ¶¸³ ±¹°¡ °øµ¿Ã¼°¡ Æ÷ÇԵ˴ϴÙ. À¯·´ÀÇ PU ½ÃÀåÀº ¾ö°ÝÇÑ È¯°æ ±ÔÁ¦¿Í ÷´Ü ±â¼ú »óȲÀ» Ư¡À¸·Î ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. ÀÌ Áö¿ªÀÌ Áö¼Ó°¡´É¼º¿¡ ÁßÁ¡À» µÎ°í ģȯ°æ PU Á¦Ç°À» ½ÃÀå °³Ã´ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ½ÃÀå ¼ºÀå¿¡ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÄ¡´Â ÁÖ¿ä ¿äÀÎÀÔ´Ï´Ù.

Áßµ¿, ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«, ³²¾Æ½Ã¾Æ¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­´Â ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«, Áßµ¿ ±¹°¡(ÅÍŰ Æ÷ÇÔ), ³²¾Æ½Ã¾Æ ±¹°¡(Àεµ, ÆÄŰ½ºÅº, ¹æ±Û¶óµ¥½Ã, ½º¸®¶ûÄ«, ³×ÆÈ Æ÷ÇÔ)¸¦ Á¶»ç ´ë»óÀ¸·Î Çϰí ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ÀÌ ´Ù¾çÇÑ Áö¿ªÀº ƯÈ÷ Áßµ¿°ú ³²¾Æ½Ã¾Æ¿¡¼­ ±Þ¼ÓÇÑ »ê¾÷ ¼ºÀåÀ» ÀÌ·ç°í ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. °Ç¼³, ÀÚµ¿Â÷ ¹× ±âŸ »ê¾÷ ÀÀ¿ë ºÐ¾ß¿¡¼­ PU¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¼ö¿ä°¡ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Áö¿ª ½ÃÀåÀ» ÀüÁø½Ã۰í ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù.

¾Æ½Ã¾ÆÅÂÆò¾ç ºÐ¼®Àº Áß±¹, ÀϺ», Çѱ¹, µ¿³²¾Æ½Ã¾Æ ±¹°¡¿¬ÇÕ(ASEAN) ÀÚÀ¯¹«¿ªÁö¿ª, È£ÁÖ, ´ºÁú·£µå ¹× ±âŸ µ¿³²¾Æ½Ã¾Æ ±¹°¡¿¡ ÃÊÁ¡À» ¸ÂÃß¾ú½À´Ï´Ù. ÀÌ Áö¿ªÀº ¼¼°è PU ½ÃÀå¿¡¼­ Áß¿äÇÑ ±â¾÷À̸ç, Áß±¹ÀÌ »ý»ê·®°ú ±â¼ú Çõ½Å¿¡ ¼±µµÇϰí ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ÀϺ»°ú Çѱ¹Àº ±â¼úÀû Áøº¸ ¹× °íǰÁú PU Á¦Ç°À¸·Î ÀÎÁ¤¹Þ°í ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ASEAN ±¹°¡µéÀº »ê¾÷°ú °Ç¼³ ºÎ¹®ÀÇ ¼ºÀåÀ¸·Î ÁÖ¿ä ½ÃÀåÀ¸·Î ºÎ»óÇϰí ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù.

Á¶»ç ¹æ¹ýÀº °¢ ½Ã½ºÅÛ°ú Áö¿ªÀÇ ¼ö·® ¹× ¼öÀÍÀ» »ó¼¼ÇÏ°Ô ºÐ¼®ÇÏ°í ¼ºÀåÀ» °¡¼ÓÇÏ´Â ¿äÀΰú ÀáÀçÀû °úÁ¦¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀλçÀÌÆ®¸¦ Á¦°øÇÕ´Ï´Ù. ¿¹ÃøÀº ¿¹»ó º¹ÇÕ ¿¬°£ ¼ºÀå·üÀ» ±â¹ÝÀ¸·Î ÇÏ¸ç ½ÃÀå ¹ßÀü¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Àü·«Àû °ßÇØ¸¦ Á¦°øÇÕ´Ï´Ù.

¼¼°èÀÇ PU ½ÃÀåÀº °­·ÂÇÑ ¼ºÀå ż¼¸¦ °®Ãß°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç °¢ Áö¿ªÀÌ ¾÷°è È®´ë¿¡ µ¶ÀÚÀûÀ¸·Î ±â¿©Çϰí ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ÀÌ ¼³¹®Á¶»ç´Â ÀÌÇØ°ü°èÀÚ, ÅõÀÚÀÚ, ½ÃÀå ÁøÃâ ±â¾÷¿¡°Ô ±ÍÁßÇÑ ÀλçÀÌÆ®¸¦ Á¦°øÇÏ°í µ¿ÀûÀ¸·Î ÁøÈ­ÇÏ´Â ½ÃÀå¿¡¼­ ÃæºÐÇÑ Á¤º¸¸¦ ¹ÙÅÁÀ¸·Î ÀÇ»ç°áÁ¤À» Áö¿øÇÕ´Ï´Ù.

¸ñÂ÷

Àü·«Àû °úÁ¦

  • ¿Ö ¼ºÀåÀÌ ¾î·Á¿öÁö°í Àִ°¡?
  • The Strategic Imperative 8(TM)
  • Æú¸®¿ì·¹Åº(PU) ¾÷°è¿¡¼­ »óÀ§ 3°¡Áö Àü·«Àû °úÁ¦ÀÇ ¿µÇâ
  • ¼ºÀå ÆÄÀÌÇÁ¶óÀÎ ¿£Áø(TM)¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ¼ºÀå ±âȸÀÇ ÃËÁø

¼ºÀå ±âȸ ºÐ¼®

  • ºÐ¼® ¹üÀ§
  • ½Ã½ºÅÛº° ½ÃÀå Á¤ÀÇ
  • Áö¸®Àû ¹üÀ§
  • PU ¿øÀç·áÀÇ ÁÖ¿ä °æÀï¾÷ü
  • PU È­ÇÐ
  • ¹ë·ùüÀÎ ºÐ¼®
  • ¹ë·ùüÀÎ ºÐ¼® ÀλçÀÌÆ®
  • ½Ã½ºÅÛ ÇϿ콺 À¯´Ï¹ö½º
  • PU ¿ø·á(´ëü ¿ø·á, ÀçȰ¿ë ¿ø·á ¹× ¹ÙÀÌ¿À ¿ø·á)
  • ¼ºÀå ÁöÇ¥
  • ¼öÀÍ ¹× ¼ö·® ¿¹Ãø
  • Æò±Õ °¡°Ý ¿¹Ãø
  • ½Ã½ºÅÛº° ¼öÀÍ ¿¹Ãø
  • ½Ã½ºÅÛº° ¼ö·® ¿¹Ãø
  • ¼öÀÍ, ¼ö·® ¹× Æò±Õ °¡°Ý ¿¹Ãø ºÐ¼®
  • Áö¿ªº° ¼öÀÍ ¿¹Ãø
  • Áö¿ªº° ¼ö·® ¿¹Ãø
  • Áö¿ªº° ¿¹Ãø ºÐ¼®

°æÀï ȯ°æ

  • °æÀï ȯ°æ-MDI
  • ¼öÀÍ °øÀ¯-MDI
  • °æÀï ȯ°æ-TDI
  • ¼öÀÍ Á¡À¯À²-TDI
  • °æÀï ȯ°æ-Æú¸® ¿¡Å׸£ Æú¸®¿Ã
  • ¸ÅÃâ Á¡À¯À²-Æú¸®¿¡Å׸£ Æú¸®¿Ã

¼ºÀå ±âȸ ºÐ¼® : °æÁúÆû

  • ºÎ¹®ÀÇ Æ¯Â¡ ¹× °³¿ä
  • °æÁúÆûÀÇ À¯Çü
  • MDI ±Û¸®Äݺñ
  • °æÁúÆûÀÇ È­Çоç·Ðºñ
  • °æÁúÆûÀÇ ÁÖ¿ä ¼ºÀå ÁöÇ¥
  • °æÁúÆûÀÇ ¼ºÀå ÃËÁø¿äÀÎ
  • °æÁúÆûÀÇ ¼ºÀå ¾ïÁ¦¿äÀÎ
  • ¼ºÀå ÃËÁø¿äÀÎ ¹× ¼ºÀå ¾ïÁ¦¿äÀÎÀÇ ¿ä¾à
  • ¼öÀÍ ¹× ¼ö·® ¿¹Ãø
  • Æò±Õ °¡°Ý ¿¹Ãø
  • ¿¹Ãø ºÐ¼®
  • Áö¿ªº° ¼öÀÍ ¹× ¼ö·® ¿¹Ãø
  • Áö¿ªº° ¼ö·® ¿¹Ãø
  • Áö¿ªº° ¿¹Ãø ºÐ¼®

¼ºÀå ±âȸ ºÐ¼® : ¿¬ÁúÆû

  • ºÎ¹®ÀÇ Æ¯Â¡ ¹× °³¿ä
  • ¼ºÀå ÁöÇ¥
  • ¼ºÀå ÃËÁø¿äÀÎ
  • ¼ºÀå ¾ïÁ¦¿äÀÎ
  • ¼ºÀå ÃËÁø¿äÀÎ ¹× ¼ºÀå ¾ïÁ¦¿äÀÎÀÇ °³¿ä
  • PU ¿¬ÁúÆûÀÇ À¯Çü
  • PU ¿¬ÁúÆû-È­Çз®·Ðºñ
  • ¼öÀÍ ¹× ¼ö·® ¿¹Ãø
  • Æò±Õ °¡°Ý ¿¹Ãø
  • ¿¹Ãø ºÐ¼®
  • Áö¿ªº° ¼öÀÍ ¹× ¼ö·® ¿¹Ãø
  • Áö¿ªº° ¼ö·® ¿¹Ãø
  • Áö¿ªº° ¼ö·® ¿¹Ãø ºÐ¼®

¼ºÀå ±âȸ ºÐ¼® : Á¢ÂøÁ¦, ½Ç¶õÆ®, ¹ÙÀδõ

  • ºÎ¹®ÀÇ Æ¯Â¡ ¹× °³¿ä
  • ¼ºÀå ÁöÇ¥
  • ¼ºÀå ÃËÁø¿äÀÎ
  • ¼ºÀå ¾ïÁ¦¿äÀÎ
  • ¼ºÀå ÃËÁø¿äÀÎ ¹× ¼ºÀå ¾ïÁ¦¿äÀÎÀÇ °³¿ä
  • ¼öÀÍ ¹× ¼ö·® ¿¹Ãø
  • Æò±Õ °¡°Ý ¿¹Ãø
  • ¿¹Ãø ºÐ¼®
  • Áö¿ªº° ¼öÀÍ ¹× ¼ö·® ¿¹Ãø
  • Áö¿ªº° ¼ö·® ¿¹Ãø
  • Áö¿ªº° ¼ö·® ¿¹Ãø ºÐ¼®

¼ºÀå ±âȸ ºÐ¼® : ÄÚÆÃ

  • ºÎ¹®ÀÇ Æ¯Â¡ ¹× °³¿ä
  • ¼ºÀå ÁöÇ¥
  • ¼ºÀå ÃËÁø¿äÀÎ
  • ¼ºÀå ¾ïÁ¦¿äÀÎ
  • ¼ºÀå ÃËÁø¿äÀÎ ¹× ¾ïÁ¦¿äÀÎÀÇ °³¿ä
  • ¼öÀÍ ¹× ¼ö·® ¿¹Ãø
  • Æò±Õ °¡°Ý ¿¹Ãø
  • ¿¹Ãø ºÐ¼®
  • Áö¿ªº° ¼öÀÍ ¹× ¼ö·® ¿¹Ãø
  • Áö¿ªº° ¼ö·® ¿¹Ãø
  • Áö¿ªº° ¼ö·® ¿¹Ãø ºÐ¼®

¼ºÀå ±âȸ ºÐ¼® : ¿¤¶ó½ºÅä¸Ó ¹× TPU

  • ºÎ¹®ÀÇ Æ¯Â¡ ¹× °³¿ä
  • ¼ºÀå ÁöÇ¥
  • ¼ºÀå ÃËÁø¿äÀÎ
  • ¼ºÀå ¾ïÁ¦¿äÀÎ
  • ¼ºÀå ÃËÁø¿äÀÎ ¹× ¾ïÁ¦¿äÀÎÀÇ °³¿ä
  • ¼öÀÍ ¹× ¼ö·® ¿¹Ãø
  • Æò±Õ °¡°Ý ¿¹Ãø
  • ¿¹Ãø ºÐ¼®
  • Áö¿ªº° ¼öÀÍ ¹× ¼ö·® ¿¹Ãø
  • Áö¿ªº° ¼ö·® ¿¹Ãø
  • Áö¿ªº° ¼ö·® ¿¹Ãø ºÐ¼®

¼ºÀå ±âȸ

  • ¼ºÀå ±âȸ 1 : EV¿ë PU
  • ¼ºÀå ±âȸ 2 : MEASA¿¡ÀÇ ¸®¼î¾î¸µ
  • ¼ºÀå ±âȸ 3 : 5G ÀÎÇÁ¶ó¿¡¼­ÀÇ ÆÄÆ®³Ê½Ê
  • ¼ºÀå ±âȸ 4 : ÇコÄÉ¾î ¿ëµµ
  • ¼ºÀå ±âȸ 5 : ¼øÈ¯ °æÁ¦¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ³ë·Â
  • ¼ºÀå ±âȸ 6 : 3D ÇÁ¸°ÆÃ

´ÙÀ½ ´Ü°è

  • ´ÙÀ½ ´Ü°è
  • Ãâǰ ¸®½ºÆ®
  • ¸éÃ¥ »çÇ×
AJY 24.03.21

Increased Demand for Eco-conscious Solutions and PU Products that Support Circular Economy Principles to Enhance Growth Pipeline

This study presents a comprehensive analysis of the global polyurethanes (PU) market, with a detailed focus on regional segmentation, revenue, and volume metrics from 2019 to 2029. By examining historical data and projecting future trends, the study offers a seven-year forecast from 2023 to 2029, using 2022 as the base year.

Segmentation by system: rigid foam; flexible foam; adhesives, sealants, and binders; coatings; and elastomers and TPU Segmentation by region: The Americas; Europe; Asia-Pacific; and the Middle East, South Asia, and Africa.

In the Americas, the study covers the United States, Canada, and Latin America, including Mexico. This region demonstrates diverse market dynamics, with the United States leading in consumption and innovation. Canada's market is characterized by its focus on sustainable and eco-friendly PU products. Latin America shows significant growth potential, driven by its expanding manufacturing and construction sectors.

The European segment encompasses the European Economic Area, European Free Trade Association states, the United Kingdom, and the Commonwealth of Independent States, including Ukraine and Israel. Europe's PU market is distinguished by its stringent environmental regulations and advanced technological landscape. The region's focus on sustainability and the development of eco-friendly PU variants are key factors influencing market growth.

For the Middle East, Africa, and South Asia, the study includes Africa, Middle Eastern countries (including Turkey), and South Asian countries (comprising India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and Nepal). This diverse region is witnessing rapid industrial growth, particularly in the Middle East and South Asia. The demand for PU in construction, automotive, and other industrial applications is propelling the market forward in these areas.

Analysis of Asia-Pacific focuses on China, Japan, South Korea, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Free Trade Area, Australia, New Zealand, and other Southeast Asian countries. This region is a significant player in the global PU market, with China leading in volume and innovation. Japan and South Korea are recognized for their technological advancements and high-quality PU products. The ASEAN countries are emerging as key markets due to their growing industrial and construction sectors.

The study's methodology involves an in-depth analysis of the volume and revenue for each system and region, providing insights into the factors driving growth as well as potential challenges. The forecast is based on the expected compound annual growth rates, offering a strategic view of the market's evolution.

The global PU market is poised for robust growth, with each region contributing uniquely to the industry's expansion. This study offers valuable insights for stakeholders, investors, and industry participants, helping them make informed decisions in a dynamic and evolving market.

Table of Contents

Strategic Imperatives

  • Why is it Increasingly Difficult to Grow?
  • The Strategic Imperative 8™
  • The Impact of the Top 3 Strategic Imperatives on the Polyurethane (PU) Industry
  • Growth Opportunities Fuel the Growth Pipeline Engine™

Growth Opportunity Analysis

  • Scope of Analysis
  • Market Definitions by System
  • Geographic Scope
  • Key Competitors for PU Raw Materials
  • Chemistry of PUs
  • Value Chain Analysis
  • Value Chain Analysis Discussion
  • Systems Houses Universe
  • PU Raw Material (Alternate Sources, Recycled Feed Stock, and Bio Feedstock)
  • Growth Metrics
  • Revenue and Volume Forecast
  • Average Price Forecast
  • Revenue Forecast by System
  • Volume Forecast by System
  • Revenue, Volume, and Average Price Forecast Analysis
  • Revenue Forecast by Region
  • Volume Forecast by Region
  • Forecast Analysis by Region

Competitive Environment

  • Competitive Environment-MDI
  • Revenue Share-MDI
  • Competitive Environment-TDI
  • Revenue Share-TDI
  • Competitive Environment-Polyether Polyols
  • Revenue Share-Polyether Polyols

Growth Opportunity Analysis-Rigid Foam

  • Segment Characteristics and Overview
  • Types of Rigid Foams Available
  • MDI Glycol Ratio
  • Stoichiometric Ratios of Rigid Foams
  • Key Growth Metrics for Rigid Foam
  • Growth Drivers for Rigid Foam
  • Growth Restraints for Rigid Foam
  • Summary of Growth Drivers and Restraints
  • Revenue and Volume Forecast
  • Average Price Forecast
  • Forecast Analysis
  • Revenue Forecast by Region
  • Volume Forecast by Region
  • Forecast Analysis by Region

Growth Opportunity Analysis-Flexible Foam

  • Segment Characteristics and Overview
  • Growth Metrics
  • Growth Drivers
  • Growth Restraints
  • Summary of Growth Drivers and Restraints
  • Types of PU Flexible Foams
  • PU Flexible Foams-Stoichiometric Ratios
  • Revenue and Volume Forecast
  • Average Price Forecast
  • Forecast Analysis
  • Revenue Forecast by Region
  • Volume Forecast by Region
  • Forecast Analysis by Region

Growth Opportunity Analysis-Adhesives, Sealants, and Binders

  • Segment Characteristics and Overview
  • Growth Metrics
  • Growth Drivers
  • Growth Restraints
  • Summary of Growth Drivers and Restraints
  • Revenue and Volume Forecast
  • Average Price Forecast
  • Forecast Analysis
  • Revenue Forecast by Region
  • Volume Forecast by Region
  • Forecast Analysis by Region

Growth Opportunity Analysis-Coatings

  • Segment Characteristics and Overview
  • Growth Metrics
  • Growth Drivers
  • Growth Restraints
  • Summary of Growth Drivers and Restraints
  • Revenue and Volume Forecast
  • Average Price Forecast
  • Forecast Analysis
  • Revenue Forecast by Region
  • Volume Forecast by Region
  • Forecast Analysis by Region

Growth Opportunity Analysis-Elastomers and TPU

  • Segment Characteristics and Overview
  • Growth Metrics
  • Growth Drivers
  • Growth Restraints
  • Summary of Growth Drivers and Restraints
  • Revenue and Volume Forecast
  • Average Price Forecast
  • Forecast Analysis
  • Revenue Forecast by Region
  • Volume Forecast by Region
  • Forecast Analysis by Region

Growth Opportunity Universe

  • Growth Opportunity 1: PUs for EV Applications
  • Growth Opportunity 2: Reshoring to MEASA
  • Growth Opportunity 3: Partnerships in 5G Infrastructure
  • Growth Opportunity 4: Healthcare Applications
  • Growth Opportunity 5: Circular Economy Initiatives
  • Growth Opportunity 6: 3D Printing

Next Steps

  • Your Next Steps
  • Why Frost, Why Now?
  • List of Exhibits
  • Legal Disclaimer
»ùÇà ¿äû ¸ñ·Ï
0 °ÇÀÇ »óǰÀ» ¼±Åà Áß
¸ñ·Ï º¸±â
Àüü»èÁ¦