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Infertility is a disease of the reproductive system defined by the failure to achieve a clinical pregnancy after 12 or more months of regular unprotected sexual intercourse (Zegers-Hochschild et al., 2009; Mascarenhas et al., 2012; Mayo Clinic, 2021; World Health Organization, 2024). Infertility affects millions of people and has an impact on their families and communities. Estimates suggest that approximately one in every six people of reproductive age worldwide experience infertility in their lifetime (World Health Organization, 2024). There are two types of infertility. Primary infertility refers to when a woman has never conceived despite cohabitation, unprotected sexual intercourse, and the wish to become pregnant for at least 12 months. Secondary infertility refers to when a woman has previously conceived but was subsequently unable to conceive despite cohabitation, unprotected sexual intercourse, and the wish to become pregnant for at least 12 months (Zegers-Hochschild et al., 2009; Mascarenhas et al., 2012). In the female reproductive system, infertility may be caused by a range of abnormalities of the ovaries, uterus, fallopian tubes, and the endocrine system, among others (Mayo Clinic, 2021; World Health Organization, 2024).
A considerable proportion of women of reproductive age experience infertility. Infertility generally refers to a difficulty in becoming pregnant after trying to conceive for one year, whereas impaired fecundity includes problems either in becoming pregnant or carrying a pregnancy to term (Chandra, Copen and Stephen, 2014). The major causative factors of infertility and impaired fecundity are fallopian tube dysfunction, disorders of menstruation, sexual disorders, increasing age, and in a very small percentage of patients, ovarian failure. Although infertility is more prevalent in recent times, the use of advanced assisted reproductive technologies in modern medicine greatly increases the chances of solving infertility problems (Roupa et al., 2009).
Multiple factors have been identified as possible contributors to fertility problems in women, including socio-demographic, behavioral, physical, and mental health conditions. Some risk factors affecting fertility cannot be changed, while others such as lifestyle choices may be altered. Many of the behavioral factors and health conditions may be preventable, such as smoking, obesity, and diabetes. Certain races or ethnicities, socioeconomic status, access to care, and use of infertility services/treatments were also noted as factors tied to a higher prevalence of female infertility (Crawford et al., 2017).
In the 7MM, the diagnosed incident cases of female infertility are expected to decrease from 420,793 cases in 2023 to 408,771 cases in 2033, at a negative annual growth rate (AGR) of 0.29%. In 2033, the US will have the highest number of diagnosed incident cases of female infertility in the 7MM, with 139,027 diagnosed incident cases, whereas Spain will have the fewest diagnosed incident cases with 26,859 cases.
In the 7MM, the total prevalent cases of female infertility are expected to decrease from 16,732,165 cases in 2023 to 16,053,363 cases in 2033, at a negative AGR of 0.41%. In 2033, the US will have the highest number of total prevalent cases of female infertility in the 7MM, with 5,492,669 cases, whereas Spain will have the fewest cases with 1,009,964 total prevalent cases. GlobalData epidemiologists attribute the changes in the diagnosed incident cases and total prevalent cases to the underlying demographic changes in the respective markets.
The Female Infertility epidemiology series will allow you to -