Medical Devices Packaging Equipment Market Summary
The global medical devices packaging equipment market size was valued at USD 1.8 billion in 2025 and is projected to grow from USD 1.9 billion in 2026 to USD 2.8 billion by 2033, at a CAGR of 5.8% from 2026 to 2033. North America dominated the market, accounting for the largest revenue share of 41.2% in 2025. The market is driven by expanding medical device production and the growing requirement for sterile, reliable, and regulatory-compliant packaging solutions across medical and diagnostic applications.
The growing adoption of single-use medical products, coupled with ongoing advancements in diagnostic, surgical, and implantable devices, has driven demand for packaging equipment capable of handling diverse product formats while maintaining product integrity and sterility. Stringent regulatory requirements for traceability and quality assurance are encouraging manufacturers to invest in high-speed packaging systems equipped with inspection, labeling, and serialization capabilities.
The expansion of contract manufacturing organizations (CMOs) serving medical device companies has further increased the adoption of versatile packaging equipment capable of accommodating multiple product configurations and production volumes. Growing demand for customized packaging solutions for implants, wearable medical devices, and combination products is prompting equipment manufacturers to develop flexible, modular systems. Digital integration, including real-time process monitoring and predictive maintenance capabilities, is improving equipment utilization and reducing production downtime.
Global Medical Devices Packaging Equipment Market Report Segmentation
This report forecasts revenue growth at global, regional, and country levels and provides an analysis of the latest industry trends in each of the sub-segments from 2021 to 2033. For this study, Grand View Research has segmented the global medical devices packaging equipment market report based on equipment, application, and region.
- Equipment Outlook (Revenue, USD Billion, 2021 - 2033)
- Primary Packaging
- Vacuum Forming (Thermoforming) Machines
- Vacuum Chamber Packaging Machines
- Blister Packaging Machines (for medical devices)
- Tray Sealing Machines
- Medical Heat Sealers / Pouch Sealing Machines
- Secondary Packaging
- Cartooning Machines
- Case Packing Machines
- Vision Inspection Systems
- Leak Detection & Seal Integrity Testing Equipment
- Labeling Systems
- Application Outlook (Revenue, USD Billion, 2021 - 2033)
- Medical Implants
- Surgical Instruments
- Diagnostic & IVD Devices
- Ophthalmic Devices
- Disposable Medical Devices
- Others
- Regional Outlook (Revenue, USD Billion, 2021 - 2033)
- North America
- Europe
- Germany
- France
- Italy
- Spain
- UK
- Turkey
- Benelux
- Asia Pacific
- China
- Japan
- India
- Thailand
- Indonesia
- Malaysia
- Vietnam
- Philippines
- Latin America
- Middle East and Africa
Table of Contents
Chapter 1. Methodology and Scope
- 1.1. Market Segmentation & Scope
- 1.2. Market Definition
- 1.3. Information Procurement
- 1.3.1. Purchased Database
- 1.3.2. GVR's Internal Database
- 1.3.3. Secondary Sources & Third-Party Perspectives
- 1.3.4. Primary Research
- 1.4. Information Analysis
- 1.4.1. Data Analysis Models
- 1.5. Market Formulation & Data Visualization
- 1.6. Data Validation & Publishing
Chapter 2. Executive Summary
- 2.1. Market Snapshot
- 2.2. Segment Snapshot
- 2.3. Competitive Landscape Snapshot
Chapter 3. Global Medical Devices Packaging Equipment Market Variables, Trends & Scope
- 3.1. Market Concentration & Growth Prospect Mapping
- 3.2. Industry Value Chain Analysis
- 3.2.1. Raw Material/Component Outlook
- 3.2.2. Manufacturer Outlook
- 3.2.3. Distribution Outlook
- 3.2.4. Application Outlook
- 3.3. Regulatory Framework
- 3.4. Technology Overview
- 3.5. Market Dynamics
- 3.5.1. Market Driver Analysis
- 3.5.2. Market Restraint Analysis
- 3.5.3. Market Challenges Analysis
- 3.5.4. Market Opportunity Analysis
- 3.6. Economic Mega-Trend Analysis
- 3.7. Industry Analysis Tools
- 3.7.1. Porter's Five Forces Analysis
- 3.7.2. Macro-environmental Analysis
Chapter 4. Global Medical Devices Packaging Equipment Market: Equipment Estimates & Trend Analysis
- 4.1. Equipment Movement Analysis & Market Share, 2025 & 2033
- 4.2. Global Medical Devices Packaging Equipment Market Estimates & Forecast, By Equipment, 2021 to 2033 (USD Billion)
- 4.3. Primary Packaging
- 4.3.1. Market Revenue Estimates and Forecasts, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
- 4.3.2. Market Revenue Estimates and Forecasts, by Application, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
- 4.3.3. Vacuum Forming (Thermoforming) Machines
- 4.3.3.1. Market Revenue Estimates and Forecasts, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
- 4.3.3.2. Market Revenue Estimates and Forecasts, by Application, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
- 4.3.4. Vacuum Chamber Packaging Machines
- 4.3.4.1. Market Revenue Estimates and Forecasts, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
- 4.3.4.2. Market Revenue Estimates and Forecasts, by Application, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
- 4.3.5. Blister Packaging Machines (for medical devices)
- 4.3.5.1. Market Revenue Estimates and Forecasts, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
- 4.3.5.2. Market Revenue Estimates and Forecasts, by Application, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
- 4.3.6. Tray Sealing Machines
- 4.3.6.1. Market Revenue Estimates and Forecasts, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
- 4.3.6.2. Market Revenue Estimates and Forecasts, by Application, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
- 4.3.7. Medical Heat Sealers / Pouch Sealing Machines
- 4.3.7.1. Market Revenue Estimates and Forecasts, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
- 4.3.7.2. Market Revenue Estimates and Forecasts, by Application, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
- 4.4. Secondary Packaging
- 4.4.1. Market Revenue Estimates and Forecasts, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
- 4.4.2. Market Revenue Estimates and Forecasts, by Application, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
- 4.4.3. Cartooning Machines
- 4.4.3.1. Market Revenue Estimates and Forecasts, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
- 4.4.3.2. Market Revenue Estimates and Forecasts, by Application, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
- 4.4.4. Case Packing Machines
- 4.4.4.1. Market Revenue Estimates and Forecasts, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
- 4.4.4.2. Market Revenue Estimates and Forecasts, by Application, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
- 4.5. Vision Inspection Systems
- 4.5.1. Market Revenue Estimates and Forecasts, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
- 4.5.2. Market Revenue Estimates and Forecasts, by Application, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
- 4.6. Leak Detection & Seal Integrity Testing Equipment
- 4.6.1. Market Revenue Estimates and Forecasts, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
- 4.6.2. Market Revenue Estimates and Forecasts, by Application, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
- 4.7. Labeling Systems
- 4.7.1. Market Revenue Estimates and Forecasts, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
- 4.7.2. Market Revenue Estimates and Forecasts, by Application, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
Chapter 5. Global Medical Devices Packaging Equipment Market: Application Estimates & Trend Analysis
- 5.1. Application Movement Analysis & Market Share, 2025 & 2033
- 5.2. Global Medical Devices Packaging Equipment Market Estimates & Forecast, by Application, 2021 to 2033 (USD Billion)
- 5.3. Medical Implants
- 5.3.1. Market Revenue Estimates and Forecasts, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
- 5.4. Ophthalmic Devices
- 5.4.1. Market Revenue Estimates and Forecasts, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
- 5.5. Surgical Instruments
- 5.5.1. Market Revenue Estimates and Forecasts, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
- 5.6. Diagnostic & IVD Devices
- 5.6.1. Market Revenue Estimates and Forecasts, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
- 5.7. Disposable Medical Devices
- 5.7.1. Market Revenue Estimates and Forecasts, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
- 5.8. Others
- 5.8.1. Market Revenue Estimates and Forecasts, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
Chapter 6. Global Medical Devices Packaging Equipment Market: Regional Estimates & Trend Analysis
- 6.1. Regional Movement Analysis & Market Share, 2025 & 2033
- 6.2. North America
- 6.2.1. Market Estimates & Forecast, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
- 6.2.2. Market Estimates & Forecast, by Equipment, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
- 6.2.3. Market Estimates & Forecast, by Equipment, in Application, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
- 6.2.4. Market Estimates & Forecast, by Application, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
- 6.2.5. U.S.
- 6.2.5.1. Market Estimates & Forecast, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
- 6.2.5.2. Market Estimates & Forecast, by Equipment, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
- 6.2.5.3. Market Estimates & Forecast, by Equipment, in Application, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
- 6.2.5.4. Market Estimates & Forecast, by Application, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
- 6.2.6. Canada
- 6.2.6.1. Market Estimates & Forecast, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
- 6.2.6.2. Market Estimates & Forecast, by Equipment, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
- 6.2.6.3. Market Estimates & Forecast, by Equipment, in Application, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
- 6.2.6.4. Market Estimates & Forecast, by Application, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
- 6.3. Europe
- 6.3.1. Market Estimates & Forecast, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
- 6.3.2. Market Estimates & Forecast, by Equipment, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
- 6.3.3. Market Estimates & Forecast, by Equipment, in Application, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
- 6.3.4. Market Estimates & Forecast, by Application, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
- 6.3.5. Germany
- 6.3.5.1. Market Estimates & Forecast, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
- 6.3.5.2. Market Estimates & Forecast, by Equipment, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
- 6.3.5.3. Market Estimates & Forecast, by Equipment, in Application, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
- 6.3.5.4. Market Estimates & Forecast, by Application, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
- 6.3.6. France
- 6.3.6.1. Market Estimates & Forecast, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
- 6.3.6.2. Market Estimates & Forecast, by Equipment, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
- 6.3.6.3. Market Estimates & Forecast, by Equipment, in Application, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
- 6.3.6.4. Market Estimates & Forecast, by Application, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
- 6.3.7. UK
- 6.3.7.1. Market Estimates & Forecast, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
- 6.3.7.2. Market Estimates & Forecast, by Equipment, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
- 6.3.7.3. Market Estimates & Forecast, by Equipment, in Application, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
- 6.3.7.4. Market Estimates & Forecast, by Application, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
- 6.3.8. Italy
- 6.3.8.1. Key country dynamics
- 6.3.8.2. Market Estimates & Forecast, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
- 6.3.8.3. Market Estimates & Forecast, by Equipment, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
- 6.3.8.4. Market Estimates & Forecast, by Equipment, in Application, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
- 6.3.8.5. Market Estimates & Forecast, by Application, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
- 6.3.9. Spain
- 6.3.9.1. Market Estimates & Forecast, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
- 6.3.9.2. Market Estimates & Forecast, by Equipment, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
- 6.3.9.3. Market Estimates & Forecast, by Equipment, in Application, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
- 6.3.9.4. Market Estimates & Forecast, by Application, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
- 6.3.10. Turkey
- 6.3.10.1. Market Estimates & Forecast, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
- 6.3.10.2. Market Estimates & Forecast, by Equipment, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
- 6.3.10.3. Market Estimates & Forecast, by Equipment, in Application, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
- 6.3.10.4. Market Estimates & Forecast, by Application, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
- 6.3.11. Benelux
- 6.3.11.1. Market Estimates & Forecast, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
- 6.3.11.2. Market Estimates & Forecast, by Equipment, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
- 6.3.11.3. Market Estimates & Forecast, by Equipment, in Application, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
- 6.3.11.4. Market Estimates & Forecast, by Application, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
- 6.4. Asia Pacific
- 6.4.1. Market Estimates & Forecast, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
- 6.4.2. Market Estimates & Forecast, by Equipment, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
- 6.4.3. Market Estimates & Forecast, by Equipment, in Application, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
- 6.4.4. Market Estimates & Forecast, by Application, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
- 6.4.5. China
- 6.4.5.1. Market Estimates & Forecast, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
- 6.4.5.2. Market Estimates & Forecast, by Equipment, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
- 6.4.5.3. Market Estimates & Forecast, by Equipment, in Application, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
- 6.4.5.4. Market Estimates & Forecast, by Application, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
- 6.4.6. India
- 6.4.6.1. Market Estimates & Forecast, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
- 6.4.6.2. Market Estimates & Forecast, by Equipment, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
- 6.4.6.3. Market Estimates & Forecast, by Equipment, in Application, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
- 6.4.6.4. Market Estimates & Forecast, by Application, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
- 6.4.7. Japan
- 6.4.7.1. Market Estimates & Forecast, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
- 6.4.7.2. Market Estimates & Forecast, by Equipment, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
- 6.4.7.3. Market Estimates & Forecast, by Equipment, in Application, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
- 6.4.7.4. Market Estimates & Forecast, by Application, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
- 6.4.8. Thailand
- 6.4.8.1. Market Estimates & Forecast, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
- 6.4.8.2. Market Estimates & Forecast, by Equipment, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
- 6.4.8.3. Market Estimates & Forecast, by Equipment, in Application, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
- 6.4.8.4. Market Estimates & Forecast, by Application, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
- 6.4.9. Indonesia
- 6.4.9.1. Market Estimates & Forecast, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
- 6.4.9.2. Market Estimates & Forecast, by Equipment, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
- 6.4.9.3. Market Estimates & Forecast, by Equipment, in Application, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
- 6.4.9.4. Market Estimates & Forecast, by Application, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
- 6.4.10. Malaysia
- 6.4.10.1. Market Estimates & Forecast, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
- 6.4.10.2. Market Estimates & Forecast, by Equipment, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
- 6.4.10.3. Market Estimates & Forecast, by Equipment, in Application, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
- 6.4.10.4. Market Estimates & Forecast, by Application, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
- 6.4.11. Vietnam
- 6.4.11.1. Market Estimates & Forecast, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
- 6.4.11.2. Market Estimates & Forecast, by Equipment, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
- 6.4.11.3. Market Estimates & Forecast, by Equipment, in Application, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
- 6.4.11.4. Market Estimates & Forecast, by Application, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
- 6.4.12. Philippines
- 6.4.12.1. Market Estimates & Forecast, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
- 6.4.12.2. Market Estimates & Forecast, by Equipment, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
- 6.4.12.3. Market Estimates & Forecast, by Equipment, in Application, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
- 6.4.12.4. Market Estimates & Forecast, by Application, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
- 6.5. Latin America
- 6.5.1. Market Estimates & Forecast, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
- 6.5.2. Market Estimates & Forecast, by Equipment, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
- 6.5.3. Market Estimates & Forecast, by Equipment, in Application, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
- 6.5.4. Market Estimates & Forecast, by Application, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
- 6.5.5. Brazil
- 6.5.5.1. Market Estimates & Forecast, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
- 6.5.5.2. Market Estimates & Forecast, by Equipment, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
- 6.5.5.3. Market Estimates & Forecast, by Equipment, in Application, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
- 6.5.5.4. Market Estimates & Forecast, by Application, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
- 6.5.6. Mexico
- 6.5.6.1. Market Estimates & Forecast, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
- 6.5.6.2. Market Estimates & Forecast, by Equipment, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
- 6.5.6.3. Market Estimates & Forecast, by Equipment, in Application, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
- 6.5.6.4. Market Estimates & Forecast, by Application, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
- 6.6. Middle East & Africa
- 6.6.1. Market Estimates & Forecast, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
- 6.6.2. Market Estimates & Forecast, by Equipment, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
- 6.6.3. Market Estimates & Forecast, by Equipment, in Application, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
- 6.6.4. Market Estimates & Forecast, by Application, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
- 6.6.5. Saudi Arabia
- 6.6.5.1. Market Estimates & Forecast, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
- 6.6.5.2. Market Estimates & Forecast, by Equipment, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
- 6.6.5.3. Market Estimates & Forecast, by Equipment, in Application, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
- 6.6.5.4. Market Estimates & Forecast, by Application, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
- 6.6.6. UAE
- 6.6.6.1. Market Estimates & Forecast, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
- 6.6.6.2. Market Estimates & Forecast, by Equipment, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
- 6.6.6.3. Market Estimates & Forecast, by Equipment, in Application, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
- 6.6.6.4. Market Estimates & Forecast, by Application, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
- 6.6.7. Egypt
- 6.6.7.1. Market Estimates & Forecast, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
- 6.6.7.2. Market Estimates & Forecast, by Equipment, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
- 6.6.7.3. Market Estimates & Forecast, by Equipment, in Application, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
- 6.6.7.4. Market Estimates & Forecast, by Application, 2021 - 2033 (USD Billion)
Chapter 7. Global Medical Devices Packaging Equipment Market - Competitive Landscape
- 7.1. Recent Developments & Impact Analysis, By Key Market Participants
- 7.2. Company Categorization
- 7.3. Company Positioning Analysis
- 7.4. Company Heat Map Analysis, 2025
- 7.5. Strategy Mapping
- 7.6. Company Profiles
- 7.6.1. MULTIVAC Group
- 7.6.1.1. Participant's overview
- 7.6.1.2. Financial performance
- 7.6.1.3. Service Type benchmarking
- 7.6.1.4. Recent developments
- 7.6.2. Syntegon Technology GmbH
- 7.6.2.1. Participant's overview
- 7.6.2.2. Financial performance
- 7.6.2.3. Service Type benchmarking
- 7.6.2.4. Recent developments
- 7.6.3. OPTIMA packaging group GmbH
- 7.6.3.1. Participant's overview
- 7.6.3.2. Financial performance
- 7.6.3.3. Service Type benchmarking
- 7.6.3.4. Recent developments
- 7.6.4. IMA Group
- 7.6.4.1. Participant's overview
- 7.6.4.2. Financial performance
- 7.6.4.3. Service Type benchmarking
- 7.6.4.4. Recent developments
- 7.6.5. ULMA Packaging
- 7.6.5.1. Participant's overview
- 7.6.5.2. Financial performance
- 7.6.5.3. Service Type benchmarking
- 7.6.5.4. Recent developments
- 7.6.6. Uhlmann Pac-Systeme GmbH & Co. KG
- 7.6.6.1. Participant's overview
- 7.6.6.2. Financial performance
- 7.6.6.3. Service Type benchmarking
- 7.6.6.4. Recent developments
- 7.6.7. Korber Pharma
- 7.6.7.1. Participant's overview
- 7.6.7.2. Financial performance
- 7.6.7.3. Service Type benchmarking
- 7.6.7.4. Recent developments
- 7.6.8. Hawo GmbH
- 7.6.8.1. Participant's overview
- 7.6.8.2. Financial performance
- 7.6.8.3. Service Type benchmarking
- 7.6.8.4. Recent developments
- 7.6.9. SencorpWhite, Inc.
- 7.6.9.1. Participant's overview
- 7.6.9.2. Financial performance
- 7.6.9.3. Service Type benchmarking
- 7.6.9.4. Recent developments
- 7.6.10. Marchesini Group S.p.A.
- 7.6.10.1. Participant's overview
- 7.6.10.2. Financial performance
- 7.6.10.3. Service Type benchmarking
- 7.6.10.4. Recent developments
- 7.6.11. ProMach Inc.
- 7.6.11.1. Participant's overview
- 7.6.11.2. Financial performance
- 7.6.11.3. Service Type benchmarking
- 7.6.11.4. Recent developments
- 7.6.12. Fuji Machinery Co., Ltd.
- 7.6.12.1. Participant's overview
- 7.6.12.2. Financial performance
- 7.6.12.3. Service Type benchmarking
- 7.6.12.4. Recent developments
- 7.6.13. Omori Machinery Co., Ltd.
- 7.6.13.1. Participant's overview
- 7.6.13.2. Financial performance
- 7.6.13.3. Service Type benchmarking
- 7.6.13.4. Recent developments
- 7.6.14. TECNIMODERN AUTOMATION
- 7.6.14.1. Participant's overview
- 7.6.14.2. Financial performance
- 7.6.14.3. Service Type benchmarking
- 7.6.14.4. Recent developments
- 7.6.15. Cama Group S.p.A.
- 7.6.15.1. Participant's overview
- 7.6.15.2. Financial performance
- 7.6.15.3. Service Type benchmarking
- 7.6.15.4. Recent developments