시장보고서
상품코드
1830294

멀치 필름 시장 : 유형, 소재, 기술, 두께, 공급원별 - 세계 예측(2025-2032년)

Mulch Films Market by Type, Material, Technology, Thickness, Source - Global Forecast 2025-2032

발행일: | 리서치사: 360iResearch | 페이지 정보: 영문 181 Pages | 배송안내 : 1-2일 (영업일 기준)

    
    
    




■ 보고서에 따라 최신 정보로 업데이트하여 보내드립니다. 배송일정은 문의해 주시기 바랍니다.

멀치 필름 시장은 2032년까지 연평균 복합 성장률(CAGR) 9.75%로 152억 3,000만 달러에 이를 것으로 예측됩니다.

주요 시장 통계
기준 연도 : 2024년 72억 3,000만 달러
추정 연도 : 2025년 79억 5,000만 달러
예측 연도 : 2032년 152억 3,000만 달러
CAGR(%) 9.75%

농업적 성능, 재료 선택, 진화하는 지속가능성과 규제 압력을 연결하는 멀티필름의 역학에 대한 권위 있는 오리엔테이션

이 요약의 서두에서 현대 멀티필름의 정세, 농학적인 요구, 환경에 대한 기대, 산업 생산의 현실의 상호 관계를 개괄하고 명확한 방향을 제시합니다. 업계는 현재 가속화되는 지속가능성 의무화와 진화하는 농장 수준의 성능 요구 사항의 교차점에 위치하여 제조업체, 유통업체 및 최종 사용자에게 원자재 선택, 생산 기술 및 사용 후 필름 사용 전략을 재검토하도록 촉구하고 있습니다. 따라서 이해관계자들은 단기적인 경영 우선순위와 장기적인 순환성 및 규제 준수에 대한 약속을 조화시켜야 합니다.

멀칭 필름은 토양 온도 조절, 보습, 잡초 억제, 수확량 최적화 등의 측면에서 계속 평가되는 반면, 인장 강도, 자외선 안정화, 광학 투명도, 열화 프로파일 등의 제품 성능 기준은 더욱 엄격하게 지정되고 있습니다. 한편, EVA, LDPE, LLDPE에서 바이오 PLA 및 전분 유래 폴리머에 이르기까지 원료의 경로, 비용 변동성, 공급망 탄력성, 수명주기에 미치는 영향에 대한 재평가가 이루어지고 있습니다. 그 결과, 조달팀과 제품 개발자들은 추적성, 인증, 재료의 출처를 더욱 중요하게 여기게 되었습니다.

요약: 서론에서 멀티필름은 기술적으로 성숙한 제품 카테고리이며, 지속가능성, 규제 변화, 가공 기술 혁신으로 인해 구조적 변화를 겪고 있기 때문에 R&D, 조달, 상업 팀 간의 기능 간 협력이 필요하다고 언급했습니다.

압출 과학의 발전, 규제 압력, 소재 혁신이 제품 전략과 공급망 기대치를 어떻게 바꾸고 있는가?

최근 멀티필름 환경의 혁신적인 변화는 제품 로드맵과 상업적 전략을 재구성하는 기술, 규제, 시장의 힘을 반영하고 있습니다. 기술적 측면에서 필름의 압출 성형 및 레이어 엔지니어링의 발전으로 캐스트 필름 및 블로우 필름 공정이 확대되고 다층 구조가 점점 더 정교 해짐에 따라 장벽 특성, 기계적 성능 및 목표 열화 프로파일을보다 정확하게 제어 할 수 있습니다. 제조의 유연성이 향상되면 기업은 비용과 성능의 균형을 보다 민첩하게 조정할 수 있게 됩니다.

플라스틱의 잔류성을 줄이고 사용 후 회수율을 높이기 위한 규제 움직임은 생분해성 배합과 재활용 컨텐츠 배합을 둘러싼 제품 혁신을 가속화하고 있습니다. 동시에, 농학적인 기대에 따라 제조업체는 밭에서 신뢰할 수 있는 성능을 보장하기 위해 인열 저항성, 자외선 안정화 등의 물리적 특성을 최적화할 필요가 있습니다. 공급망의 복잡성은 EVA, LDPE, LLDPE에 걸친 원료의 세분화로 인해 증폭되고 있으며, PLA 및 전분 기반 시스템과 같은 바이오의 진입은 특히 특수 용도에 대한 선택의 폭을 넓히고 있습니다.

이러한 변화를 종합하면, 제품 개발, 라이프사이클 평가, 이해관계자와의 커뮤니케이션을 통합하고, 규제 변화와 농가의 채택 움직임을 예측하여 통일된 전략을 수립해야 합니다.

2025년까지의 최근 관세 조치가 무역 변동 하에서 조달처, 지역 생산 선택, 이익률 보호 전략을 재구성하는 방법을 평가합니다.

2025년까지 시행된 관세 조치의 누적된 영향은 멀티필름 생산업체와 다운스트림 컨버터들의 투입 비용 구조, 조달 전략, 국경 간 제조 의사결정에 큰 변화를 가져왔습니다. 폴리머 수입, 중간 수지 및 관련 첨가제를 대상으로 한 관세 조치로 인해 조달팀은 공급업체 다변화, 계약 재협상, 대체 원료 인증에 박차를 가해야 합니다. 이에 따라 많은 기업들이 무역 관련 변동성을 완화하기 위해 니어쇼어링, 지역별 제조 거점, 재고 관리 방식을 재검토하고 있습니다.

이러한 무역 역학에 대응하기 위해 기업들은 수지 공급업체와의 수직적 연계를 강화하고, 긴 리드 타임 없이 일관된 배합을 제공할 수 있는 지역 컴파운더와의 관계를 확대하려고 노력하고 있습니다. 또한, 현지에서 재활용 원료를 조달하면 국경을 넘는 관세와 물류 마찰의 영향을 줄일 수 있기 때문에 관세로 인해 국내 또는 지역에서 조달한 재활용 원료 사용에 대한 관심이 높아지고 있습니다. 동시에, 특정 수지의 육지 비용이 상승함에 따라 수율을 개선하고 스크랩을 줄이는 고급 가공 기술의 상업적 매력이 증가하고 있습니다.

결국, 관세 정책의 누적 효과는 공급업체 다변화, 생산의 지역화, 무역 조건의 변화 속에서도 경쟁력을 유지하기 위해 자재 효율성과 순환성에 초점을 맞춘 전략적 전환을 가속화했습니다.

상세한 세분화 분석을 통해 유형, 재료, 기술, 두께, 공급업체 선택이 어떻게 교차하여 성능, 컴플라이언스, 상업적 포지셔닝을 결정하는지를 파악할 수 있습니다.

주요 세분화 인사이트는 제품 디자인 선택과 공급망 결정이 상업적 성과와 사용자 요구에 어떻게 대응하는지를 보여줍니다. 유형별로 보면, 시장은 기존의 흑색, 투명, 유색, UV 안정화 필름과 함께 PLA 기반 및 전분 기반 대체품을 포함한 생분해성 변형으로 구성되어 있습니다. 생분해성 배합은 제어된 분해 및 퇴비화 가능성을 통해 폐기물 처리 부담을 줄이기 위한 용도로 검토되고 있으며, 착색 및 UV 안정화 옵션은 작물 특유의 빛과 열 관리 요구를 충족시키기 위해 계속 연구되고 있습니다. 재료에 따라 EVA, LDPE, LLDPE와 같은 다른 수지 제품군은 가공 창, 기계적 특성, 재활용 또는 바이오 개질제와의 호환성 프로파일이 다릅니다.

목차

제1장 서문

제2장 조사 방법

제3장 주요 요약

제4장 시장 개요

제5장 시장 인사이트

제6장 미국 관세의 누적 영향 2025

제7장 AI의 누적 영향 2025

제8장 멀치 필름 시장 : 유형별

  • 생분해성
    • PLA 기반
    • 전분 기반
  • Black
  • Clear
  • Colored
  • UV Stabilized

제9장 멀치 필름 시장 : 재료별

  • 에틸렌 초산비닐
  • 저밀도 폴리에틸렌
  • LLDPE

제10장 멀치 필름 시장 : 기술별

  • 브론피룸
    • Monolayer
    • Multi Layer
      • Five Layer
      • Three Layer
  • 캐스트 필름

제11장 멀치 필름 시장 : 두께별

  • 하이 미크론
  • 로 미크론
  • 미디엄 미크론

제12장 멀치 필름 시장 : 공급원별

  • 재활용
    • Post Consumer
    • Post Industrial
  • 미사용

제13장 멀치 필름 시장 : 지역별

  • 아메리카
    • 북미
    • 라틴아메리카
  • 유럽, 중동 및 아프리카
    • 유럽
    • 중동
    • 아프리카
  • 아시아태평양

제14장 멀치 필름 시장 : 그룹별

  • ASEAN
  • GCC
  • EU
  • BRICS
  • G7
  • NATO

제15장 멀치 필름 시장 : 국가별

  • 미국
  • 캐나다
  • 멕시코
  • 브라질
  • 영국
  • 독일
  • 프랑스
  • 러시아
  • 이탈리아
  • 스페인
  • 중국
  • 인도
  • 일본
  • 호주
  • 한국

제16장 경쟁 구도

  • 시장 점유율 분석, 2024
  • FPNV 포지셔닝 매트릭스, 2024
  • 경쟁 분석
    • Berry Global Group, Inc.
    • RKW Group GmbH
    • Solmax International Inc.
    • Cosmo Films Limited
    • Taghleef Industries PSC
    • Uflex Limited
    • Sealed Air Corporation
    • Polystar Co., Ltd.
    • Seaman Corporation
    • Trioplast AB
LSH 25.10.23

The Mulch Films Market is projected to grow by USD 15.23 billion at a CAGR of 9.75% by 2032.

KEY MARKET STATISTICS
Base Year [2024] USD 7.23 billion
Estimated Year [2025] USD 7.95 billion
Forecast Year [2032] USD 15.23 billion
CAGR (%) 9.75%

An authoritative orientation to mulch film dynamics that bridges agronomic performance, material selection, and evolving sustainability and regulatory pressures

This executive summary opens with a clear orientation to the contemporary mulch film landscape, outlining the interplay between agronomic demands, environmental expectations, and industrial production realities. The industry now sits at the intersection of accelerating sustainability mandates and evolving farm-level performance requirements, prompting manufacturers, distributors, and end users to reassess raw material choices, production techniques, and end-of-life strategies. As such, stakeholders must reconcile short-term operational priorities with longer-term commitments to circularity and regulatory compliance.

Across cropping systems, mulch films continue to be valued for soil temperature regulation, moisture conservation, weed suppression, and yield optimization, while product performance criteria such as tensile strength, UV stabilization, optical clarity, and degradation profiles have become more tightly specified. Meanwhile, raw material pathways-from EVA, LDPE, and LLDPE to bio-based PLA and starch-derived polymers-are being reevaluated for cost volatility, supply-chain resilience, and lifecycle impact. Consequently, procurement teams and product developers are placing greater emphasis on traceability, certification, and material provenance.

In summary, the introduction frames mulch films as a technically mature product category undergoing structural change driven by sustainability, regulatory shifts, and processing innovation, requiring cross-functional alignment between R&D, sourcing, and commercial teams.

How converging advances in extrusion science, regulatory pressure, and material innovation are rewriting product strategies and supply-chain expectations

Recent transformative shifts in the mulch film landscape reflect converging technological, regulatory, and market forces that are reshaping product roadmaps and commercial strategies. On the technology side, advances in film extrusion and layer engineering-spanning cast and blown film processes and increasingly sophisticated multilayer constructions-are enabling more precise control of barrier characteristics, mechanical performance, and targeted degradation profiles. As manufacturing flexibility improves, firms can balance cost and performance trade-offs with greater agility.

Regulatory momentum toward reduced plastic persistence and enhanced post-use recovery has accelerated product innovation around biodegradable formulations and recycled-content incorporation. At the same time, agronomic expectations have pushed manufacturers to optimize physical properties such as tear resistance and UV stabilization to ensure reliable field performance. Supply-chain complexity has been amplified by raw material segmentation across EVA, LDPE, and LLDPE, while bio-based entrants like PLA and starch-based systems are expanding the palette of options, particularly for specialty applications.

Taken together, these shifts are compelling players to integrate product development, lifecycle assessment, and stakeholder communications into a unified strategy that anticipates regulatory changes and farmer adoption dynamics.

Assessing how recent tariff implementations through 2025 have reshaped sourcing, regional production choices, and strategies to protect margins under trade volatility

The cumulative impact of tariff actions enacted through 2025 has materially altered input cost structures, sourcing strategies, and cross-border manufacturing decisions for mulch film producers and downstream converters. Tariff measures targeting polymer imports, intermediate resins, and related additives have prompted procurement teams to diversify supplier bases, renegotiate contracts, and accelerate qualification of alternative feedstocks. Consequently, many organizations have revisited nearshoring, regional manufacturing footprints, and inventory management practices to mitigate trade-related volatility.

In response to these trade dynamics, firms have sought to increase vertical coordination with resin suppliers and to expand relationships with regional compounders that can provide consistent formulations without long lead times. Moreover, tariffs have intensified interest in the use of recycled feedstocks sourced domestically or regionally, because locally sourced recyclates can reduce exposure to cross-border levies and logistical friction. At the same time, higher landed costs for certain resins have increased the commercial appeal of advanced processing techniques that improve yield and reduce scrap.

Ultimately, the cumulative effect of tariff policy has been to accelerate strategic shifts toward supplier diversification, regionalization of production, and a heightened focus on material efficiency and circularity to preserve competitiveness under altered trade conditions.

In-depth segmentation analysis revealing how type, material, technology, thickness, and source choices intersect to determine performance, compliance, and commercial positioning

Key segmentation insights illuminate how product design choices and supply-chain decisions map to commercial outcomes and user needs. Based on Type, the market is structured across biodegradable variants, including PLA-based and starch-based alternatives, alongside conventional black, clear, colored, and UV-stabilized films; biodegradable formulations are being explored for applications where controlled degradation and compostability reduce end-of-life burdens, whereas colored and UV-stabilized options continue to address crop-specific light and heat management needs. Based on Material, different resin families such as EVA, LDPE, and LLDPE present distinct processing windows, mechanical properties, and compatibility profiles with recycled or bio-based modifiers; these differences shape converter equipment choices and field performance trade-offs.

Based on Technology, cast film and blown film processes remain the primary production routes, with blown film further divided into monolayer and multilayer constructs and the multilayer segment differentiated by three-layer and five-layer architectures; multilayer constructions enable targeted functionality such as enhanced puncture resistance, selective permeability, and adhesive tie-layer integration, while cast film continues to offer surface finish and optical benefits for specialty uses. Based on Thickness, high, medium, and low micron options align with application-specific durability and disposal expectations, with thicker constructions employed where mechanical strain and longevity are paramount and low-micron films favored for cost-sensitive or short-term applications. Based on Source, both recycled and virgin feedstocks are in play, with recycled inputs coming from post-industrial and post-consumer streams; traceability, contamination tolerance, and regulatory acceptance vary across these sources and therefore affect qualification pathways and end-user communications.

These segmentation dimensions are not isolated; rather, they interact to define product positioning, regulatory compliance pathways, and commercial viability. As a result, companies must develop segmentation-aware strategies that align formulation, process, and go-to-market choices with customer value propositions and sustainability commitments.

How regional regulatory regimes, production capacity, and agricultural priorities across the Americas, Europe Middle East & Africa, and Asia-Pacific are redefining product focus and supply strategies

Regional dynamics vary significantly and influence where manufacturers locate capacity, how supply chains are structured, and which product attributes are prioritized by end users. In the Americas, emphasis remains on balancing agricultural productivity with sustainability imperatives, prompting demand for durable films that also integrate recycled content and meet evolving regulatory guidance at state and federal levels. As a result, converters in the region are investing in qualification of domestically sourced recyclates, and growers are increasingly attentive to product certifications and on-farm management practices that support circular outcomes.

In Europe, Middle East & Africa, regulatory stringency and policymaker attention to plastic persistence have driven a faster adoption curve for biodegradable alternatives and higher recycled content thresholds, while diverse climatic zones across the region create differentiated product requirements-from UV-stable formulations in high-insolation markets to thicker films in areas with mechanical soil challenges. Manufacturers serving this region often prioritize third-party verification and chain-of-custody documentation to satisfy procurement and public-sector buyers.

In Asia-Pacific, production scale and cost competitiveness are major factors, and the region remains a hub for both raw resin production and film conversion. Rapid agricultural modernization in parts of the region coexists with strong interest in low-cost solutions, leading to a bifurcated landscape in which premium biodegradable and high-performance films coexist with cost-efficient conventional products. Cross-border logistics, local regulatory shifts, and increasing consumer awareness about plastic pollution are all reshaping the regional demand profile and prompting diverse strategic responses from suppliers.

Strategic company behaviors that combine product innovation, vertical integration, and service models to accelerate adoption and secure competitive advantage in mulch films

Key company insights focus on how leading producers, converters, and specialty chemical suppliers are differentiating through product innovation, vertical integration, and service-oriented commercial models. Several firms are investing in R&D to develop tailored biodegradable formulations and to improve the processability of recycled content, while others are vertically integrating compounding and film conversion to secure feedstock continuity and improve quality control. Partnerships between resin producers and converters are increasingly common, enabling accelerated qualification of new grades that meet both agronomic requirements and sustainability criteria.

In parallel, firms are enhancing value-added services such as field trials, agronomic advisory, and end-of-life takeback pilots to strengthen customer relationships and reduce adoption friction for novel products. Strategic collaborations with recycling infrastructure providers and technology licensors are also emerging, as companies seek to close material loops and to create validated circular pathways for used films. Finally, leadership in standards engagement and certification programs is being used as a differentiator to access institutional and public-sector procurement channels, where compliance documentation and demonstrated lifecycle performance are decisive factors.

Practical strategic moves for executives to stabilize supply, advance product differentiation, and accelerate circularity adoption in mulch film portfolios

Actionable recommendations for industry leaders center on aligning product portfolios with both agronomic performance demands and sustainability imperatives while managing trade and supply risks. First, prioritize modular product platforms that enable rapid substitution of resin types-EVA, LDPE, LLDPE, and bio-based polymers-without major retooling, thereby preserving margin under input price volatility and tariff-induced disruption. Second, invest in multilayer processing capabilities and film engineering to deliver differentiated performance attributes that justify premium positioning and facilitate crop-specific value propositions.

Third, accelerate qualification and commercial uptake of recycled and bio-based feedstocks through robust testing protocols, contamination mitigation strategies, and transparent chain-of-custody reporting so that buyers can confidently meet procurement and regulatory requirements. Fourth, pursue regionalization of supply chains where appropriate by co-locating compounding and conversion capacity near high-demand agricultural zones to reduce lead times and exposure to cross-border levies. Finally, strengthen customer-facing services-trial support, agronomic data, and end-of-life guidance-to lower adoption barriers, demonstrate return on investment to growers, and build long-term loyalty. Implementing these measures will help firms balance short-term resilience with long-term sustainability goals.

A rigorous mixed-methods approach combining stakeholder interviews, document analysis, and scenario testing to underpin defensible strategic insights and identified limitations

The research methodology underpinning this analysis integrates qualitative and quantitative techniques to ensure robustness, triangulation, and relevance to decision-makers. Primary research included structured interviews with a cross-section of stakeholders such as converters, resin suppliers, agricultural extension advisors, and large growers to capture firsthand perspectives on performance requirements, procurement decision criteria, and adoption barriers. These inputs were complemented by a systematic review of regulatory texts, industry white papers, technical standards, and patent landscapes to map innovation trajectories and compliance levers.

Data validation relied on cross-referencing interview insights with production and trade pattern observations, technological capability assessments, and materials science literature to mitigate bias and to contextualize commercial statements. Scenario testing was used to stress-test assumptions about supply-chain responses to tariffs, raw material shifts, and regulatory changes, with sensitivity analyses identifying high-leverage variables for strategy. Methodological limitations include variability in regional reporting standards and the evolving nature of biodegradable certification frameworks; these constraints were addressed by emphasizing transparency in assumptions and by flagging areas that warrant targeted primary follow-up. Overall, the approach balances practitioner insight with documentary evidence to produce actionable and defensible conclusions.

Concluding synthesis that ties together material innovation, trade dynamics, and sustainability imperatives to define strategic priorities for stakeholders

In conclusion, the mulch film sector is undergoing a period of practical transformation driven by material innovation, regulatory pressure, and trade dynamics that collectively demand a recalibration of product development, sourcing, and go-to-market strategies. While conventional resins and established production techniques remain relevant for many applications, the rising importance of biodegradable options, recycled-content pathways, and multilayer engineering reflects a broader shift toward performance-led sustainability. Firms that proactively integrate material science advances, traceability, and customer engagement into their commercial models will be better positioned to capture opportunity and mitigate risk.

Furthermore, the interplay between tariffs, regional production capacities, and supply-chain resilience underscores the need for flexible manufacturing strategies and diversified supplier relationships. As stakeholders pursue circularity, collaboration across the value chain-from resin suppliers and recyclers to converters and farmers-will be essential to create validated end-of-life solutions and to build trust around novel product claims. Taken together, these dynamics point toward a strategic agenda that balances immediate operational resilience with a phased transition to more sustainable and verifiable product systems.

Table of Contents

1. Preface

  • 1.1. Objectives of the Study
  • 1.2. Market Segmentation & Coverage
  • 1.3. Years Considered for the Study
  • 1.4. Currency & Pricing
  • 1.5. Language
  • 1.6. Stakeholders

2. Research Methodology

3. Executive Summary

4. Market Overview

5. Market Insights

  • 5.1. Rising adoption of biodegradable and compostable mulch films to reduce plastic waste
  • 5.2. Increasing regulatory pressure on single use agricultural plastics driving development of eco compliant mulch films
  • 5.3. Integration of UV stabilized additives to enhance mulch film longevity under harsh sunlight conditions
  • 5.4. Emergence of smart mulch films embedded with soil moisture sensors for precision agriculture monitoring
  • 5.5. Growing demand for colored and patterned mulch films to optimize crop yields and soil temperature control
  • 5.6. Shift towards recycled polymer based mulch films to align with circular economy agricultural practices
  • 5.7. Collaboration between film manufacturers and agricultural technology firms for bioactive mulch film solutions
  • 5.8. Adoption of advanced co extrusion techniques for production of multilayer mulch films with superior barrier properties

6. Cumulative Impact of United States Tariffs 2025

7. Cumulative Impact of Artificial Intelligence 2025

8. Mulch Films Market, by Type

  • 8.1. Biodegradable
    • 8.1.1. PLA Based
    • 8.1.2. Starch Based
  • 8.2. Black
  • 8.3. Clear
  • 8.4. Colored
  • 8.5. UV Stabilized

9. Mulch Films Market, by Material

  • 9.1. EVA
  • 9.2. LDPE
  • 9.3. LLDPE

10. Mulch Films Market, by Technology

  • 10.1. Blown Film
    • 10.1.1. Monolayer
    • 10.1.2. Multi Layer
      • 10.1.2.1. Five Layer
      • 10.1.2.2. Three Layer
  • 10.2. Cast Film

11. Mulch Films Market, by Thickness

  • 11.1. High Micron
  • 11.2. Low Micron
  • 11.3. Medium Micron

12. Mulch Films Market, by Source

  • 12.1. Recycled
    • 12.1.1. Post Consumer
    • 12.1.2. Post Industrial
  • 12.2. Virgin

13. Mulch Films Market, by Region

  • 13.1. Americas
    • 13.1.1. North America
    • 13.1.2. Latin America
  • 13.2. Europe, Middle East & Africa
    • 13.2.1. Europe
    • 13.2.2. Middle East
    • 13.2.3. Africa
  • 13.3. Asia-Pacific

14. Mulch Films Market, by Group

  • 14.1. ASEAN
  • 14.2. GCC
  • 14.3. European Union
  • 14.4. BRICS
  • 14.5. G7
  • 14.6. NATO

15. Mulch Films Market, by Country

  • 15.1. United States
  • 15.2. Canada
  • 15.3. Mexico
  • 15.4. Brazil
  • 15.5. United Kingdom
  • 15.6. Germany
  • 15.7. France
  • 15.8. Russia
  • 15.9. Italy
  • 15.10. Spain
  • 15.11. China
  • 15.12. India
  • 15.13. Japan
  • 15.14. Australia
  • 15.15. South Korea

16. Competitive Landscape

  • 16.1. Market Share Analysis, 2024
  • 16.2. FPNV Positioning Matrix, 2024
  • 16.3. Competitive Analysis
    • 16.3.1. Berry Global Group, Inc.
    • 16.3.2. RKW Group GmbH
    • 16.3.3. Solmax International Inc.
    • 16.3.4. Cosmo Films Limited
    • 16.3.5. Taghleef Industries PSC
    • 16.3.6. Uflex Limited
    • 16.3.7. Sealed Air Corporation
    • 16.3.8. Polystar Co., Ltd.
    • 16.3.9. Seaman Corporation
    • 16.3.10. Trioplast AB
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