시장보고서
상품코드
1837224

tert-부틸 퍼옥시아세테이트 시장 : 형태, 순도 등급, 용도, 최종 이용 산업별 - 세계 예측(2025-2032년)

Tert-Butyl Peroxyacetate Market by Form, Purity Grade, Application, End-Use Industry - Global Forecast 2025-2032

발행일: | 리서치사: 360iResearch | 페이지 정보: 영문 180 Pages | 배송안내 : 1-2일 (영업일 기준)

    
    
    




■ 보고서에 따라 최신 정보로 업데이트하여 보내드립니다. 배송일정은 문의해 주시기 바랍니다.

tert-부틸 퍼옥시아세테이트 시장은 2032년까지 CAGR 7.02%로 118억 달러로 성장할 것으로 예측됩니다.

주요 시장 통계
기준 연도 2024년 68억 6,000만 달러
추정 연도 2025년 73억 3,000만 달러
예측 연도 2032 118억 달러
CAGR(%) 7.02%

tert-부틸 퍼옥시아세테이트의 화학적 특성, 산업적 역할, 복잡한 취급, 의사결정자를위한 산업 전반의 관련성을 프레임 워크화 한 권위있는 소개

tert-부틸 퍼옥시아세테이트는 유기 퍼옥시에스테르 중에서도 독특한 틈새 시장을 차지하고 있으며, 강력한 산화 화학적 특성과 특수한 취급 및 배합 요구 사항의 균형을 맞추고 있습니다. 반응성 프로파일은 표적 표백, 제어된 가교 또는 중합 공정의 시작이 필요한 응용 분야에서 귀중한 선택이 될 수 있습니다. 제형이 더욱 정교해짐에 따라 이 화합물의 역할은 인접한 밸류체인 전체에서 재검토되고 있으며, 배합자, 공정 엔지니어 및 안전 전문가들이 다시 한 번 주목하고 있습니다.

이 화합물을 이해하려면 화학, 제조 경로, 규제와의 접점, 최종 용도에서의 성능 등을 포괄하는 통합적인 관점이 필요합니다. 이 요약은 원료의 가용성, 합성 경로, 산업 안전 대책이 다운스트림 기술 요구 사항과 어떻게 상호 작용하는지에 초점을 맞추고 그 배경을 밝힙니다. 이 소개서는 대체 압력, 지속가능성에 대한 기대, 규제 강화 등 보다 광범위한 산업 동향 속에서 화합물을 배치함으로써 독자들이 제품 수준의 지표에만 의존하지 않고 전략적 선택과 비즈니스 우선순위를 평가할 수 있도록 돕습니다.

기술 발전, 규제 강화, 지속가능성에 대한 기대가 퍼옥시 에스테르의 전략적 선택과 비즈니스 모델을 재구성하는 방법

tert-부틸 퍼옥시아세테이트의 상황은 기술, 규제 및 고객 수요의 수렴적 변화에 의해 재구성되고 있으며, 이 세 가지 요소는 모두 경쟁과 경영의 역학을 재정의하고 있습니다. 과산화물 화학 및 촉매 설계의 발전은 이 화합물이 중합과 가교 결합의 제어된 시작을 제공할 수 있는 조건을 확장하고 동시에 대체 산화제 및 개시제의 재검토를 촉구하고 있습니다. 제형 과학의 혁신은 열 안정성과 취급 특성을 개선하여 최종사용자의 물류 마찰을 줄일 수 있습니다.

규제의 진화도 변화의 원동력이며, 노동 안전 기준과 운송 분류 규정이 생산과 유통 전반에 변화를 촉진하고 있습니다. 이러한 변화로 인해 검증된 안전 시스템과 투명한 컴플라이언스 문서의 중요성이 더욱 커지고 있습니다. 동시에 브랜드 소유자와 컨버터들의 지속가능성에 대한 기대는 환경 부하가 적은 합성 경로와 라이프 사이클 고려에 대한 관심을 가속화하여 기업들이 보다 친환경적인 원료와 폐기물 관리 개선을 고려하게 될 것입니다. 공급망 강건성이 전략적 우선순위로 떠오르면서 기업들은 공급처 다변화, 해외 생산능력 평가, 위험 완화 조치를 조달 및 제조 전략에 통합하는 등 공급망 강건성을 강화하기 위해 노력하고 있습니다. 이러한 힘을 종합하면 제조업체, 유통업체 및 최종사용자가 tert-butyl persulfate의 조달, 기술 평가 및 제품 개발에 접근하는 방식을 변화시키고 있습니다.

2025년 미국 관세 조치가 공급망 전반에 걸쳐 조달 계산, 물류의 복잡성, 상업 전략에 미치는 영향에 대한 평가

2025년 미국의 관세 조치는 특수 산화제 및 퍼옥시 에스테르의 조달 전략, 공급업체 협상, 물류 계획에 파급 효과를 가져왔습니다. 관세로 인한 비용 압박으로 인해 많은 다운스트림 바이어들이 공급업체의 발자국과 조달 조건을 재평가하고 있으며, 조달팀은 이전 사이클보다 더 면밀히 육지 비용, 리드타임 변동성, 계약 유연성을 면밀히 조사하고 있습니다. 일부 기업들은 관세의 영향으로 현지 조달을 장려하고 무역 변동으로부터 중요한 투입물을 보호하기 위해 특정 중간 생산 공정을 해외로 이전하는 것에 대한 초기 논의가 진행되고 있습니다.

조달에 그치지 않고, 관세 환경은 전술적 수단으로서 규제 분류와 관세 코드의 최적화의 중요성을 높이고 있습니다. 법무팀과 무역팀은 제품 설명, 가공 허용량, 관세 감면 메커니즘에 대한 검토를 강화하고, 관세 영향을 줄일 수 있는 적합 경로를 식별하고 있습니다. 이와 함께 물류 부문은 재고 버퍼를 재설계하고, 복합 운송 옵션을 확장하고, 운송 파트너에게 투명성을 높이고, 배송 순서와 비용을 관리하도록 요청하고 있습니다. 제조업체의 경우, 관세 조치로 인해 가격 전략, 마진 보호, 제품 라인 간 고비용 투입물 배분에 대한 상업적 대화가 더욱 명확해졌습니다. 이러한 반응을 종합하면, 순수하게 비용 중심의 조달에서 비용, 컴플라이언스, 공급 연속성의 균형을 맞추는 통합적 회복력 태세로 전환하고 있음을 알 수 있습니다.

형태, 순도, 틈새 용도, 최종 이용 산업 요구 사항을 공급업체 선택 및 배합 전략에 연결하고, 부문 중심의 인사이트 제공

주요 세분화 차원에 걸친 분석은 재료의 특성, 기대되는 순도, 용도별 성능 및 산업별 요구사항이 상업적 및 기술적 의사결정을 공동으로 형성하고 있음을 보여줍니다. 형태별로 시장 역학은 액체와 고체로 나뉘는데, 액체 등급은 인라인 투약이나 용액상 공정에서 선호되는 반면, 고체 제제는 저장 안정성과 낮은 휘발성이 요구되는 경우 선호됩니다. 고순도 등급은 중합 제어와 색조 결과가 중요한 경우 높은 평가를 받는 반면, 산업용 등급은 미량 불순물에 대한 허용치가 높은 벌크 표백이나 범용 가교용으로 지정되는 것이 일반적입니다.

목차

제1장 서문

제2장 조사 방법

제3장 주요 요약

제4장 시장 개요

제5장 시장 인사이트

제6장 미국 관세의 누적 영향 2025

제7장 AI의 누적 영향 2025

제8장 tert-부틸 퍼옥시아세테이트 시장 : 형태별

  • 액체
  • 고체

제9장 tert-부틸 퍼옥시아세테이트 시장 : 순도별

  • 고순도
  • 산업용 등급

제10장 tert-부틸 퍼옥시아세테이트 시장 : 용도별

  • 표백제
  • 가교제
  • 중합 개시제
    • 아크릴산 중합
    • 폴리올레핀 중합
    • 스티렌 중합

제11장 tert-부틸 퍼옥시아세테이트 시장 : 최종 이용 산업별

  • 접착제와 실란트
    • 핫멜트
    • 구조적
  • 코팅
    • 자동차
    • 산업
    • 목재
  • 플라스틱
    • 폴리에틸렌
    • 폴리프로필렌
    • PVC
  • 고무
    • 신발
    • 호스와 벨트
    • 타이어

제12장 tert-부틸 퍼옥시아세테이트 시장 : 지역별

  • 아메리카
    • 북미
    • 라틴아메리카
  • 유럽, 중동 및 아프리카
    • 유럽
    • 중동
    • 아프리카
  • 아시아태평양

제13장 tert-부틸 퍼옥시아세테이트 시장 : 그룹별

  • ASEAN
  • GCC
  • EU
  • BRICS
  • G7
  • NATO

제14장 tert-부틸 퍼옥시아세테이트 시장 : 국가별

  • 미국
  • 캐나다
  • 멕시코
  • 브라질
  • 영국
  • 독일
  • 프랑스
  • 러시아
  • 이탈리아
  • 스페인
  • 중국
  • 인도
  • 일본
  • 호주
  • 한국

제15장 경쟁 구도

  • 시장 점유율 분석, 2024
  • FPNV 포지셔닝 매트릭스, 2024
  • 경쟁 분석
    • Nouryon Specialty Chemicals Holding B.V.
    • Arkema S.A.
    • United Initiators International B.V.
    • Evonik Industries AG
    • Pergan GmbH
    • Solvay S.A.
    • NOF Corporation
    • Ishihara Sangyo Kaisha, Ltd.
    • National Peroxide Limited
    • GFS Chemicals, Inc.
KSM 25.10.21

The Tert-Butyl Peroxyacetate Market is projected to grow by USD 11.80 billion at a CAGR of 7.02% by 2032.

KEY MARKET STATISTICS
Base Year [2024] USD 6.86 billion
Estimated Year [2025] USD 7.33 billion
Forecast Year [2032] USD 11.80 billion
CAGR (%) 7.02%

An authoritative introduction that frames tert-butyl peroxyacetate chemistry, industrial roles, handling complexities, and cross-industry relevance for decision makers

Tert-butyl peroxyacetate occupies a distinct niche among organic peroxyesters, balancing powerful oxidative chemistry with specific handling and formulation demands. Its reactivity profile makes it a valuable choice in applications where targeted bleaching, controlled crosslinking, or initiation of polymerization steps are required. As formulations become more sophisticated, the compound's role is being reassessed across adjacent value chains, prompting renewed attention from formulators, process engineers, and safety professionals.

Understanding the compound requires an integrated perspective that covers chemistry, production pathways, regulatory interfaces, and end-use performance. This summary establishes that context, highlighting how feedstock availability, synthesis routes, and occupational safety measures interact with downstream technical requirements. By framing the compound within broader industrial trends-such as substitution pressures, sustainability expectations, and tighter regulatory scrutiny-this introduction prepares readers to evaluate strategic choices and operational priorities without relying solely on product-level metrics.

How converging technological advances, regulatory tightening, and sustainability expectations are reshaping strategic choices and operational models in the peroxyester landscape

The landscape for tert-butyl peroxyacetate is being reshaped by converging shifts in technology, regulation, and customer demand that together redefine competitive and operational dynamics. Advances in peroxide chemistry and catalyst design are expanding the conditions under which the compound can deliver controlled initiation for polymerization and crosslinking, while simultaneously inviting reconsideration of alternative oxidants and initiators. Innovations in formulation science are enabling improved thermal stability and handling characteristics, which in turn reduce logistical friction for end-users.

Regulatory evolution is another transformative driver, with occupational safety standards and transport classification regimes prompting changes across production and distribution. These shifts increase the importance of validated safety systems and transparent compliance documentation. At the same time, sustainability expectations from brand owners and converters are accelerating interest in lower-impact synthesis routes and lifecycle considerations, leading firms to investigate greener feedstocks and improved waste management. Supply chain resilience has risen as a strategic priority, pushing organizations to diversify sourcing, evaluate onshore capacity, and integrate risk mitigation practices into procurement and manufacturing strategies. Taken together, these forces are altering how manufacturers, distributors, and end-users approach procurement, technical evaluation, and product development for tert-butyl peroxyacetate.

Assessment of how 2025 United States tariff measures have altered sourcing calculus, logistics complexity, and commercial strategies across the supply chain

United States tariff actions in 2025 have created a ripple effect across sourcing strategies, supplier negotiations, and logistics planning for specialty oxidants and peroxyesters. Tariff-driven cost pressure has prompted many downstream buyers to re-evaluate supplier footprints and procurement terms, with procurement teams scrutinizing landed cost, lead-time variability, and contractual flexibility more closely than in prior cycles. For some organizations, tariffs have incentivized localized sourcing and initial discussions about onshoring certain intermediate production steps to insulate critical inputs from trade volatility.

Beyond procurement, the tariff environment has elevated the importance of regulatory classification and tariff code optimization as tactical levers. Legal and trade teams have intensified review of product descriptions, processing allowances, and duty relief mechanisms to identify compliant pathways that reduce duty exposure. In parallel, logistics functions are redesigning inventory buffers, expanding multimodal options, and seeking increased transparency from freight partners to manage cadence and cost. For manufacturers, the tariffs have sharpened commercial conversations about pricing strategy, margin protection, and the allocation of higher-cost inputs across product lines. Collectively, these responses reflect a shift from purely cost-focused sourcing toward an integrated resilience posture that balances cost, compliance, and continuity of supply.

Segment-driven insights that connect form, purity, application niche, and end-use industry requirements to supplier selection and formulation strategy

Analysis across key segmentation dimensions shows that material characteristics, purity expectations, application-specific performance, and industry-specific requirements jointly shape commercial and technical decisions. Based on Form, market dynamics diverge between Liquid and Solid offerings, with liquid grades often preferred for in-line dosing and solution-phase processes while solid formulations are favored where storage stability and lower volatility are required. Based on Purity Grade, High Purity and Industrial Grade present distinct value propositions: high purity grades command premium scrutiny where polymerization control and color outcomes are critical, whereas industrial grades are more commonly specified for bulk bleaching and general-purpose crosslinking where tolerance for trace impurities is greater.

Based on Application, the material's performance as a Bleaching Agent, Crosslinking Agent, and Polymerization Initiator must be evaluated against process conditions and end-product specifications. Within polymerization initiation, the Polymerization Initiator role subdivides into Acrylate Polymerization, Polyolefin Polymerization, and Styrene Polymerization, each demanding different onset temperatures, half-life characteristics, and compatibility with monomer systems. Based on End-Use Industry, differentiated requirements emerge across Adhesives And Sealants, Coatings, Plastics, and Rubber, driving tailored product formulations and service models. The Adhesives And Sealants category further differentiates into Hot Melt and Structural segments with contrasting thermal and curing demands. The Coatings sector decomposes into Automotive, Industrial, and Wood subsegments where color stability, substrate adhesion, and cure speed are prioritized differently. The Plastics end-use channels span Polyethylene, Polypropylene, and PVC applications, each with its own processing windows and additive interactions. Within Rubber, subsectors such as Footwear, Hoses And Belting, and Tire impose divergent aging, flexibility, and mechanical performance criteria, which in turn inform which form and purity grade of tert-butyl peroxyacetate is most suitable. Consequently, segmentation-driven decisions influence supplier selection, specification documents, and technical support needs across the value chain.

Regional dynamics and supply chain imperatives across the Americas, Europe Middle East & Africa, and Asia Pacific that determine sourcing, compliance, and service models

Regional dynamics materially influence supply chain design, regulatory expectations, and customer demand profiles for tert-butyl peroxyacetate. In the Americas, proximity to large polymer and coatings converters creates a demand environment that values reliable logistics, regulatory clarity, and responsive technical support. Local chemical production capacity and well-established hazardous materials infrastructure enable faster turnaround for customized blends and emergency supply, but tariff shifts and feedstock volatility can accelerate strategic re-sourcing conversations.

In Europe, Middle East & Africa, regulatory frameworks emphasize worker safety, transport classification, and environmental controls, necessitating robust compliance programs and documentation. The region's mature coatings and specialty adhesives markets often demand higher-purity grades and extensive technical validation, while emerging economies within the region present growth corridors coupled with logistical complexity. In Asia-Pacific, the combination of integrated chemical manufacturing clusters and rapidly growing end-use segments such as automotive coatings and plastics manufacturing drives both scale and innovation. Proximity to raw material suppliers supports competitive production economics, yet divergent regulatory regimes and variable enforcement create a requirement for region-specific labeling, handling protocols, and customer education. These geographic nuances require suppliers to tailor commercial models, inventory footprints, and technical services to align with the priorities of buyers in each region.

How technical differentiation, validated safety practices, and service-oriented commercial models determine competitive positioning and partnership opportunities

Competitive dynamics in the tert-butyl peroxyacetate ecosystem are defined by technical differentiation, scale economics, and the ability to demonstrate reliable safety and regulatory performance. Leading organizations tend to invest in application laboratories, technical service teams, and documented change-control processes that reduce adoption friction for formulators and converters. Product differentiation emerges through stability improvements, tailored inhibitor packages, and specialized packaging that simplify handling for end-users and minimize waste.

Partnerships and contractual structures also shape competitive positioning. Long-term supply agreements that include technical support and joint development provisions create higher switching costs and foster co-innovation, while spot-market sellers often compete on price and immediate availability. Manufacturers that maintain transparent regulatory dossiers, robust transport classification capabilities, and validated safety data sheets reduce buyer uncertainty and therefore gain preferential consideration in procurement cycles. Additionally, channel capabilities-including global distribution networks, localized blending capacity, and technical training services-function as critical enablers of market access, particularly in regions where regulatory compliance and handling expertise are differentiators. Ultimately, companies that align product innovation with demonstrable safety, compliance, and service offerings are best positioned to capture complex, specification-driven opportunities.

Actionable strategic moves combining supply chain resilience, formulation innovation, regulatory foresight, and customer-centric services to strengthen competitive advantage

Industry leaders should adopt a multi-pronged strategy that combines supply chain resilience, technical innovation, and proactive regulatory engagement to capture opportunities while managing risk. First, prioritize supplier diversification and regional inventory positioning to mitigate tariff exposure and logistic disruptions, ensuring continuity for high-priority customers and critical applications. Second, invest in formulation science that improves thermal stability and handling characteristics, enabling broader adoption across applications that demand lower volatility or extended storage life. These technical investments should be paired with rigorous safety validation and comprehensive documentation to reduce adoption barriers.

Third, enhance customer value through expanded technical services, including dedicated application labs, on-site trials, and joint development agreements with converters and brand owners. Fourth, proactively engage with regulatory bodies and trade authorities to clarify classification, identify cost mitigation opportunities, and participate in standards-setting where feasible. Fifth, explore circularity and sustainability levers such as greener synthesis pathways, solvent recovery, and waste minimization programs to align with evolving corporate responsibility expectations. By combining these measures-operational resilience, product innovation, customer-centric services, regulatory foresight, and sustainability initiatives-organizations can secure a defensible position in the value chain and create differentiated commercial propositions.

A rigorous mixed-methods research approach combining primary stakeholder interviews, technical dossier review, and scenario-based supply chain analysis for robust insights

The research underpinning this report uses an evidence-driven, mixed-methods approach that integrates technical document analysis, stakeholder interviews, and supply chain mapping. Primary inputs include structured interviews with process engineers, R&D leaders, procurement professionals, and safety officers across production and end-use companies to capture operational realities, specification drivers, and pain points. Secondary sources comprise regulatory texts, customs and tariff documentation, safety data sheets, and peer-reviewed technical literature to validate reaction kinetics, compatibility profiles, and handling recommendations.

Analytical methods include synthesis pathway evaluation, comparative technical performance assessment, and scenario-based supply chain stress testing. Regulatory review focused on classification, transport guidance, and occupational exposure limits where available, ensuring that compliance implications are integrated into commercial recommendations. The research team triangulated insights across sources to reduce bias and verify practical implications, and findings were peer-reviewed by subject-matter experts to ensure technical accuracy and relevance for decision-makers.

A decisive conclusion that synthesizes technical promise, operational complexity, and strategic priorities for stakeholders across the value chain

Tert-butyl peroxyacetate sits at the intersection of performance chemistry and operational complexity, creating both opportunity and responsibility for manufacturers, distributors, and end-users. Its utility across bleaching, crosslinking, and polymerization initiation demands nuanced specification work, reliable safety systems, and responsive technical support. As industry dynamics evolve-driven by regulatory pressure, sustainability priorities, and shifting trade policies-companies must reconcile short-term commercial pressures with longer-term investments in innovation and resilience.

Looking ahead, those who proactively address handling and stability challenges, invest in application-specific validation, and align product offerings with regulatory and sustainability expectations will be positioned to capture specification-driven demand. Strategic procurement choices, targeted product development, and clear documentation will reduce friction in adoption and support deeper partnerships across adhesive, coating, plastic, and rubber value chains. The compound's trajectory will be determined less by single-factor shifts and more by coordinated actions across technical, commercial, and compliance dimensions.

Table of Contents

1. Preface

  • 1.1. Objectives of the Study
  • 1.2. Market Segmentation & Coverage
  • 1.3. Years Considered for the Study
  • 1.4. Currency & Pricing
  • 1.5. Language
  • 1.6. Stakeholders

2. Research Methodology

3. Executive Summary

4. Market Overview

5. Market Insights

  • 5.1. Rising demand for greener polymerization initiators boosting TBPA adoption in waterborne coatings
  • 5.2. Increased regulatory scrutiny on peroxyester safety driving innovation in TBPA stabilization methods
  • 5.3. Shift toward low-temperature curing processes enhancing TBPA usage in adhesive manufacturing
  • 5.4. Supply chain optimization for tertiary butyl peroxyacetate amid raw material price volatility
  • 5.5. Development of encapsulated TBPA formulations for controlled release in composite material production
  • 5.6. Collaborative research partnerships targeting TBPA replacement with bio-based peroxyesters
  • 5.7. Growth in automotive lightweighting applications fueling demand for TBPA-initiated composite curing

6. Cumulative Impact of United States Tariffs 2025

7. Cumulative Impact of Artificial Intelligence 2025

8. Tert-Butyl Peroxyacetate Market, by Form

  • 8.1. Liquid
  • 8.2. Solid

9. Tert-Butyl Peroxyacetate Market, by Purity Grade

  • 9.1. High Purity
  • 9.2. Industrial Grade

10. Tert-Butyl Peroxyacetate Market, by Application

  • 10.1. Bleaching Agent
  • 10.2. Crosslinking Agent
  • 10.3. Polymerization Initiator
    • 10.3.1. Acrylate Polymerization
    • 10.3.2. Polyolefin Polymerization
    • 10.3.3. Styrene Polymerization

11. Tert-Butyl Peroxyacetate Market, by End-Use Industry

  • 11.1. Adhesives And Sealants
    • 11.1.1. Hot Melt
    • 11.1.2. Structural
  • 11.2. Coatings
    • 11.2.1. Automotive
    • 11.2.2. Industrial
    • 11.2.3. Wood
  • 11.3. Plastics
    • 11.3.1. Polyethylene
    • 11.3.2. Polypropylene
    • 11.3.3. Pvc
  • 11.4. Rubber
    • 11.4.1. Footwear
    • 11.4.2. Hoses And Belting
    • 11.4.3. Tire

12. Tert-Butyl Peroxyacetate Market, by Region

  • 12.1. Americas
    • 12.1.1. North America
    • 12.1.2. Latin America
  • 12.2. Europe, Middle East & Africa
    • 12.2.1. Europe
    • 12.2.2. Middle East
    • 12.2.3. Africa
  • 12.3. Asia-Pacific

13. Tert-Butyl Peroxyacetate Market, by Group

  • 13.1. ASEAN
  • 13.2. GCC
  • 13.3. European Union
  • 13.4. BRICS
  • 13.5. G7
  • 13.6. NATO

14. Tert-Butyl Peroxyacetate Market, by Country

  • 14.1. United States
  • 14.2. Canada
  • 14.3. Mexico
  • 14.4. Brazil
  • 14.5. United Kingdom
  • 14.6. Germany
  • 14.7. France
  • 14.8. Russia
  • 14.9. Italy
  • 14.10. Spain
  • 14.11. China
  • 14.12. India
  • 14.13. Japan
  • 14.14. Australia
  • 14.15. South Korea

15. Competitive Landscape

  • 15.1. Market Share Analysis, 2024
  • 15.2. FPNV Positioning Matrix, 2024
  • 15.3. Competitive Analysis
    • 15.3.1. Nouryon Specialty Chemicals Holding B.V.
    • 15.3.2. Arkema S.A.
    • 15.3.3. United Initiators International B.V.
    • 15.3.4. Evonik Industries AG
    • 15.3.5. Pergan GmbH
    • 15.3.6. Solvay S.A.
    • 15.3.7. NOF Corporation
    • 15.3.8. Ishihara Sangyo Kaisha, Ltd.
    • 15.3.9. National Peroxide Limited
    • 15.3.10. GFS Chemicals, Inc.
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