기어 연삭기 시장 보고서 : 동향, 예측, 경쟁 분석(-2031년)

The future of the global gear grinding machine market looks promising with opportunities in the vehicle & transportation and general mechanical markets. The global gear grinding machine market is expected to grow with a CAGR of 4.0% from 2025 to 2031. The major drivers for this market are the increasing demand for precision machining, the rising automotive manufacturing activities, and the growing need for advanced machinery.

• Lucintel forecasts that, within the type category, universal is expected to witness higher growth over the forecast period.
• Within the application category, vehicle & transportation is expected to witness higher growth.
• In terms of region, APAC is expected to witness the highest growth over the forecast period.

Emerging Trends in the Gear Grinding Machine Market

The market for gear grinding machine is presently in the midst of a revolutionary process due to technological innovations and changing needs from across industries. Such new trends are transforming the design, functionality, and performance potential of gear grinding machines towards increased precision, higher efficiency, and smoother integration into contemporary manufacturing setups. Ranging from the embracement of intelligent technologies to the focus on green practices, these technological advancements all represent a shift towards more advanced and versatile processes of gear manufacturing.

• Smart Manufacturing and Industry 4.0 Integration: A key trend is the extensive integration of Industry 4.0 concepts, such as the Internet of Things IoT, Artificial Intelligence AI, and machine learning ML. Real-time monitoring, predictive maintenance, and data-based optimization of grinding can be achieved. Smart gear grinding machines are capable of adjusting parameters themselves, recognizing potential faults, and interacting with other factory systems, resulting in better uptime, greater productivity, and uniform quality with less human interaction.
• Ultra-Precision and Noise Reduction Demand: There is a growing need for gear grinding machines that can attain ultra-high precision and efficiently reduce gear noise. This is especially vital in applications such as electric vehicles EVs, in which the lack of internal combustion engine noise causes gear whine to stand out, and in robotics, in which smooth and precise motion is essential. It is pushing machine kinematics innovation, grinding wheel technology, and in-process measurement technology to deliver higher-order tooth profiles and surface qualities.
• Automation and Robotics in Grinding Cells: Automation and robotics in gear grinding cells are one of the major trends to maximize productivity and minimize labor dependency. Robot arms are being used more and more for automated workpiece loading and unloading, tool changing, and even in-process inspection. Not only does this accelerate the manufacturing process with minimized cycle time, but it also increases consistency and safety, enabling unattended operation and maximum equipment effectiveness OEE.
• Creation of Energy-Efficient and Sustainable Solutions: In the wake of increasing environmental issues and increased energy expenses, producers are targeting the creation of more energy-efficient and eco-friendly gear grinding machines. This includes streamlining machine designs for less energy consumption, adopting dry or reduced lubrication grinding processes, and seeking environmentally friendly coolants. The aim is to reduce the manufacturing process's environmental footprint without sacrificing or enhancing grinding performance.
• Multi-tasking and Hybrid Grinding Capabilities: The industry is witnessing a shift towards multi-tasking and hybrid gear grinding machines that can accomplish various operations like grinding and honing or grinding and measuring with one setup. There are even machines that integrate grinding with other processes of manufacturing, like skiving. This decreases workpiece handling, enhances precision by avoiding re-clamping errors, and greatly minimizes overall production times, providing more flexibility and efficiency in the manufacturing of gears.

These new trends are significantly transforming the gear grinding machine market by breaking paradigms in precision, efficiency, and intelligence. Industry 4.0 integration makes machines connected, data-driven assets, and ultra-precision focus addresses the stringent requirements of sophisticated applications. Automation and robotics drive productivity and consistency, and the pursuit of energy efficiency aligns with sustainability objectives globally. In addition, multi-tasking abilities optimize production processes, together producing a more advanced, networked, and high-performance gear grinding machine industry.

Recent Developments in the Gear Grinding Machine Market

Recent trends in the gear grinding machine market are dominated by a high focus on gaining higher precision, improving operational efficiency, and incorporating advanced digital technologies. These technological advances are essential since contemporary industries require gears that have tighter and tighter tolerances, lower surface roughness, and less noise, so as to perform better in a wide range of applications. Breakthroughs in control systems and novel grinding processes are changing the way gears are finished. These developments fundamentally change gear finishing and result in higher product quality and competitive manufacturing operations.

• Modern CNC Control Systems and Software: One of the major advancements is the ongoing evolution of CNC control systems and grinding software. New-generation CNC systems provide increased processing capacity, allowing for more complex grinding geometries, real-time corrections, and better motion control. Specialized grinding software comprises advanced algorithms for tooth profile optimization, collision detection, and intuitive interfaces, offering reduced setup times, fewer programming errors, and better grinding precision.
• Greater Automation and Robot Integration: The industry has witnessed a significant rise in automation and robot integration in the process of gear grinding. Automated loading and unloading systems, sometimes with collaborative robots, reduce operator intervention, decrease cycle time, and provide uniform handling of parts. This innovation not only improves productivity and keeps labor costs low but also increases safety by taking operators away from areas of potential harm, enabling lights-out manufacturing.
• Advances in Grinding Wheel Technology: There have been extensive advances in carbide grinding wheel technology, such as improvements in abrasive material, bond material, and wheel geometry. New grinding wheels provide enhanced cutting efficiency, increased life, and improved surface finish. Super abrasives such as cubic boron nitride CBN and diamond wheels are gaining increasing usage for high-accuracy applications, allowing for higher material removal rates with outstanding dimensional accuracy and surface integrity.
• In-Process Measurement and Compensation Systems: An important advancement is the incorporation of advanced in-process measurement and compensation systems. These employ highly accurate sensors to take measurements of gear geometry in the course of the grinding process with real-time feedback. Any variations are then automatically compensated for by the machine's CNC system, promoting consistent quality and avoiding the need for post-process inspection and re-grinding, reducing scrap rates and maximizing production.
• Hybrid Grinding Technologies: Another significant development is the introduction of hybrid grinding technologies that bring together various gear finishing processes in a single unit. For instance, some equipment incorporates grinding with honing or even skiving. Having this multi-processing function in a single machine shortens setup time, makes the process more reliable, and can yield better surface finish and higher quality gears than employing dedicated machines. This has the advantage of providing greater flexibility and efficiency to manufacturers in their production lines.

These new advances are significantly shaping the gear grinding machine industry by pushing the industry towards more automated, accurate, and integrated manufacturing technologies. Sophisticated CNC and computer software facilitate higher accuracy and flexibility in operations, while higher automation and robotic integration increase productivity. Advances in grinding wheel technology and in-process measurement technologies guarantee higher quality and minimize waste. In addition, the development of hybrid grinding technologies provides improved efficiency and versatility, which collectively make gear grinding machines more complex and essential to today's high-precision industries.

Strategic Growth Opportunities in the Gear Grinding Machine Market

Strategic growth prospects in the market for gear grinding machine are largely influenced by the growing demand for high-precision gears for various high-growth industries. These opportunities arise from precise application markets where the higher accuracy, surface quality, and productivity provided by state-of-the-art gear grinding machines are essential. By aiming at these strategic segments, producers can utilize their technological capabilities to create niche solutions, gain market share, and ensure the performance and reliability of key mechanical systems worldwide.

• Transportation Industry Electric Vehicles and Transmissions: The automotive industry, especially the fast-growing electric vehicle EV segment and sophisticated transmission systems for conventional vehicles, is a high-growth opportunity. EVs require very high tolerance and quiet gears to reduce noise and maximize range. Gear grinding machines play a key role in producing such high-tolerance parts, and as the world moves towards electrification, so will the demand for sophisticated gear grinding solutions designed specifically for EV powertrains.
• Aerospace and Defense Industry: The aerospace and defense sectors demand gears with unequalled precision, durability, and lightweight characteristics for mission-critical use in aircraft engines, landing gear, and missile systems. Gear grinding machines are necessary for meeting the precise specifications and surface finishes required for these high-stress components. With global air travel demand and defense modernization ongoing, so will the demand for cutting-edge gear grinding technology to manufacture highly durable and efficient gears.
• Automation and Robotics Equipment: The rampant growth in industrial automation and robotics in many manufacturing industries provides a high growth potential. Robots and automated equipment use very accurate and backlash-free gears to move smoothly and precisely. Gear grinding machines play a key role in the manufacture of such gears, which are crucial for the efficiency and lifespan of robotic arms, collaborative robots, and other types of automated equipment. The continued quest for industrial efficiency will keep driving this demand.
• Wind Turbines of Renewable Energy: The renewable energy industry, particularly the wind turbine sector, is an emerging sector for gear grinding machines. Wind turbine gearboxes are exposed to extremely high stress and need extremely resilient and accurate gears to drive effective energy conversion and long-term operating lifespans. As investment in renewable energy infrastructure worldwide continues to rise, demand will grow for high-grade, heavy-duty gear grinding machines that can develop large, high-tolerance gears for wind turbine usage.
• General Mechanical Engineering and Machine Tools: The overall general mechanical engineering industry, covering manufacturers of machine tools, pumps, compressors, and other industrial machinery, offers a steady growth prospect. These industries need a high volume of gears for their products with different levels of precision. As industrial equipment becomes increasingly sophisticated and efficient, the call for higher-quality gears, and thereby sophisticated gear grinding machines, will keep increasing based on the demand for improved performance and reliability in varied mechanical systems.

These strategic growth opportunities are heavily influencing the gear grinding machine market by fueling specialization and innovation to serve the specific needs of each application. The automotive industry, especially EVs, necessitates quiet and efficient grinding. Aerospace and defense require utmost precision and reliability. Robotics needs highly precise and smooth-operating gears. The renewable energy industry requires ruggedness for bulk applications, whereas general mechanical engineering ensures a wide base of demand. Overall, these possibilities are driving the creation of more sophisticated, application-specific, and high-performance gear grinding machines.

Gear Grinding Machine Market Driver and Challenges

The market for gear grinding machine functions in a dynamic context, influenced by the intricate interaction among technological progress, economic drivers, and regulation. Main drivers are dynamically driving market growth by raising the consumption of high-precision gears and promoting innovation in grinding technology. However, major challenges require manufacturers to respond strategically to stay competitive and achieve sustainable growth, making it a multidimensional environment for every market player.

The factors responsible for driving the gear grinding machine market include:

1. Surging Need for High-Precision Gears: The major force behind this demand is the growing worldwide demand for high-precision gears in several industries. New-age applications in the automotive, aerospace, robotics, and defense sectors call for high-precision gears with very close tolerances, better surface finish, and low noise generation for maximum performance and efficiency. This need for precision is the major driving factor for the use of high-end gear grinding machines, which are needed to deliver these high-quality requirements.

2. Development of the Auto Industry, Particularly EVs: The strong growth of the world automotive industry, and particularly the speeding up of the transition to electric vehicles EVs, is a strong market driver. EVs need specialist, very accurate, and quiet gears for their powertrains in order to provide efficient energy transfer and a smooth, quiet driving experience. This new segment is pushing auto part makers to invest in high-tech gear grinding machines that can fulfill these special requirements.

3. Advances in Manufacturing Automation and Industry 4.0: The rising use of automation and Industry 4.0 concepts across manufacturing plants globally is a key driver. Smart factories are being equipped with gear grinding machines that use IoT, AI, and machine learning for monitoring, predictive maintenance, and improved production in real-time. The trend improves efficiency, minimizes downtime, and overall productivity, making sophisticated grinding machines a vital component of contemporary production lines.

4. Increasing Demand from Aerospace and Defense Industries: The aerospace and defense industries are significant drivers as they have high demands for lightweight, high-strength, and highly accurate gears utilized in aircraft engines, landing gear, and intricate defense systems. The continuous modernization of military hardware and increasing commercial aviation require exceptional reliability and performance, which is only attainable through state-of-the-art gear grinding processes.

5. Energy Efficiency and Noise Reduction: An increasing focus on energy efficiency and noise minimization in a number of mechanical systems is fueling demand for higher-quality gears. Gears accurately ground minimize friction, resulting in improved energy transmission and lower operational noise. This aspect is vital in applications where silence is indispensable, like household appliances, medical equipment, and, most importantly, electric vehicles, thus enhancing the market for advanced grinding technology.

Challenges in the gear grinding machine market are:

1. High Initial Capital Outlay: Perhaps the most important obstacle for the gear grinding machine industry is the high initial capital outlay associated with these advanced machines. High-precision CNC gear grinders, with their advanced technology and automation capabilities, are expensive to purchase. This expense can be prohibitive for small and medium-sized businesses SMEs, restricting their capacity to update their manufacturing capabilities and thus potentially hindering market penetration in some areas.

2. Skilled Labor Shortage: Highly skilled technicians and operators are required for the operation and maintenance of complex gear grinding machines. The evolving sophistication of CNC systems, specialty grinding operations, and automation integration necessitates specialized expertise and training. A chronic shortage of such skilled labor in most areas is a critical impediment to manufacturers, affecting machine utilization rates, production efficiency, and the overall implementation of advanced grinding technologies.

3. Severe Competition and Price Pressure: The gear grinding machine industry is driven by severe competition among a relatively small group of global players as well as local manufacturers. Such a competitive environment tends to create severe price pressure, especially in segments where product differentiation is weaker. Manufacturers need to constantly innovate and provide value-added services while sustaining competitive pricing as well as decent profit margins.

The market for gear grinding machines is largely influenced by an intense blend of drivers and restraints. Growing worldwide demand for precision gears, driven by the motor vehicle industry, particularly electric vehicles, and technology in manufacturing automation, is are key market driver. In addition, the aerospace and defense industries' critical demands, as well as an emerging focus on energy efficiency and sound reduction, remain drivers of innovation. Yet the market will have to overcome huge obstacles, such as the prohibitive amount of initial capital investment in these advanced machines, a chronic lack of skilled labor, and heavy competition that generates price pressure. Getting through all this complexity will be critical to the growth and technology advancements of the market over time.

List of Gear Grinding Machine Companies

Companies in the market compete on the basis of product quality offered. Major players in this market focus on expanding their manufacturing facilities, R&D investments, infrastructural development, and leverage integration opportunities across the value chain. With these strategies gear grinding machine companies cater increasing demand, ensure competitive effectiveness, develop innovative products & technologies, reduce production costs, and expand their customer base. Some of the gear grinding machine companies profiled in this report include-

• Reishauer
• Kapp Werkzeugmaschinen
• Liebherr
• Samputensili
• Klingelnberg
• MHI
• Gleason
• Qinchuan Machine Tool
• Chongqing Machine Tool
• Kanzaki

Gear Grinding Machine Market by Segment

The study includes a forecast for the global gear grinding machine market by type, application, and region.

Gear Grinding Machine Market by Type [Value from 2019 to 2031]:

• Internal
• Universal
• Others

Gear Grinding Machine Market by Application [Value from 2019 to 2031]:

• Vehicle & Transportation
• General Mechanical
• Others

Country Wise Outlook for the Gear Grinding Machine Market

The gear grinding machine industry is going through a dramatic shift with increasing demand for high-precision gears in a wide range of industries like automotive, aerospace, and renewable energy. These machines must deliver the critical accuracy, surface finish, and noise reduction standards of new-generation gear systems. Current advancements are concentrated on incorporating the latest technologies, such as Computer Numerical Control CNC, automation, and smart manufacturing concepts to increase efficiency, decrease production time, and enhance the quality of gears in general. This international drive mirrors changing demands for advanced manufacturing, for which precision and reliability are crucial.

• United States: In the United States, the market for gear grinding machines is dominated by high-precision and technology-intensive machines from the automotive and aerospace industries. The focus is increasingly on automating grinding and incorporating Industry 4.0 technologies like predictive maintenance and real-time monitoring. The move toward electric vehicles EVs is also a major driver, demanding specialized gear grinding for more silent and efficient powertrains. US manufacturers are spending on research and development to provide extremely flexible and multi-axis grinding solutions.
• China: The Chinese gear grinding machine market is witnessing strong growth with its thriving automotive and general mechanical industries. Chinese manufacturers are concentrating on both their mass production capacities and enhancing the accuracy of their machines so that they can cope with the higher demand for high-quality gears. There is a huge push towards integrating CNC technology and automation for the purpose of raising productivity and lowering labor expenses. The market is also witnessing investment in creating sophisticated grinding solutions that address the growing electric vehicle and robotics industries.
• Germany: Germany is a world leader in the market for gear grinding machines due to its high-precision engineering skills and world-class manufacturing technologies. The German market focuses on high-performance gear grinding machines with superior accuracy, efficiency, and reliability. High importance is given to research and development, especially in fields such as grinding process optimization for decreased noise levels and better surface finish, which is essential for automotive as well as industrial purposes. German manufacturers are leading the way in implementing smart factory ideas and high-end software for process optimization and control.
• India: The Indian market for gear grinding machines is experiencing steady growth due to growing industrialization and development in the automotive and overall machinery industries. Although the market remains dominated by conventional machines, demand for sophisticated CNC gear grinding technology to address increasing quality standards is on the rise. Indian manufacturers and importers are looking for cost-efficient but accurate machines. The encouragement of local production and the expansion of the EV industry are opening up new avenues for both domestic and foreign players to bring in more advanced grinding technologies.
• Japan: The Japanese gear grinding machine market is driven by a high emphasis on innovation, high accuracy, and dependability. Japanese producers are world-famous for their innovations in grinding technologies that provide solutions to the stringent needs of automotive, robotics, and precision machinery markets. There is ongoing development of grinding processes to provide an even better surface finish and reduced noise. Automation and sophisticated control systems incorporated into grinding machines for superior performance and economy are also a prominent feature of the Japanese market.

Features of the Global Gear Grinding Machine Market

• Market Size Estimates: Gear grinding machine market size estimation in terms of value ($B).
• Trend and Forecast Analysis: Market trends (2019 to 2024) and forecast (2025 to 2031) by various segments and regions.
• Segmentation Analysis: Gear grinding machine market size by type, application, and region in terms of value ($B).
• Regional Analysis: Gear grinding machine market breakdown by North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, and Rest of the World.
• Growth Opportunities: Analysis of growth opportunities in different types, applications, and regions for the gear grinding machine market.
• Strategic Analysis: This includes M&A, new product development, and competitive landscape of the gear grinding machine market.

Analysis of competitive intensity of the industry based on Porter's Five Forces model.

This report answers following 11 key questions:

• Q.1. What are some of the most promising, high-growth opportunities for the gear grinding machine market by type (internal, universal, and others), application (vehicle & transportation, general mechanical, and others), and region (North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, and the Rest of the World)?
• Q.2. Which segments will grow at a faster pace and why?
• Q.3. Which region will grow at a faster pace and why?
• Q.4. What are the key factors affecting market dynamics? What are the key challenges and business risks in this market?
• Q.5. What are the business risks and competitive threats in this market?
• Q.6. What are the emerging trends in this market and the reasons behind them?
• Q.7. What are some of the changing demands of customers in the market?
• Q.8. What are the new developments in the market? Which companies are leading these developments?
• Q.9. Who are the major players in this market? What strategic initiatives are key players pursuing for business growth?
• Q.10. What are some of the competing products in this market and how big of a threat do they pose for loss of market share by material or product substitution?
• Q.11. What M&A activity has occurred in the last 5 years and what has its impact been on the industry?

Table of Contents

1. Executive Summary

2. Market Overview

• 2.1 Background and Classifications
• 2.2 Supply Chain

3. Market Trends & Forecast Analysis

• 3.2 Industry Drivers and Challenges
• 3.3 PESTLE Analysis
• 3.4 Patent Analysis
• 3.5 Regulatory Environment

4. Global Gear Grinding Machine Market by Type

• 4.1 Overview
• 4.2 Attractiveness Analysis by Type
• 4.3 Internal: Trends and Forecast (2019-2031)
• 4.4 Universal: Trends and Forecast (2019-2031)
• 4.5 Others: Trends and Forecast (2019-2031)

5. Global Gear Grinding Machine Market by Application

• 5.1 Overview
• 5.2 Attractiveness Analysis by Application
• 5.3 Vehicle & Transportation: Trends and Forecast (2019-2031)
• 5.4 General Mechanical: Trends and Forecast (2019-2031)
• 5.5 Others: Trends and Forecast (2019-2031)

6. Regional Analysis

• 6.1 Overview
• 6.2 Global Gear Grinding Machine Market by Region

7. North American Gear Grinding Machine Market

• 7.1 Overview
• 7.2 North American Gear Grinding Machine Market by Type
• 7.3 North American Gear Grinding Machine Market by Application
• 7.4 United States Gear Grinding Machine Market
• 7.5 Mexican Gear Grinding Machine Market
• 7.6 Canadian Gear Grinding Machine Market

8. European Gear Grinding Machine Market

• 8.1 Overview
• 8.2 European Gear Grinding Machine Market by Type
• 8.3 European Gear Grinding Machine Market by Application
• 8.4 German Gear Grinding Machine Market
• 8.5 French Gear Grinding Machine Market
• 8.6 Spanish Gear Grinding Machine Market
• 8.7 Italian Gear Grinding Machine Market
• 8.8 United Kingdom Gear Grinding Machine Market

9. APAC Gear Grinding Machine Market

• 9.1 Overview
• 9.2 APAC Gear Grinding Machine Market by Type
• 9.3 APAC Gear Grinding Machine Market by Application
• 9.4 Japanese Gear Grinding Machine Market
• 9.5 Indian Gear Grinding Machine Market
• 9.6 Chinese Gear Grinding Machine Market
• 9.7 South Korean Gear Grinding Machine Market
• 9.8 Indonesian Gear Grinding Machine Market

10. ROW Gear Grinding Machine Market

• 10.1 Overview
• 10.2 ROW Gear Grinding Machine Market by Type
• 10.3 ROW Gear Grinding Machine Market by Application
• 10.4 Middle Eastern Gear Grinding Machine Market
• 10.5 South American Gear Grinding Machine Market
• 10.6 African Gear Grinding Machine Market

11. Competitor Analysis

• 11.1 Product Portfolio Analysis
• 11.2 Operational Integration
• 11.3 Porter's Five Forces Analysis
  • Competitive Rivalry
  • Bargaining Power of Buyers
  • Bargaining Power of Suppliers
  • Threat of Substitutes
  • Threat of New Entrants
• 11.4 Market Share Analysis

12. Opportunities & Strategic Analysis

• 12.1 Value Chain Analysis
• 12.2 Growth Opportunity Analysis
  • 12.2.1 Growth Opportunities by Type
  • 12.2.2 Growth Opportunities by Application
• 12.3 Emerging Trends in the Global Gear Grinding Machine Market
• 12.4 Strategic Analysis
  • 12.4.1 New Product Development
  • 12.4.2 Certification and Licensing
  • 12.4.3 Mergers, Acquisitions, Agreements, Collaborations, and Joint Ventures

13. Company Profiles of the Leading Players Across the Value Chain

• 13.1 Competitive Analysis
• 13.2 Reishauer
  • Company Overview
  • Gear Grinding Machine Business Overview
  • New Product Development
  • Merger, Acquisition, and Collaboration
  • Certification and Licensing
• 13.3 Kapp Werkzeugmaschinen
  • Company Overview
  • Gear Grinding Machine Business Overview
  • New Product Development
  • Merger, Acquisition, and Collaboration
  • Certification and Licensing
• 13.4 Liebherr
  • Company Overview
  • Gear Grinding Machine Business Overview
  • New Product Development
  • Merger, Acquisition, and Collaboration
  • Certification and Licensing
• 13.5 Samputensili
  • Company Overview
  • Gear Grinding Machine Business Overview
  • New Product Development
  • Merger, Acquisition, and Collaboration
  • Certification and Licensing
• 13.6 Klingelnberg
  • Company Overview
  • Gear Grinding Machine Business Overview
  • New Product Development
  • Merger, Acquisition, and Collaboration
  • Certification and Licensing
• 13.7 MHI
  • Company Overview
  • Gear Grinding Machine Business Overview
  • New Product Development
  • Merger, Acquisition, and Collaboration
  • Certification and Licensing
• 13.8 Gleason
  • Company Overview
  • Gear Grinding Machine Business Overview
  • New Product Development
  • Merger, Acquisition, and Collaboration
  • Certification and Licensing
• 13.9 Qinchuan Machine Tool
  • Company Overview
  • Gear Grinding Machine Business Overview
  • New Product Development
  • Merger, Acquisition, and Collaboration
  • Certification and Licensing
• 13.10 Chongqing Machine Tool
  • Company Overview
  • Gear Grinding Machine Business Overview
  • New Product Development
  • Merger, Acquisition, and Collaboration
  • Certification and Licensing
• 13.11 Kanzaki
  • Company Overview
  • Gear Grinding Machine Business Overview
  • New Product Development
  • Merger, Acquisition, and Collaboration
  • Certification and Licensing

14. Appendix

• 14.1 List of Figures
• 14.2 List of Tables
• 14.3 Research Methodology
• 14.4 Disclaimer
• 14.5 Copyright
• 14.6 Abbreviations and Technical Units
• 14.7 About Us
• 14.8 Contact Us