The global underfloor heating market was valued at USD 5.3 billion in 2024 and is estimated to reach USD 7.6 billion by 2029, registering a CAGR of 7.3% during the forecast period. The rising urbanization, regulatory requirements for sustainable construction activities, enhanced air quality inside the residential as well as commercial complexes, zoning capabilities as well as other strategies foster a reasonable setting for underfloor heating market.
Scope of the Report |
Years Considered for the Study | 2020-2029 |
Base Year | 2023 |
Forecast Period | 2024-2029 |
Units Considered | Value (USD Billion) |
Segments | By Type, Offering, Installation Type and Region |
Regions covered | North America, Europe, APAC, RoW |
"Electric to grow significantly in underfloor heating market."
Underfloor heating systems that run on electricity function similarly to electric blankets. The system generates heat by passing electricity through the cable installed beneath the floor as heating pads. While this heating type is unsuitable for large areas or cost-effective, it is ideal for smaller spaces. Electric underfloor heating systems utilize non-corrosive and flexible heating elements, making them easy to install. They require fewer components compared to hydronic underfloor heating systems. These systems are commonly used to heat carpets, rugs, laminates, tiles, and wood floors and provide floor warming.
"New installation contributes significant share in the underfloor heating market."
In 2023, the new installation segment accounted for a larger market share, and a similar trend is likely to be observed during the forecast period, as the use of underfloor heating systems is on the rise in newly constructed residential and commercial buildings. Additionally, many developed nations, such as the US, the UK, and Germany, have implemented strict energy efficiency regulations for buildings.
Underfloor heating systems can help developers reduce installation costs in new buildings by utilizing on-site laborers for basic system installation and specialist contractors for electric system and boiler commissioning and connection. Although the installation cost of water-based underfloor heating systems is initially higher than standard radiator systems, they are more energy-efficient (>30%) than traditional central heating systems. Additionally, underfloor heating systems are now being offered as a value-added feature by builders to attract home buyers. All these trends indicate that newly installed underfloor heating systems are expected to dominate the market in the near future.
"North America will contribute significantly to the growth rate in underfloor heating market."
North America is poised to contribute a significant share to the underfloor heating market for several compelling reasons. The region boasts a robust industrial, commercial as well as residential base across that forms an integral to managing complex heating processes, ensuring regulatory compliance, and improving efficiency. Advanced heating technologies enable real-time monitoring, predictive maintenance, and data analytics, thereby supporting agile decision-making and continuous improvement initiatives.
In-depth interviews have been conducted with chief executive officers (CEOs), Directors, and other executives from various key organizations operating in the underfloor heating market place.
- By Company Type: Tier 1 - 40%, Tier 2 - 35%, and Tier 3 - 25%
- By Designation: C-level Executives - 48%, Directors - 33%, and Others - 37%
- By Region: North America- 35%, Europe - 18%, Asia Pacific- 40% and RoW- 5%
The study includes an in-depth competitive analysis of these key players in the underfloor heating market, with their company profiles, recent developments, and key market strategies.
Research Coverage
This research report categorizes the underfloor heating market by type, end-use, and region (North America, Europe, Asia Pacific). The report scope covers detailed information regarding the major factors, such as drivers, restraints, challenges, and opportunities, influencing the growth of the underfloor heating market. A detailed analysis of the key industry players has provided insights into their business overview, solutions and services, key strategies, Contracts, partnerships, and agreements. New product and service launches, acquisitions, and recent developments associated with the underfloor heating market. This report covers competitive analysis of upcoming startups in the underfloor heating market ecosystem.
Reasons to buy this report
The report will help the market leaders/new entrants with information on the closest approximations of the revenue numbers for the underfloor heating market, and subsegments. This report will help stakeholders understand the competitive landscape and gain more insights to position their businesses better and plan suitable go-to-market strategies. The report also helps stakeholders understand the market pulse and provides information on key market drivers, restraints, challenges, and opportunities.
The report provides insights on the following pointers:
- Analysis of key drivers (Increasing demand for cost-effective and advanced heating solutions, Government-led support and incentives for boosting adoption of underfloor heating solutions, Presence of Stringent building codes, High comfort and flexibility associated with underfloor heating systems), restraints (Longer response time than other heating systems, High Installation cost), opportunities (Technological advancements and digitalization in underfloor heating solution, Emergence of Internet of Things (IoT) based underfloor heating systems, Expanding construction industry), and challenges (Setup issues associated with underfloor heating systems) influencing the growth of the underfloor heating market.
- Product Development/Innovation: Detailed insights on upcoming technologies, research & development activities, and new product launches in the underfloor heating market
- Market Development: Comprehensive information about lucrative markets - the report analyses the underfloor heating market across varied regions.
- Market Diversification: Exhaustive information about new products, untapped geographies, recent developments, and investments in the underfloor heating market
- Competitive Assessment: In-depth assessment of market shares, growth strategies, and service offerings of leading players like as Resideo Technologies Inc (US), nVent Electric Plc (UK), Warmup (UK) Siemens (Germany), Emerson Electric Co. (US), Mitsubishi Electric Corporation (Japan) and Schneider Electric (US), among others in the underfloor heating market.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION
- 1.1 STUDY OBJECTIVES
- 1.2 MARKET DEFINITION
- 1.3 STUDY SCOPE
- 1.3.1 MARKETS COVERED
- 1.3.2 YEARS CONSIDERED
- 1.3.3 INCLUSIONS AND EXCLUSIONS
- 1.4 CURRENCY CONSIDERED
- 1.5 UNITS CONSIDERED
- 1.6 LIMITATIONS.
- 1.7 STAKEHOLDERS
- 1.8 SUMMARY OF CHANGES
2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
- 2.1 RESEARCH DATA
- 2.1.1 SECONDARY DATA
- 2.1.1.1 Key secondary sources
- 2.1.1.2 Key data from secondary sources
- 2.1.2 PRIMARY DATA
- 2.1.2.1 Intended participants in primary interviews
- 2.1.2.2 Key participants in primary interviews
- 2.1.2.3 Breakdown of primaries
- 2.1.2.4 Key industry insights
- 2.1.2.5 Key data from primary sources
- 2.1.3 SECONDARY AND PRIMARY RESEARCH
- 2.2 MARKET SIZE ESTIMATION
- 2.2.1 BOTTOM-UP APPROACH
- 2.2.1.1 Bottom-up approach for estimating market size
- 2.2.2 TOP-DOWN APPROACH
- 2.2.2.1 Top-down approach for estimating market size
- 2.3 MARKET BREAKDOWN AND DATA TRIANGULATION
- 2.4 RESEARCH ASSUMPTIONS
- 2.5 RESEARCH LIMITATIONS
- 2.6 RISK ASSESSMENT
3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
4 PREMIUM INSIGHTS
- 4.1 ATTRACTIVE OPPORTUNITIES FOR PLAYERS IN UNDERFLOOR HEATING MARKET
- 4.2 UNDERFLOOR HEATING MARKET, BY OFFERING
- 4.3 UNDERFLOOR HEATING MARKET, BY PRODUCT TYPE
- 4.4 UNDERFLOOR HEATING MARKET, BY APPLICATION
- 4.5 UNDERFLOOR HEATING MARKET, BY COUNTRY
5 MARKET OVERVIEW
- 5.1 INTRODUCTION
- 5.2 MARKET DYNAMICS
- 5.2.1 DRIVERS
- 5.2.1.1 Increasing demand for cost-effective and advanced heating solutions
- 5.2.1.2 Rising adoption due to government support and incentives
- 5.2.1.3 Implementation of stringent building codes
- 5.2.1.4 Integration of renewable energy sources
- 5.2.2 RESTRAINTS
- 5.2.2.1 Longer response time than for other heating systems
- 5.2.2.2 High installation costs
- 5.2.2.3 Time-consuming and complex regulatory approval process
- 5.2.3 OPPORTUNITIES
- 5.2.3.1 Technological advancements and digitalization trends
- 5.2.3.2 Emergence of IoT-based underfloor heating systems
- 5.2.3.3 Expanding construction industry
- 5.2.4 CHALLENGES
- 5.2.4.1 Setup issues associated with underfloor heating systems
- 5.3 AI IMPACT ON UNDERFLOOR HEATING MARKET
- 5.4 SUPPLY CHAIN ANALYSIS
- 5.5 ECOSYSTEM ANALYSIS
- 5.6 INVESTMENT AND FUNDING SCENARIO
- 5.7 PRICING ANALYSIS
- 5.7.1 AVERAGE SELLING PRICE TREND OF KEY PLAYERS, BY COMPONENT TYPE
- 5.7.2 AVERAGE SELLING PRICE TREND, BY REGION
- 5.8 TRENDS/DISRUPTIONS IMPACTING CUSTOMER BUSINESS
- 5.9 TECHNOLOGY ANALYSIS
- 5.9.1 KEY TECHNOLOGIES
- 5.9.1.1 Internet of Things (IoT)
- 5.9.1.2 Predictive maintenance
- 5.9.2 COMPLEMENTARY TECHNOLOGIES
- 5.9.2.1 Artificial intelligence (AI)
- 5.9.3 ADJACENT TECHNOLOGIES
- 5.9.3.1 Graphene heating films
- 5.10 PORTER'S FIVE FORCES ANALYSIS
- 5.10.1 THREAT OF NEW ENTRANTS
- 5.10.2 THREAT OF SUBSTITUTES
- 5.10.3 BARGAINING POWER OF SUPPLIERS
- 5.10.4 BARGAINING POWER OF BUYERS
- 5.10.5 INTENSITY OF COMPETITIVE RIVALRY
- 5.11 KEY STAKEHOLDERS AND BUYING CRITERIA
- 5.11.1 KEY STAKEHOLDERS IN BUYING PROCESS
- 5.11.2 BUYING CRITERIA
- 5.12 CASE STUDY ANALYSIS
- 5.12.1 NVENT RAYCHEM INSTALLS RESPONSIVE UNDERFLOOR HEATING SYSTEM AT LUXURY DEVELOPMENT
- 5.12.2 CONTINENTAL'S ONEBOARD SYSTEM SOLVES STRUCTURAL CHALLENGES AT NEWBUILD PROPERTY
- 5.12.3 DEVEX SYSTEMS PROVIDES HYDRONIC UNDERFLOOR HEATING AT AUSTRALIAN CHURCH
- 5.12.4 WARMUP PROVIDES HYDRONIC UNDERFLOOR HEATING SYSTEM FOR UPMARKET APARTMENT COMPLEX
- 5.12.5 WARMUP SUCCESSFULLY INSTALLS ZONE-BASED UNDERFLOOR HEATING SYSTEM AT HOUSING DEVELOPMENT
- 5.12.6 THERMO FLOOR UK DESIGNS MODERN UNDERFLOOR HEATING SYSTEM FOR TRINITY COLLEGE CHAPEL
- 5.13 TRADE ANALYSIS
- 5.13.1 IMPORT SCENARIO (HS CODE 841861)
- 5.13.2 EXPORT SCENARIO (HS CODE 841861)
- 5.14 PATENT ANALYSIS
- 5.15 KEY CONFERENCES AND EVENTS, 2024-2025
- 5.16 REGULATORY LANDSCAPE
- 5.16.1 REGULATORY BODIES, GOVERNMENT AGENCIES, AND OTHER ORGANIZATIONS
- 5.16.2 STANDARDS
6 TYPES OF FLOOR COVERINGS FOR UNDERFLOOR HEATING
- 6.1 INTRODUCTION
- 6.2 TILE AND STONE
- 6.2.1 PROVIDE LONG-LASTING WARMTH DUE TO HIGH THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY
- 6.3 WOOD FLOORING
- 6.3.1 OFFERS VARYING DEGREES OF WARMTH BASED ON DENSITY
- 6.4 LAMINATE FLOORING
- 6.4.1 MOST APPROPRIATE CHOICE FOR RESIDENTIAL APPLICATIONS
- 6.5 VINYL AND LINOLEUM FLOORING
- 6.5.1 PROVIDES QUICK HEATING AND COOLING IN HOMES
- 6.6 RUBBER AND CARPET FLOORING
- 6.6.1 HIGHLY CONDUCTIVE RUBBER PREFERRED IN INDUSTRIAL AREAS
7 CONNECTION TYPES OF UNDERFLOOR HEATING SYSTEMS
- 7.1 INTRODUCTION
- 7.2 CONNECTED
- 7.2.1 IMPROVED FUNCTIONALITY DUE TO INTEGRATION OF NEW TECHNOLOGIES
- 7.3 NON-CONNECTED
- 7.3.1 COST-EFFECTIVE AND EASY TO INSTALL
8 SUBSYSTEMS INTEGRATED WITH UNDERFLOOR HEATING SYSTEMS
- 8.1 INTRODUCTION
- 8.2 HEATING SYSTEMS
- 8.2.1 PIPES AND CABLES
- 8.2.1.1 Facilitate heat transfer to floor
- 8.2.2 DISTRIBUTION UNITS
- 8.2.2.1 Transport hot water from heating systems to heat exchangers
- 8.3 CONTROL SYSTEMS
- 8.3.1 SENSORS
- 8.3.1.1 Used to measure floor temperature
- 8.3.2 CONTROL INTERFACES
- 8.3.2.1 Help control thermostats in heating systems
9 UNDERFLOOR HEATING MARKET, BY INSTALLATION TYPE
- 9.1 INTRODUCTION
- 9.2 NEW INSTALLATIONS
- 9.2.1 STRICT ENERGY EFFICIENCY STANDARDS AND CODES TO DRIVE DEMAND
- 9.3 RETROFIT INSTALLATIONS
- 9.3.1 WIDER ADOPTION OF ELECTRIC SYSTEMS FOR RENOVATIONS TO BOOST MARKET
10 UNDERFLOOR HEATING MARKET, BY OFFERING
- 10.1 INTRODUCTION
- 10.2 HARDWARE
- 10.2.1 ADVANCEMENTS RELATED TO HARDWARE INTEGRATION TO DRIVE DEMAND
- 10.3 SERVICES
- 10.3.1 INCREASED DEMAND IN RESIDENTIAL AND COMMERCIAL SECTORS TO BOOST MARKET
11 UNDERFLOOR HEATING MARKET, BY PRODUCT TYPE AND COMPONENT TYPE
- 11.1 INTRODUCTION
- 11.2 HYDRONIC UNDERFLOOR HEATING
- 11.2.1 HEATING PIPES
- 11.2.1.1 Designed to disperse heat evenly
- 11.2.2 THERMOSTATS AND SENSORS
- 11.2.2.1 Used to regulate temperature
- 11.2.3 THERMAL ACTUATORS
- 11.2.3.1 Designed to control hot water flow in underfloor heating zones
- 11.2.4 ZONE VALVES
- 11.2.4.1 Used to control heating operations of different building zones
- 11.2.5 WIRING CENTERS
- 11.2.5.1 Regulate heating operations from centralized location
- 11.2.6 MANIFOLDS AND VALVES
- 11.2.6.1 Used to control room temperature
- 11.3 ELECTRIC UNDERFLOOR HEATING
- 11.3.1 HEATING CABLES
- 11.3.1.1 Used to facilitate underfloor heating
- 11.3.2 HEATING MATS
- 11.3.2.1 Critical part of DIY-based underfloor heating systems
- 11.3.3 THERMOSTATS AND SENSORS
- 11.3.3.1 Monitor and maintain floor temperature
12 UNDERFLOOR HEATING MARKET, BY APPLICATION
- 12.1 INTRODUCTION
- 12.2 RESIDENTIAL
- 12.2.1 SINGLE-FAMILY HOMES
- 12.2.1.1 Need for energy efficiency and design flexibility to drive demand
- 12.2.2 APARTMENTS
- 12.2.2.1 Reduced energy consumption to boost market
- 12.3 COMMERCIAL
- 12.3.1 RETAIL
- 12.3.1.1 Growing adoption of humidity control systems to drive market
- 12.3.2 TRANSPORTATION AND LOGISTICS
- 12.3.2.1 Need for efficient heating systems to fuel adoption
- 12.3.3 HOSPITALITY
- 12.3.3.1 High energy efficiency and esthetic advantages to drive demand
- 12.4 HEALTHCARE
- 12.4.1 GROWING DEPLOYMENT IN MEDICAL FACILITIES TO PROPEL MARKET
- 12.5 SPORTS & ENTERTAINMENT
- 12.5.1 RISING USE TO CREATE COMFORTABLE ENVIRONMENTS TO DRIVE MARKET
- 12.6 INDUSTRIAL
- 12.6.1 INCREASING DEPLOYMENT IN VARIOUS SETTINGS TO DRIVE DEMAND
- 12.7 OTHERS
13 UNDERFLOOR HEATING MARKET, BY REGION
- 13.1 INTRODUCTION
- 13.2 NORTH AMERICA
- 13.2.1 MACROECONOMIC OUTLOOK FOR NORTH AMERICA
- 13.2.2 US
- 13.2.2.1 Strict government regulations to drive demand
- 13.2.3 CANADA
- 13.2.3.1 Increasing public awareness to boost market
- 13.2.4 MEXICO
- 13.2.4.1 Government efforts to increase adoption to bolster market
- 13.3 EUROPE
- 13.3.1 MACROECONOMIC OUTLOOK FOR EUROPE
- 13.3.2 UK
- 13.3.2.1 Government initiatives and regulations to boost market
- 13.3.3 GERMANY
- 13.3.3.1 Mandatory construction standards and directives to drive demand
- 13.3.4 FRANCE
- 13.3.4.1 Focus on sustainability to fuel market
- 13.3.5 BELGIUM
- 13.3.5.1 Increasing renovation and retrofit projects to boost market
- 13.3.6 NETHERLANDS
- 13.3.6.1 Focus on reducing energy consumption to drive market
- 13.3.7 POLAND
- 13.3.7.1 Commitment to thermal modernization to boost demand
- 13.3.8 REST OF EUROPE
- 13.4 ASIA PACIFIC
- 13.4.1 MACROECONOMIC OUTLOOK FOR ASIA PACIFIC
- 13.4.2 CHINA
- 13.4.2.1 Need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to drive market
- 13.4.3 JAPAN
- 13.4.3.1 Increasing demand for modern heating solutions to fuel market
- 13.4.4 SOUTH KOREA
- 13.4.4.1 Rising requirement for efficient heating systems to propel demand
- 13.4.5 REST OF ASIA PACIFIC
- 13.5 ROW
- 13.5.1 MACROECONOMIC OUTLOOK FOR ROW
- 13.5.2 MIDDLE EAST
- 13.5.2.1 Rising construction of premium properties to drive demand
- 13.5.3 AFRICA
- 13.5.3.1 Increased demand for residential and commercial properties to boost market
- 13.5.4 SOUTH AMERICA
- 13.5.4.1 Growing demand for sustainable solutions to bolster market
14 COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE
- 14.1 OVERVIEW
- 14.2 KEY PLAYER STRATEGIES/RIGHT TO WIN, 2021-2024
- 14.3 REVENUE ANALYSIS, 2020-2023
- 14.4 MARKET SHARE ANALYSIS, 2023
- 14.5 COMPANY VALUATION AND FINANCIAL METRICS
- 14.6 BRAND/PRODUCT COMPARISON
- 14.7 COMPANY EVALUATION MATRIX: KEY PLAYERS, 2023
- 14.7.1 STARS
- 14.7.2 EMERGING LEADERS
- 14.7.3 PERVASIVE PLAYERS
- 14.7.4 PARTICIPANTS
- 14.7.5 COMPANY FOOTPRINT: KEY PLAYERS, 2023
- 14.7.5.1 Company footprint
- 14.7.5.2 Product type footprint
- 14.7.5.3 Installation type footprint
- 14.7.5.4 Application footprint
- 14.7.5.5 Region footprint
- 14.8 COMPANY EVALUATION MATRIX: STARTUPS/SMES, 2023
- 14.8.1 PROGRESSIVE COMPANIES
- 14.8.2 RESPONSIVE COMPANIES
- 14.8.3 DYNAMIC COMPANIES
- 14.8.4 STARTING BLOCKS
- 14.8.5 COMPETITIVE BENCHMARKING, STARTUPS/SMES, 2023
- 14.8.5.1 Detailed list of key startups/SMEs
- 14.8.5.2 Competitive benchmarking of key startups/SMEs
- 14.9 COMPETITIVE SCENARIO
- 14.9.1 PRODUCT LAUNCHES
- 14.9.2 DEALS
15 COMPANY PROFILES
- 15.1 KEY PLAYERS
- 15.1.1 RESIDEO TECHNOLOGIES INC.
- 15.1.1.1 Business overview
- 15.1.1.2 Products/Solutions/Services offered
- 15.1.1.3 Recent developments
- 15.1.1.3.1 Product launches
- 15.1.1.3.2 Deals
- 15.1.1.4 MnM view
- 15.1.1.4.1 Key strengths/Right to win
- 15.1.1.4.2 Strategic choices
- 15.1.1.4.3 Weaknesses/Competitive threats
- 15.1.2 NVENT
- 15.1.2.1 Business overview
- 15.1.2.2 Products/Solutions/Services offered
- 15.1.2.3 Recent developments
- 15.1.2.3.1 Product launches
- 15.1.2.3.2 Deals
- 15.1.2.4 MnM view
- 15.1.2.4.1 Key strengths/Right to win
- 15.1.2.4.2 Strategic choices
- 15.1.2.4.3 Weaknesses/Competitive threats
- 15.1.3 WARMUP PLC
- 15.1.3.1 Business overview
- 15.1.3.2 Products/Solutions/Services offered
- 15.1.3.3 Recent developments
- 15.1.3.4 MnM view
- 15.1.3.4.1 Key strengths/Right to win
- 15.1.3.4.2 Strategic choices
- 15.1.3.4.3 Weaknesses/Competitive threats
- 15.1.4 REHAU LTD
- 15.1.4.1 Business overview
- 15.1.4.2 Products/Solutions/Services offered
- 15.1.4.3 Recent developments
- 15.1.4.3.1 Product launches
- 15.1.4.4 MnM view
- 15.1.4.4.1 Key strengths/Right to win
- 15.1.4.4.2 Strategic choices
- 15.1.4.4.3 Weaknesses/Competitive threats
- 15.1.5 MAGNUM HEATING GROUP B.V.
- 15.1.5.1 Business overview
- 15.1.5.2 Products/Solutions/Services offered
- 15.1.6 UPONOR CORPORATION
- 15.1.6.1 Business overview
- 15.1.6.2 Products/Solutions/Services offered
- 15.1.6.3 Recent developments
- 15.1.6.4 MnM view
- 15.1.6.4.1 Key strengths/Right to win
- 15.1.6.4.2 Strategic choices
- 15.1.6.4.3 Weaknesses/Competitive threats
- 15.1.7 EMERSON ELECTRIC CO.
- 15.1.7.1 Business overview
- 15.1.7.2 Products/Solutions/Services offered
- 15.1.8 ROBERT BOSCH GMBH
- 15.1.8.1 Business overview
- 15.1.8.2 Products/Solutions/Services offered
- 15.1.9 DANFOSS
- 15.1.9.1 Business overview
- 15.1.9.2 Products/Solutions/Services offered
- 15.1.9.3 Recent developments
- 15.1.9.3.1 Product launches
- 15.1.10 MITSUBISHI ELECTRIC CORPORATION
- 15.1.10.1 Business overview
- 15.1.10.2 Products/Solutions/Services offered
- 15.1.11 SIEMENS AG
- 15.1.11.1 Business overview
- 15.1.11.2 Products/Solutions/Services offered
- 15.1.12 SCHNEIDER ELECTRIC
- 15.1.12.1 Business overview
- 15.1.12.2 Products/Solutions/Services offered
- 15.1.13 INCOGNITO HEAT CO.
- 15.1.13.1 Business overview
- 15.1.13.2 Products/Solutions/Services offered
- 15.2 OTHER PLAYERS
- 15.2.1 MYSON
- 15.2.2 THERMOSOFT INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION
- 15.2.3 FLEXEL INTERNATIONAL
- 15.2.4 NEXANS
- 15.2.5 AMUHEAT
- 15.2.6 ESI HEATING AND COOLING
- 15.2.7 JANES RADIANT HEATING
- 15.2.8 WARMAFLOOR
- 15.2.9 RAYOTEC LTD
- 15.2.10 RBT UNDERFLOOR LTD
- 15.2.11 UHEAT
- 15.2.12 SCHLUTER-SYSTEMS
16 APPENDIX
- 16.1 INSIGHTS FROM INDUSTRY EXPERTS
- 16.2 DISCUSSION GUIDE
- 16.3 KNOWLEDGESTORE: MARKETSANDMARKETS' SUBSCRIPTION PORTAL
- 16.4 CUSTOMIZATION OPTIONS
- 16.5 RELATED REPORTS
- 16.6 AUTHOR DETAILS