세계의 HVAC 라인세트 시장 : 유통 채널별, 재질별, 최종 이용 산업별, 실장별, 지역별 예측(-2030년)

The HVAC linesets market is projected to reach USD 12.59 billion by 2030 from USD 11.67 billion in 2025, at a CAGR of 7.9% during the forecast period. The growing demand for energy-efficient and environmentally friendly HVAC systems is driven by stricter building energy and sustainability codes. Rapid urbanization and the ongoing construction of new residential and commercial buildings are increasing the installation of HVAC units, which in turn boosts the demand for linesets.

Additionally, the development of smart, IoT-enabled, and high-performance HVAC systems has led to a higher need for leak-resistant linesets. The transition to refrigerants with lower global warming potential (GWP), in accordance with the US EPA AIM Act and F-Gas regulations, is prompting redesigns of linesets for improved performance and safety. Furthermore, the HVAC retrofit and replacement market will continue to support demand in the lineset aftermarket.

"Low carbon is the fastest-growing material type in the HVAC linesets market during the forecast period."

Low-carbon copper is emerging as the fastest-growing material type in the HVAC linesets market due to its superior balance of performance, sustainability, and regulatory compliance. The material offers excellent thermal conductivity, corrosion resistance, and brazing capability similar to traditional copper but with a significantly reduced carbon footprint, aligning with industry-wide decarbonization goals. HVAC manufacturers and contractors increasingly prefer low-carbon copper linesets to meet the US Environmental Protection Agency's AIM Act requirements and corporate sustainability targets that demand lower embodied emissions across HVAC components. Additionally, low-carbon copper supports compatibility with next-generation, low-GWP refrigerants such as R-32 and R-454B, which require high-integrity and leak-resistant tubing. Major copper producers like Wieland Group and KME SE are investing heavily in closed-loop recycling and low-emission smelting technologies, further enhancing material availability and cost efficiency. The combination of energy-efficient HVAC adoption, green building certifications such as LEED and ENERGY STAR, and end-user demand for eco-labeled equipment is accelerating the market shift toward low-carbon copper linesets. This transition not only strengthens manufacturers' ESG credentials but also ensures long-term competitiveness in a market driven by both performance standards and sustainability imperatives.

"New construction is the second-fastest-growing implementation segment in the HVAC linesets market during the forecast period."

New construction is the second fastest-growing implementation segment in the HVAC linesets market, driven by a surge in residential, commercial, and institutional building projects across rapidly urbanizing regions. The ongoing expansion of smart cities, coupled with rising investments in energy-efficient infrastructure, has fueled sustained demand for advanced HVAC systems equipped with high-performance linesets. New constructions increasingly integrate modern refrigerants and high-efficiency heat pump technologies, requiring durable and precisely engineered linesets to ensure optimal thermal performance and leak prevention. Government initiatives promoting sustainable building standards, such as the US Department of Energy's Building Technologies Program and Canada's Net-Zero Emissions Building Strategy, further stimulate installations of eco-friendly copper and aluminum linesets in new HVAC systems. Developers also favor factory-insulated and pre-flared linesets for faster installation, reduced labor costs, and enhanced system reliability-features highly valued in large-scale housing and commercial developments. Moreover, post-pandemic recovery in construction spending and the rapid growth of suburban housing are accelerating the demand for new HVAC installations rather than retrofits. While retrofit applications remain dominant in mature markets, the robust pipeline of energy-efficient building projects across North America and the Asia Pacific is positioning new construction as the second fastest-growing segment in the HVAC linesets market through 2030.

"The Middle East & Africa is the second-fastest growing region in the HVAC linesets market during the forecast period."

The Middle East & Africa is the second-fastest growing market in the HVAC linesets market, driven by rapid urbanization, expanding construction activity, and a growing focus on energy-efficient cooling solutions. The region's extreme climatic conditions, characterized by high ambient temperatures, create a continuous demand for advanced HVAC systems, particularly in residential, commercial, and hospitality sectors. Major infrastructure projects such as Saudi Arabia's NEOM City, the UAE's smart city initiatives, and large-scale developments across Qatar, Egypt, and South Africa are fueling installations of modern HVAC systems that require reliable and durable linesets. Additionally, governments are increasingly adopting green building regulations and sustainability frameworks, encouraging the use of eco-friendly materials and low-GWP refrigerants, which in turn drives demand for high-quality copper and aluminum linesets. Rising disposable incomes, population growth, and the expansion of urban housing and retail complexes further stimulate HVAC adoption. Moreover, the presence of international HVAC manufacturers expanding local operations, such as LG Electronics, Daikin, and Johnson Controls, enhances regional supply chains and technology penetration. Combined with growing investment in data centers, healthcare facilities, and airport expansions, these factors position the Middle East & Africa as the second-fastest-growing regional market for HVAC linesets through 2030.

Extensive primary interviews were conducted to determine and verify the market size for several segments and subsegments and the information gathered through secondary research.

The breakdown of primary interviews is given below:

• By Department: Tier 1: 40%, Tier 2: 25%, and Tier 3: 35%
• By Designation: C Level: 35%, Director Level: 30%, and Executives: 35%
• By Region: North America: 25%, Europe: 45%, Asia Pacific: 20%, South America: 5%, and Middle East & Africa 5%

Mueller Streamline Co. (US), Cerro Flow Products LLC (US), JMF Company (US), Zhejiang ICE Loong Environmental Sci-Tech Co. Ltd. (China), Feinrohren S.p.A (Italy), Halcor (Greece), Hydro (Norway), KME SE (Germany), Diversitech Corporation (US), Inaba Denko (Japan), and Zhejiang Hailiang Co., Ltd (China), among others, are some of the key players in the HVAC linesets market. The study includes an in-depth competitive analysis of these key players in the HVAC linesets market, with their company profiles, recent developments, and key market strategies.

Research Coverage

The market study covers the HVAC linesets market across various segments. It aims to estimate the market size and the growth potential of this market across different segments based on material type, implementation, end-use industry, and region. The study also includes an in-depth competitive analysis of key players in the market, their company profiles, key observations related to their products and business offerings, recent developments undertaken by them, and key growth strategies adopted by them to improve their position in the HVAC linesets market.

Key Benefits of Buying the Report

The report is expected to help the market leaders/new entrants in this market share the closest approximations of the revenue numbers of the overall HVAC linesets market and its segments and subsegments. This report is projected to help stakeholders understand the competitive landscape of the market, gain insights to improve the position of their businesses, and plan suitable go-to-market strategies. The report also aims to help stakeholders understand the pulse of the market and provide them with information on the key market drivers, restraints, challenges, and opportunities.

The report provides insights into the following pointers:

• Analysis of key drivers (urbanization and increase in residential construction, growing trend of smart homes, rising demand for air conditioners, and increasing requirement for replacement and retrofitting HVAC systems), restraints (local cooling solutions, high installation and maintenance costs of HVAC systems, and rising environmental concerns), opportunities (rising global temperatures and heat islands and a combination of climate and income dynamics), challenges (passive cooling and free cooling solutions and adoption of new refrigerants).
• Product Development/Innovation: Detailed insights on upcoming technologies, research & development activities, and new product & service launches in the HVAC linesets market
• Market Development: Comprehensive information about lucrative markets - the report analyses the HVAC linesets market across varied regions

Market Diversification: Exhaustive information about new products & services, untapped geographies, recent developments, and investments in the HVAC linesets market

• Competitive Assessment: In-depth assessment of market shares, growth strategies, and service offerings of leading players like Mueller Streamline Co. (US), Cerro Flow Products LLC (US), JMF Company (US), Zhejiang ICE Loong Environmental Sci-Tech Co. Ltd. (China), Fein Rohren S.p.A (Italy), Halcor (Greece), Hydro (Norway), KME SE (Germany), Diversitech Corporation (US), Inaba Denko (Japan), and Zhejiang Hailiang Co., Ltd (China), among others, are the top manufacturers covered in the HVAC linesets market.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 INTRODUCTION

• 1.1 STUDY OBJECTIVES
• 1.2 MARKET DEFINITION
• 1.3 STUDY SCOPE
  • 1.3.1 MARKETS COVERED AND REGIONAL SCOPE
  • 1.3.2 INCLUSIONS AND EXCLUSIONS
  • 1.3.3 YEARS CONSIDERED
• 1.4 CURRENCY CONSIDERED
• 1.5 UNIT CONSIDERED
• 1.6 STAKEHOLDERS
• 1.7 SUMMARY OF CHANGES

2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

• 2.1 RESEARCH DATA
  • 2.1.1 SECONDARY DATA
    • 2.1.1.1 List of secondary sources
    • 2.1.1.2 Key data from secondary sources
  • 2.1.2 PRIMARY DATA
    • 2.1.2.1 List of primary interview participants: demand and supply side
    • 2.1.2.2 Key data from primary sources
    • 2.1.2.3 Breakdown of primary interviews
    • 2.1.2.4 Insights from industry experts
• 2.2 MARKET SIZE ESTIMATION
  • 2.2.1 BOTTOM-UP APPROACH
  • 2.2.2 TOP-DOWN APPROACH
• 2.3 FORECAST NUMBER CALCULATION
• 2.4 DATA TRIANGULATION
• 2.5 FACTOR ANALYSIS
• 2.6 RESEARCH ASSUMPTIONS
• 2.7 RESEARCH LIMITATIONS AND RISK ASSESSMENT

3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

4 PREMIUM INSIGHTS

• 4.1 ATTRACTIVE OPPORTUNITIES FOR PLAYERS IN HVAC LINESET MARKET
• 4.2 HVAC LINESET MARKET, BY MATERIAL TYPE
• 4.3 HVAC LINESET MARKET, BY IMPLEMENTATION
• 4.4 HVAC LINESET MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY
• 4.5 HVAC LINESET MARKET, BY COUNTRY

5 MARKET OVERVIEW

• 5.1 INTRODUCTION
• 5.2 MARKET DYNAMICS
  • 5.2.1 DRIVERS
    • 5.2.1.1 Rising demand for energy-efficient HVAC systems
    • 5.2.1.2 Increasing urbanization and ongoing residential construction
    • 5.2.1.3 Heightened global demand for air conditioners
    • 5.2.1.4 Replacement and retrofitting of HVAC systems
  • 5.2.2 RESTRAINTS
    • 5.2.2.1 High installation and maintenance costs of HVAC systems
    • 5.2.2.2 Skilled labor shortages and installation complexities
    • 5.2.2.3 Growing environmental concerns
  • 5.2.3 OPPORTUNITIES
    • 5.2.3.1 High demand for cooling solutions amid increasing global warming
    • 5.2.3.2 Surge in demand for low-GWP and environmentally friendly refrigerants
  • 5.2.4 CHALLENGES
    • 5.2.4.1 Supply chain disruptions
    • 5.2.4.2 Rapid evolution of regulatory and refrigerant landscape
• 5.3 PORTER'S FIVE FORCES ANALYSIS
  • 5.3.1 THREAT OF NEW ENTRANTS
  • 5.3.2 THREAT OF SUBSTITUTES
  • 5.3.3 BARGAINING POWER OF SUPPLIERS
  • 5.3.4 BARGAINING POWER OF BUYERS
  • 5.3.5 INTENSITY OF COMPETITIVE RIVALRY
• 5.4 KEY STAKEHOLDERS AND BUYING CRITERIA
  • 5.4.1 KEY STAKEHOLDERS IN BUYING PROCESS
  • 5.4.2 BUYING CRITERIA
• 5.5 MACROECONOMIC INDICATORS
  • 5.5.1 GLOBAL GDP TRENDS
• 5.6 VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS
• 5.7 REGULATORY LANDSCAPE
  • 5.7.1 NORTH AMERICA
    • 5.7.1.1 US
    • 5.7.1.2 Canada
  • 5.7.2 ASIA PACIFIC
  • 5.7.3 EUROPE
  • 5.7.4 REGULATORY BODIES, GOVERNMENT AGENCIES, AND OTHER ORGANIZATIONS
• 5.8 TRADE ANALYSIS
  • 5.8.1 IMPORT SCENARIO (HS CODE 7411)
  • 5.8.2 EXPORT SCENARIO (HS CODE 7411)
• 5.9 ECOSYSTEM ANALYSIS
• 5.10 TRENDS AND DISRUPTIONS IMPACTING CUSTOMER BUSINESS
• 5.11 CASE STUDY ANALYSIS
  • 5.11.1 VRF SOLUTIONS ELEVATES NYC ELECTRIFICATION RETROFIT WITH INABA DENKO'S SLIMDUCT RD ROOFTOP LINESET PROTECTION
  • 5.11.2 THERMADUCT STREAMLINES DETROIT MULTIFAMILY HVAC INSTALLATION WITH INSULATED LINESET PORTAL SYSTEM
• 5.12 TECHNOLOGY ANALYSIS
  • 5.12.1 KEY TECHNOLOGIES
    • 5.12.1.1 Pre-insulated linesets
    • 5.12.1.2 Corrosion-resistant coatings
  • 5.12.2 COMPLEMENTARY TECHNOLOGIES
    • 5.12.2.1 AI-enabled HVAC control systems
    • 5.12.2.2 Heat pumps and VRF systems
• 5.13 PRICING ANALYSIS
  • 5.13.1 AVERAGE SELLING PRICE TREND, BY REGION
  • 5.13.2 AVERAGE SELLING PRICE OF HVAC LINESETS OFFERED BY KEY PLAYERS
• 5.14 KEY CONFERENCES AND EVENTS
• 5.15 PATENT ANALYSIS
• 5.16 IMPACT OF AI/GEN AI
• 5.17 INVESTMENT AND FUNDING SCENARIO
• 5.18 2025 US TARIFF
  • 5.18.1 INTRODUCTION
  • 5.18.2 KEY TARIFF RATES
  • 5.18.3 PRICE IMPACT ANALYSIS
  • 5.18.4 IMPACT ON KEY REGIONS
    • 5.18.4.1 North America
    • 5.18.4.2 Europe
    • 5.18.4.3 Asia Pacific
  • 5.18.5 IMPACT ON END-USE INDUSTRIES

6 HVAC LINESET MARKET, BY DISTRIBUTION CHANNEL

• 6.1 INTRODUCTION
• 6.2 DIRECT SALES
• 6.3 RETAIL
• 6.4 ONLINE SALES
• 6.5 OTHERS

7 HVAC LINESET MARKET, BY MATERIAL TYPE

• 7.1 INTRODUCTION
• 7.2 TUBING
  • 7.2.1 RISING DEMAND FOR ENERGY-EFFICIENT AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS AND RETROFITTING OF OLDER BUILDINGS TO DRIVE MARKET
  • 7.2.2 COPPER
    • 7.2.2.1 Advantages
      • 7.2.2.1.1 Malleability
      • 7.2.2.1.2 Easy to join
      • 7.2.2.1.3 Durable
      • 7.2.2.1.4 100% recyclable
    • 7.2.2.2 Applications
  • 7.2.3 OTHERS
  • 7.2.4 COPPER VS. LOW-CARBON LINESETS
• 7.3 INSULATION
  • 7.3.1 ONGOING DEVELOPMENT OF ECO-FRIENDLY AND HALOGEN-FREE MATERIALS TO DRIVE MARKET

8 HVAC LINESET MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY

• 8.1 INTRODUCTION
• 8.2 RESIDENTIAL
  • 8.2.1 ELEVATED DEMAND FOR AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS DUE TO EXPANDING GLOBAL POPULATION TO DRIVE MARKET
• 8.3 COMMERCIAL
  • 8.3.1 IMPLEMENTATION OF STRINGENT ENERGY EFFICIENCY REGULATIONS TO DRIVE MARKET
• 8.4 INDUSTRIAL
  • 8.4.1 EMPHASIS ON ENERGY EFFICIENCY, SUSTAINABILITY, AND COMPLIANCE WITH REGULATIONS TO DRIVE MARKET

9 HVAC LINESET MARKET, BY IMPLEMENTATION

• 9.1 INTRODUCTION
• 9.2 NEW CONSTRUCTION
  • 9.2.1 RAPID URBANIZATION AND ROBUST ECONOMIC GROWTH TO DRIVE MARKET
• 9.3 RETROFIT
  • 9.3.1 PUSH FOR SUSTAINABILITY TO DRIVE MARKET

10 HVAC LINESET MARKET, BY REGION

• 10.1 INTRODUCTION
• 10.2 ASIA PACIFIC
  • 10.2.1 CHINA
    • 10.2.1.1 Rapid urbanization and economic development to drive market
  • 10.2.2 INDIA
    • 10.2.2.1 Favorable government initiatives to drive market
  • 10.2.3 JAPAN
    • 10.2.3.1 Presence of leading HVAC system manufacturers to drive market
  • 10.2.4 SOUTH KOREA
    • 10.2.4.1 Rising demand for smart home integration to drive market
  • 10.2.5 REST OF ASIA PACIFIC
• 10.3 NORTH AMERICA
  • 10.3.1 US
    • 10.3.1.1 Surge in construction activities to drive market
  • 10.3.2 CANADA
    • 10.3.2.1 Rise of new housing projects to drive market
  • 10.3.3 MEXICO
    • 10.3.3.1 Heightened installations of HVAC systems to drive market
• 10.4 EUROPE
  • 10.4.1 GERMANY
    • 10.4.1.1 Surge in construction of residential infrastructure to drive market
  • 10.4.2 UK
    • 10.4.2.1 Government subsidies for HVAC systems to drive market
  • 10.4.3 FRANCE
    • 10.4.3.1 Policy and financial incentives for building renovation and low-carbon heating to drive market
  • 10.4.4 ITALY
    • 10.4.4.1 Investments in residential buildings and renovation activities to drive market
  • 10.4.5 SPAIN
    • 10.4.5.1 High demand for commercial air conditioning units to drive market
  • 10.4.6 REST OF EUROPE
• 10.5 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA
  • 10.5.1 SAUDI ARABIA
    • 10.5.1.1 Trend of small and affordable housing units to drive market
  • 10.5.2 UAE
    • 10.5.2.1 Projects aimed at promoting economic development to drive market
  • 10.5.3 SOUTH AFRICA
    • 10.5.3.1 Regional copper trade expansion to drive market
  • 10.5.4 REST OF MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA
• 10.6 SOUTH AMERICA
  • 10.6.1 BRAZIL
    • 10.6.1.1 Rapid industrial growth to drive market
  • 10.6.2 ARGENTINA
    • 10.6.2.1 Economic stabilization to drive market
  • 10.6.3 REST OF SOUTH AMERICA

11 COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE

• 11.1 INTRODUCTION
• 11.2 KEY PLAYER STRATEGIES/RIGHT TO WIN, 2021-2025
• 11.3 REVENUE ANALYSIS, 2022-2024
• 11.4 MARKET SHARE ANALYSIS, 2024
  • 11.4.1 HALCOR
  • 11.4.2 NORSK HYDRO ASA
  • 11.4.3 KME GERMANY GMBH
  • 11.4.4 MUELLER STREAMLINE CO.
  • 11.4.5 ZHEJIANG HAILIANG CO., LTD.
• 11.5 COMPANY VALUATION AND FINANCIAL METRICS
• 11.6 BRAND/PRODUCT COMPARISON
• 11.7 COMPANY EVALUATION MATRIX: KEY PLAYERS, 2024
  • 11.7.1 STARS
  • 11.7.2 EMERGING LEADERS
  • 11.7.3 PERVASIVE PLAYERS
  • 11.7.4 PARTICIPANTS
  • 11.7.5 COMPANY FOOTPRINT: KEY PLAYERS, 2024
    • 11.7.5.1 Company footprint
    • 11.7.5.2 Region footprint
    • 11.7.5.3 Material type footprint
    • 11.7.5.4 Implementation footprint
    • 11.7.5.5 End-use industry footprint
• 11.8 COMPANY EVALUATION MATRIX: START-UPS/SMES, 2024
  • 11.8.1 PROGRESSIVE COMPANIES
  • 11.8.2 RESPONSIVE COMPANIES
  • 11.8.3 DYNAMIC COMPANIES
  • 11.8.4 STARTING BLOCKS
  • 11.8.5 COMPETITIVE BENCHMARKING: START-UPS/SMES, 2024
    • 11.8.5.1 List of start-ups/SMEs
    • 11.8.5.2 Competitive benchmarking of start-ups/SMEs
• 11.9 COMPETITIVE SCENARIO
  • 11.9.1 DEALS
  • 11.9.2 EXPANSIONS

12 COMPANY PROFILES

• 12.1 KEY PLAYERS
  • 12.1.1 HALCOR
    • 12.1.1.1 Business overview
    • 12.1.1.2 Products offered
    • 12.1.1.3 MnM view
      • 12.1.1.3.1 Right to win
      • 12.1.1.3.2 Strategic choices
      • 12.1.1.3.3 Weaknesses and competitive threats
  • 12.1.2 NORSK HYDRO ASA
    • 12.1.2.1 Business overview
    • 12.1.2.2 Products offered
    • 12.1.2.3 Recent developments
      • 12.1.2.3.1 Deals
    • 12.1.2.4 MnM view
      • 12.1.2.4.1 Right to win
      • 12.1.2.4.2 Strategic choices
      • 12.1.2.4.3 Weaknesses and competitive threats
  • 12.1.3 KME GERMANY GMBH
    • 12.1.3.1 Business overview
    • 12.1.3.2 Products offered
    • 12.1.3.3 MnM view
      • 12.1.3.3.1 Right to win
      • 12.1.3.3.2 Strategic choices
      • 12.1.3.3.3 Weaknesses and competitive threats
  • 12.1.4 MUELLER STREAMLINE CO. (MUELLER INDUSTRIES, INC.)
    • 12.1.4.1 Business overview
    • 12.1.4.2 Products offered
    • 12.1.4.3 Recent developments
      • 12.1.4.3.1 Deals
    • 12.1.4.4 MnM view
      • 12.1.4.4.1 Right to win
      • 12.1.4.4.2 Strategic choices
      • 12.1.4.4.3 Weaknesses and competitive threats
  • 12.1.5 CERRO FLOW PRODUCTS LLC
    • 12.1.5.1 Business overview
    • 12.1.5.2 Products offered
    • 12.1.5.3 MnM view
      • 12.1.5.3.1 Right to win
      • 12.1.5.3.2 Strategic choices
      • 12.1.5.3.3 Weaknesses and competitive threats
  • 12.1.6 PDM CORPORATION
    • 12.1.6.1 Business overview
    • 12.1.6.2 Products offered
    • 12.1.6.3 Recent developments
      • 12.1.6.3.1 Expansions
    • 12.1.6.4 MnM view
  • 12.1.7 LINESETS INC. (MUELLER INDUSTRIES, INC.)
    • 12.1.7.1 Business overview
    • 12.1.7.2 Products offered
    • 12.1.7.3 MnM view
  • 12.1.8 ZHEJIANG HAILIANG CO., LTD.
    • 12.1.8.1 Business overview
    • 12.1.8.2 Products offered
    • 12.1.8.3 Recent developments
      • 12.1.8.3.1 Deals
    • 12.1.8.4 MnM view
  • 12.1.9 DIVERSITECH CORPORATION
    • 12.1.9.1 Business overview
    • 12.1.9.2 Products offered
    • 12.1.9.3 Recent developments
      • 12.1.9.3.1 Deals
    • 12.1.9.4 MnM view
  • 12.1.10 PTUBES, INC. (FEINROHREN S.P.A.)
    • 12.1.10.1 Business overview
    • 12.1.10.2 Products offered
    • 12.1.10.3 MnM view
• 12.2 OTHER PLAYERS
  • 12.2.1 INABA DENKO AMERICA
  • 12.2.2 GREAT LAKES COPPER LTD. (MUELLER INDUSTRIES, INC.)
  • 12.2.3 HMAX
  • 12.2.4 ICOOL USA, INC.
  • 12.2.5 CAMBRIDGE-LEE INDUSTRIES LLC
  • 12.2.6 MM KEMBLA
  • 12.2.7 MANDEV TUBES
  • 12.2.8 UNIFLOW COPPER TUBES
  • 12.2.9 KMCT CORPORATION
  • 12.2.10 MEHTA TUBES LTD.
  • 12.2.11 JMF COMPANY
  • 12.2.12 KLIMA INDUSTRIES
  • 12.2.13 UNITED PIPE & STEEL
  • 12.2.14 THERMADUCT

13 APPENDIX

• 13.1 DISCUSSION GUIDE
• 13.2 KNOWLEDGESTORE: MARKETSANDMARKETS' SUBSCRIPTION PORTAL
• 13.3 CUSTOMIZATION OPTIONS
• 13.4 RELATED REPORTS
• 13.5 AUTHOR DETAILS