Persistence Market Research has recently released a comprehensive report on the worldwide market for Waste Derived Pyrolysis Oil. The report offers a thorough assessment of crucial market dynamics, including drivers, trends, opportunities, and challenges, providing detailed insights into the market structure. This research publication presents exclusive data and statistics outlining the anticipated growth trajectory of the global Waste Derived Pyrolysis Oil market from 2025 to 2032.
Key Insights:
- Waste Derived Pyrolysis Oil Market Size (2025E): USD 468.6 Mn
- Projected Market Value (2032F): USD 683.1 Mn
- Global Market Growth Rate (CAGR 2025 to 2032): 5.5%
Waste Derived Pyrolysis Oil Market - Report Scope:
Waste derived pyrolysis oil, produced by the pyrolysis process from plastic and other waste materials, is gaining traction as an alternative to conventional fossil fuels. It offers significant environmental benefits by converting waste into a valuable resource. The market for waste-derived pyrolysis oil serves a range of industries, including energy, chemicals, and transportation, offering an environmentally friendly solution to waste management. The market growth is driven by increasing demand for renewable energy sources, sustainability concerns, and the rising need for waste recycling technologies.
Market Growth Drivers:
The global waste-derived pyrolysis oil market is propelled by several key factors, including the rising global focus on reducing plastic waste, enhancing waste-to-energy solutions, and transitioning toward renewable energy. Growing concerns about carbon emissions and environmental pollution have led governments to adopt stricter regulations regarding waste disposal and recycling. Technological advancements in pyrolysis processes and increasing investments in waste-to-fuel technology are further driving market growth. Moreover, the high energy efficiency and reduced environmental footprint of waste-derived pyrolysis oil are attractive for industries seeking sustainable alternatives to traditional fuel sources.
Market Restraints:
Despite promising growth prospects, the waste-derived pyrolysis oil market faces challenges related to technological limitations, high initial investment costs, and the scalability of pyrolysis plants. Moreover, market penetration is hindered by the lack of infrastructure in certain regions, especially in emerging economies. Additionally, concerns over the quality and consistency of pyrolysis oil output pose risks for industrial applications, particularly in the chemical and energy sectors. Overcoming these technical and economic barriers requires continued innovation, scaling of production processes, and strategic partnerships between private and public sector entities.
Market Opportunities:
The waste-derived pyrolysis oil market presents significant growth opportunities driven by increasing global investments in renewable energy, sustainable waste management practices, and government incentives. The growing adoption of circular economy models in industrial operations, where waste products are converted into valuable materials, creates opportunities for waste-derived pyrolysis oil. Technological improvements in pyrolysis efficiency, integration with other waste treatment processes, and the development of versatile pyrolysis oil applications will further enhance market opportunities. Collaboration between pyrolysis plant operators and end-user industries such as automotive, power generation, and chemical manufacturing is key to capitalizing on these opportunities.
Key Questions Answered in the Report:
- What are the primary factors driving the growth of the waste-derived pyrolysis oil market globally?
- Which industries and regions are contributing the most to the demand for waste-derived pyrolysis oil?
- How are technological advancements shaping the production and utilization of waste-derived pyrolysis oil?
- Who are the key players contributing to the waste-derived pyrolysis oil market, and what strategies are they employing to maintain market relevance?
- What are the emerging trends and future prospects in the global waste-derived pyrolysis oil market?
Competitive Intelligence and Business Strategy:
Leading players in the global waste-derived pyrolysis oil market, such as Veolia Environnement S.A., Bio-Bean Ltd., and Agilyx Corporation, focus on innovation, product differentiation, and strategic partnerships to gain a competitive edge. These companies invest in R&D to improve pyrolysis technologies, enhance the quality of output oil, and explore new applications for waste-derived pyrolysis oil. Strategic collaborations with governments, environmental organizations, and technology providers are essential to overcome regulatory hurdles and scale operations. Furthermore, emphasis on supply chain optimization and cost-effective production processes is critical for market expansion.
Key Companies Profiled:
- Veolia Environnement S.A.
- Bio-Bean Ltd.
- Agilyx Corporation
- Pyrolyx AG
- Klean Industries
- Plastic Energy
- Green Dot Bioplastics
- Alfa Laval AB
- Agri-Tech Producers LLC
- Carbon Clean Solutions
Waste Derived Pyrolysis Oil Market Research Segmentation:
By Feedstock Type:
- Plastic Waste
- Rubber Waste
- Organic Waste
By Application:
- Energy Generation
- Chemical Production
- Transportation Fuel
By End-User:
- Energy Sector
- Automotive Industry
- Chemical Industry
- Waste Management
By Region:
- North America
- Europe
- Asia Pacific
- Latin America
- Middle East & Africa
Table of Contents
1. Executive Summary
- 1.1. Global Waste Derived Pyrolysis Oil Market Snapshot, 2025 - 2032
- 1.2. Market Opportunity Assessment, 2025 - 2032, US$ Mn
- 1.3. Key Market Trends
- 1.4. Future Market Projections
- 1.5. Premium Market Insights
- 1.6. Industry Developments and Key Market Events
- 1.7. PMR Analysis and Recommendations
2. Market Overview
- 2.1. Market Scope and Definition
- 2.2. Market Dynamics
- 2.2.1. Drivers
- 2.2.2. Restraints
- 2.2.3. Opportunity
- 2.2.4. Challenges
- 2.2.5. Key Trends
- 2.3. Product Type Lifecycle Analysis
- 2.4. Global Waste Derived Pyrolysis Oil Market: Value Chain
- 2.4.1. List of Raw Material Supplier
- 2.4.2. List of Manufacturers
- 2.4.3. List of Distributors
- 2.4.4. List of Sources
- 2.4.5. Profitability Analysis
- 2.5. Porter Five Force's Analysis
- 2.6. Geopolitical Tensions: Market Impact
- 2.7. Macro-Economic Factors
- 2.7.1. Global Sectorial Outlook
- 2.7.2. Global GDP Growth Outlook
- 2.7.3. Global Parent Market Overview
- 2.8. Forecast Factors - Relevance and Impact
- 2.9. Regulatory and Technology Landscape
3. Global Waste Derived Pyrolysis Oil Market Outlook: Historical (2019 - 2023) and Forecast (2025 - 2032)
- 3.1. Key Highlights
- 3.1.1. Market Volume (Units) Projections
- 3.1.2. Market Size and Y-o-Y Growth
- 3.1.3. Absolute $ Opportunity
- 3.2. Market Size (US$ Mn ) Analysis and Forecast
- 3.2.1. Historical Market Size Analysis, 2019 - 2023
- 3.2.2. Current Market Size Forecast, 2025 - 2032
- 3.3. Global Waste Derived Pyrolysis Oil Market Outlook:Product Type
- 3.3.1. Introduction / Key Findings
- 3.3.2. Historical Market Size (US$ Mn ) and Volume (Units) Analysis By Product Type, 2019 - 2023
- 3.3.3. Current Market Size (US$ Mn ) and Volume (Units) Forecast By Product Type, 2025 - 2032
- 3.3.3.1. Unrefined
- 3.3.3.2. Refined
- 3.3.3.2.1. Diesel
- 3.3.3.2.2. Petrol/Gasoline
- 3.3.3.2.3. Fuel oil
- 3.3.3.2.4. Others
- 3.4. Market Attractiveness Analysis: Product Type
- 3.5. Global Waste Derived Pyrolysis Oil Market Outlook:Pyrolysis Process
- 3.5.1. Introduction / Key Findings
- 3.5.2. Historical Market Size (US$ Mn ) and Volume (Units) Analysis By Pyrolysis Process, 2019 - 2023
- 3.5.3. Current Market Size (US$ Mn ) and Volume (Units) Forecast By Pyrolysis Process, 2025 - 2032
- 3.5.3.1. Fast
- 3.5.3.2. Flash
- 3.5.3.3. Others
- 3.6. Market Attractiveness Analysis: Pyrolysis Process
- 3.7. Global Waste Derived Pyrolysis Oil Market Outlook:Source
- 3.7.1. Introduction / Key Findings
- 3.7.2. Historical Market Size (US$ Mn ) and Volume (Units) Analysis By Source, 2019 - 2023
- 3.7.3. Current Market Size (US$ Mn ) and Volume (Units) Forecast By Source, 2025 - 2032
- 3.7.3.1. Plastic
- 3.7.3.1.1. LDPE
- 3.7.3.1.2. HDPE
- 3.7.3.1.3. Polystyrene
- 3.7.3.1.4. Others
- 3.7.3.2. Rubber
- 3.7.3.3. Biomass
- 3.8. Market Attractiveness Analysis: Source
- 3.9. Global Waste Derived Pyrolysis Oil Market Outlook:End Use
- 3.9.1. Introduction / Key Findings
- 3.9.2. Historical Market Size (US$ Mn ) and Volume (Units) Analysis By End Use, 2019 - 2023
- 3.9.3. Current Market Size (US$ Mn ) and Volume (Units) Forecast By End Use, 2025 - 2032
- 3.9.3.1. Heat & Power
- 3.9.3.2. Boilers
- 3.9.3.3. Gas Turbines
- 3.9.3.4. Diesel Engines
- 3.9.3.5. Automotive Fuel
- 3.9.3.6. Bio Refineries
- 3.9.3.7. Food Flavoring
- 3.10. Market Attractiveness Analysis: End Use
4. Global Waste Derived Pyrolysis Oil Market Outlook: Region
- 4.1. Key Highlights
- 4.2. Historical Market Size (US$ Mn ) and Volume (Units) Analysis By Region, 2019 - 2023
- 4.3. Current Market Size (US$ Mn ) and Volume (Units) Forecast By Region, 2025 - 2032
- 4.3.1. North America
- 4.3.2. Europe
- 4.3.3. East Asia
- 4.3.4. South Asia and Oceania
- 4.3.5. Latin America
- 4.3.6. Middle East & Africa (MEA)
- 4.4. Market Attractiveness Analysis: Region
5. North America Global Waste Derived Pyrolysis Oil Market Outlook: Historical (2019 - 2023) and Forecast (2025 - 2032)
- 5.1. Key Highlights
- 5.2. Pricing Analysis
- 5.3. Historical Market Size (US$ Mn ) and Volume (Units) Analysis By Market, 2019 - 2023
- 5.3.1. By Country
- 5.3.2. By Product Type
- 5.3.3. By Pyrolysis Process
- 5.3.4. By Source
- 5.3.5. By End Use
- 5.4. Current Market Size (US$ Mn ) and Volume (Units) Forecast By Country, 2025 - 2032
- 5.4.1. U.S.
- 5.4.2. Canada
- 5.5. Current Market Size (US$ Mn ) and Volume (Units) Forecast By Product Type, 2025 - 2032
- 5.5.1. Unrefined
- 5.5.2. Refined
- 5.5.2.1. Diesel
- 5.5.2.2. Petrol/Gasoline
- 5.5.2.3. Fuel oil
- 5.5.2.4. Others
- 5.6. Current Market Size (US$ Mn ) and Volume (Units) Forecast By Pyrolysis Process, 2025 - 2032
- 5.6.1. Fast
- 5.6.2. Flash
- 5.6.3. Others
- 5.7. Current Market Size (US$ Mn ) and Volume (Units) Forecast By Source, 2025 - 2032
- 5.7.1. Plastic
- 5.7.1.1. LDPE
- 5.7.1.2. HDPE
- 5.7.1.3. Polystyrene
- 5.7.1.4. Others
- 5.7.2. Rubber
- 5.7.3. Biomass
- 5.8. Current Market Size (US$ Mn ) and Volume (Units) Forecast By End Use, 2025 - 2032
- 5.8.1. Heat & Power
- 5.8.2. Boilers
- 5.8.3. Gas turbines
- 5.8.4. Diesel Engines
- 5.8.5. Automotive Fuel
- 5.8.6. Bio Refineries
- 5.8.7. Food Flavoring
- 5.9. Market Attractiveness Analysis
6. Europe Global Waste Derived Pyrolysis Oil Market Outlook: Historical (2019 - 2023) and Forecast (2025 - 2032)
- 6.1. Key Highlights
- 6.2. Pricing Analysis
- 6.3. Historical Market Size (US$ Mn ) and Volume (Units) Analysis By Market, 2019 - 2023
- 6.3.1. By Country
- 6.3.2. By Product Type
- 6.3.3. By Pyrolysis Process
- 6.3.4. By Source
- 6.3.5. By End Use
- 6.4. Current Market Size (US$ Mn ) and Volume (Units) Forecast By Country, 2025 - 2032
- 6.4.1. Germany
- 6.4.2. France
- 6.4.3. U.K.
- 6.4.4. Italy
- 6.4.5. Spain
- 6.4.6. Russia
- 6.4.7. Turkiye
- 6.4.8. Rest of Europe
- 6.5. Current Market Size (US$ Mn ) and Volume (Units) Forecast By Product Type, 2025 - 2032
- 6.5.1. Unrefined
- 6.5.2. Refined
- 6.5.2.1. Diesel
- 6.5.2.2. Petrol/Gasoline
- 6.5.2.3. Fuel oil
- 6.5.2.4. Others
- 6.6. Current Market Size (US$ Mn ) and Volume (Units) Forecast By Pyrolysis Process, 2025 - 2032
- 6.6.1. Fast
- 6.6.2. Flash
- 6.6.3. Others
- 6.7. Current Market Size (US$ Mn ) and Volume (Units) Forecast By Source, 2025 - 2032
- 6.7.1. Plastic
- 6.7.1.1. LDPE
- 6.7.1.2. HDPE
- 6.7.1.3. Polystyrene
- 6.7.1.4. Others
- 6.7.2. Rubber
- 6.7.3. Biomass
- 6.8. Current Market Size (US$ Mn ) and Volume (Units) Forecast By End Use, 2025 - 2032
- 6.8.1. Heat & Power
- 6.8.2. Boilers
- 6.8.3. Gas turbines
- 6.8.4. Diesel Engines
- 6.8.5. Automotive Fuel
- 6.8.6. Bio Refineries
- 6.8.7. Food Flavoring
- 6.9. Market Attractiveness Analysis
7. East AsiaGlobal Waste Derived Pyrolysis Oil Market Outlook: Historical (2019 - 2023) and Forecast (2025 - 2032)
- 7.1. Key Highlights
- 7.2. Pricing Analysis
- 7.3. Historical Market Size (US$ Mn ) and Volume (Units) Analysis By Market, 2019 - 2023
- 7.3.1. By Country
- 7.3.2. By Product Type
- 7.3.3. By Pyrolysis Process
- 7.3.4. By Source
- 7.3.5. By End Use
- 7.4. Current Market Size (US$ Mn ) and Volume (Units) Forecast By Country, 2025 - 2032
- 7.4.1. China
- 7.4.2. Japan
- 7.4.3. South Korea
- 7.5. Current Market Size (US$ Mn ) and Volume (Units) Forecast By Product Type, 2025 - 2032
- 7.5.1. Unrefined
- 7.5.2. Refined
- 7.5.2.1. Diesel
- 7.5.2.2. Petrol/Gasoline
- 7.5.2.3. Fuel oil
- 7.5.2.4. Others
- 7.6. Current Market Size (US$ Mn ) and Volume (Units) Forecast By Pyrolysis Process, 2025 - 2032
- 7.6.1. Fast
- 7.6.2. Flash
- 7.6.3. Others
- 7.7. Current Market Size (US$ Mn ) and Volume (Units) Forecast By Source, 2025 - 2032
- 7.7.1. Plastic
- 7.7.1.1. LDPE
- 7.7.1.2. HDPE
- 7.7.1.3. Polystyrene
- 7.7.1.4. Others
- 7.7.2. Rubber
- 7.7.3. Biomass
- 7.8. Current Market Size (US$ Mn ) and Volume (Units) Forecast By End Use, 2025 - 2032
- 7.8.1. Heat & Power
- 7.8.2. Boilers
- 7.8.3. Gas turbines
- 7.8.4. Diesel Engines
- 7.8.5. Automotive Fuel
- 7.8.6. Bio Refineries
- 7.8.7. Food Flavoring
- 7.9. Market Attractiveness Analysis
8. South Asia & OceaniaGlobal Waste Derived Pyrolysis Oil Market Outlook: Historical (2019 - 2023) and Forecast (2025 - 2032)
- 8.1. Key Highlights
- 8.2. Pricing Analysis
- 8.3. Historical Market Size (US$ Mn ) and Volume (Units) Analysis By Market, 2019 - 2023
- 8.3.1. By Country
- 8.3.2. By Product Type
- 8.3.3. By Pyrolysis Process
- 8.3.4. By Source
- 8.3.5. By End Use
- 8.4. Current Market Size (US$ Mn ) and Volume (Units) Forecast By Country, 2025 - 2032
- 8.4.1. India
- 8.4.2. Southeast Asia
- 8.4.3. ANZ
- 8.4.4. Rest of South Asia & Oceania
- 8.5. Current Market Size (US$ Mn ) and Volume (Units) Forecast By Product Type, 2025 - 2032
- 8.5.1. Unrefined
- 8.5.2. Refined
- 8.5.2.1. Diesel
- 8.5.2.2. Petrol/Gasoline
- 8.5.2.3. Fuel oil
- 8.5.2.4. Others
- 8.6. Current Market Size (US$ Mn ) and Volume (Units) Forecast By Pyrolysis Process, 2025 - 2032
- 8.6.1. Fast
- 8.6.2. Flash
- 8.6.3. Others
- 8.7. Current Market Size (US$ Mn ) and Volume (Units) Forecast By Source, 2025 - 2032
- 8.7.1. Plastic
- 8.7.1.1. LDPE
- 8.7.1.2. HDPE
- 8.7.1.3. Polystyrene
- 8.7.1.4. Others
- 8.7.2. Rubber
- 8.7.3. Biomass
- 8.8. Current Market Size (US$ Mn ) and Volume (Units) Forecast By End Use, 2025 - 2032
- 8.8.1. Heat & Power
- 8.8.2. Boilers
- 8.8.3. Gas turbines
- 8.8.4. Diesel Engines
- 8.8.5. Automotive Fuel
- 8.8.6. Bio Refineries
- 8.8.7. Food Flavoring
- 8.9. Market Attractiveness Analysis
9. Latin AmericaGlobal Waste Derived Pyrolysis Oil Market Outlook: Historical (2019 - 2023) and Forecast (2025 - 2032)
- 9.1. Key Highlights
- 9.2. Pricing Analysis
- 9.3. Historical Market Size (US$ Mn ) and Volume (Units) Analysis By Market, 2019 - 2023
- 9.3.1. By Country
- 9.3.2. By Product Type
- 9.3.3. By Pyrolysis Process
- 9.3.4. By Source
- 9.3.5. By End Use
- 9.4. Current Market Size (US$ Mn ) and Volume (Units) Forecast By Country, 2025 - 2032
- 9.4.1. Brazil
- 9.4.2. Mexico
- 9.4.3. Rest of Latin America
- 9.5. Current Market Size (US$ Mn ) and Volume (Units) Forecast By Product Type, 2025 - 2032
- 9.5.1. Driver's Seat
- 9.5.2. Refined
- 9.6. Current Market Size (US$ Mn ) and Volume (Units) Forecast By Pyrolysis Process, 2025 - 2032
- 9.6.1. Fast
- 9.6.2. Flash
- 9.6.3. Others
- 9.7. Current Market Size (US$ Mn ) and Volume (Units) Forecast By Source, 2025 - 2032
- 9.7.1. Plastic
- 9.7.1.1. LDPE
- 9.7.1.2. HDPE
- 9.7.1.3. Polystyrene
- 9.7.1.4. Others
- 9.7.2. Rubber
- 9.7.3. Biomass
- 9.8. Current Market Size (US$ Mn ) and Volume (Units) Forecast By End Use, 2025 - 2032
- 9.8.1. Heat & Power
- 9.8.2. Boilers
- 9.8.3. Gas turbines
- 9.8.4. Diesel Engines
- 9.8.5. Automotive Fuel
- 9.8.6. Bio Refineries
- 9.8.7. Food Flavoring
- 9.9. Market Attractiveness Analysis
10. Middle East & Africa Global Waste Derived Pyrolysis Oil Market Outlook: Historical (2019 - 2023) and Forecast (2025 - 2032)
- 10.1. Key Highlights
- 10.2. Pricing Analysis
- 10.3. Historical Market Size (US$ Mn ) and Volume (Units) Analysis By Market, 2019 - 2023
- 10.3.1. By Country
- 10.3.2. By Product Type
- 10.3.3. By Pyrolysis Process
- 10.3.4. By Source
- 10.3.5. By End Use
- 10.4. Current Market Size (US$ Mn ) and Volume (Units) Forecast By Country, 2025 - 2032
- 10.4.1. GCC
- 10.4.2. Egypt
- 10.4.3. South Africa
- 10.4.4. Northern Africa
- 10.4.5. Rest of Middle East & Africa
- 10.5. Current Market Size (US$ Mn ) and Volume (Units) Forecast By Product Type, 2025 - 2032
- 10.5.1. Unrefined
- 10.5.2. Refined
- 10.5.2.1. Diesel
- 10.5.2.2. Petrol/Gasoline
- 10.5.2.3. Fuel oil
- 10.5.2.4. Others
- 10.6. Current Market Size (US$ Mn ) and Volume (Units) Forecast By Pyrolysis Process, 2025 - 2032
- 10.6.1. Fast
- 10.6.2. Flash
- 10.6.3. Others
- 10.7. Current Market Size (US$ Mn ) and Volume (Units) Forecast By Source, 2025 - 2032
- 10.7.1. Plastic
- 10.7.1.1. LDPE
- 10.7.1.2. HDPE
- 10.7.1.3. Polystyrene
- 10.7.1.4. Others
- 10.7.2. Rubber
- 10.7.3. Biomass
- 10.8. Current Market Size (US$ Mn ) and Volume (Units) Forecast By End Use, 2025 - 2032
- 10.8.1. Heat & Power
- 10.8.2. Boilers
- 10.8.3. Gas turbines
- 10.8.4. Diesel Engines
- 10.8.5. Automotive Fuel
- 10.8.6. Bio Refineries
- 10.8.7. Food Flavoring
- 10.9. Market Attractiveness Analysis
11. Competition Landscape
- 11.1. Market Share Analysis, 2024
- 11.2. Market Structure
- 11.2.1. Competition Intensity Mapping By Market
- 11.2.2. Competition Refined
- 11.2.3. Apparent Product Capacity
- 11.3. Company Profiles (Details - Overview, Financials, Strategy, Recent Developments)
- 11.3.1. Fortum OyJ
- 11.3.1.1. Overview
- 11.3.1.2. Segments and Product
- 11.3.1.3. Key Financials
- 11.3.1.4. Market Developments
- 11.3.1.5. Market Strategy
- 11.3.2. Enerkem
- 11.3.2.1. Overview
- 11.3.2.2. Segments and Product
- 11.3.2.3. Key Financials
- 11.3.2.4. Market Developments
- 11.3.2.5. Market Strategy
- 11.3.3. Ensyn Corporation
- 11.3.3.1. Overview
- 11.3.3.2. Segments and Product
- 11.3.3.3. Key Financials
- 11.3.3.4. Market Developments
- 11.3.3.5. Market Strategy
- 11.3.4. Twence B.V.
- 11.3.4.1. Overview
- 11.3.4.2. Segments and Product
- 11.3.4.3. Key Financials
- 11.3.4.4. Market Developments
- 11.3.4.5. Market Strategy
- 11.3.5. Agilyx Corporation
- 11.3.5.1. Overview
- 11.3.5.2. Segments and Product
- 11.3.5.3. Key Financials
- 11.3.5.4. Market Developments
- 11.3.5.5. Market Strategy
- 11.3.6. Green Fuel Nordic Corporation
- 11.3.6.1. Overview
- 11.3.6.2. Segments and Product
- 11.3.6.3. Key Financials
- 11.3.6.4. Market Developments
- 11.3.6.5. Market Strategy
- 11.3.7. Vadxx Energy LLC
- 11.3.7.1. Overview
- 11.3.7.2. Segments and Product
- 11.3.7.3. Key Financials
- 11.3.7.4. Market Developments
- 11.3.7.5. Market Strategy
- 11.3.8. Quantafuel AS
- 11.3.8.1. Overview
- 11.3.8.2. Segments and Product
- 11.3.8.3. Key Financials
- 11.3.8.4. Market Developments
- 11.3.8.5. Market Strategy
- 11.3.9. RESYNERGI
- 11.3.9.1. Overview
- 11.3.9.2. Segments and Product
- 11.3.9.3. Key Financials
- 11.3.9.4. Market Developments
- 11.3.9.5. Market Strategy
- 11.3.10. nexus FUELS, LLC
- 11.3.10.1. Overview
- 11.3.10.2. Segments and Product
- 11.3.10.3. Key Financials
- 11.3.10.4. Market Developments
- 11.3.10.5. Market Strategy
12. Appendix
- 12.1. Research Methodology
- 12.2. Research Assumptions
- 12.3. Acronyms and Abbreviations