시장보고서
상품코드
1762324

세계의 윤활유 첨가제 시장, 규모, 점유율, 동향, 산업 분석 보고서 : 용도, 유형, 지역별, 예측(2025-2034년)

Lubricant Additives Market Size, Share, Trends, Industry Analysis Report: By Application (Automotive and Industrial), Type, and Region (North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America, and Middle East & Africa) - Market Forecast, 2025-2034

발행일: | 리서치사: Polaris Market Research | 페이지 정보: 영문 118 Pages | 배송안내 : 1-2일 (영업일 기준)

    
    
    



※ 본 상품은 영문 자료로 한글과 영문 목차에 불일치하는 내용이 있을 경우 영문을 우선합니다. 정확한 검토를 위해 영문 목차를 참고해주시기 바랍니다.

Polaris Market Research의 최신 조사에 따르면, 세계 윤활유 첨가제 시장 규모는 2034년까지 278억 1,000만 달러에 달할 것으로 예측됩니다. 이 보고서는 현재 시장 역학에 대한 자세한 통찰력과 미래 시장 성장에 대한 분석을 제공합니다.

윤활유 첨가제 시장은 윤활유의 성능과 수명을 향상시키기 위해 기유에 첨가되는 화합물의 생산 및 유통에 초점을 맞추었습니다. 이러한 첨가제는 자동차 엔진, 산업기계, 해양 장비 등 다양한 용도의 완성된 윤활유 배합에 필수적인 성분입니다. 이러한 첨가제는 마찰 감소, 마모 방지, 부식 억제, 다양한 온도에서 안정적인 점도 유지, 오염 물질 분산 등 기유의 중요한 특성을 강화하는 역할을 합니다. 이러한 첨가제가 없으면 기유만으로는 현대 기계 및 엔진의 엄격한 성능 요구 사항을 충족시키기에 충분하지 않은 경우가 많습니다.

시장 역학은 세계 자동차 및 산업 부문의 성장과 점점 더 엄격해지는 환경 규제 등의 요인에 의해 크게 영향을 받고 있습니다. 연비를 개선하고, 장비의 수명을 연장하고, 배출가스를 줄일 수 있는 고성능 윤활유에 대한 수요 증가는 시장의 큰 원동력이 되고 있습니다. 또한, 엔진 및 기계 설계의 기술 발전으로 인해 보다 진보된 특수 윤활유 첨가제의 개발이 필요하게 되었습니다. 시장 전망은 기술 혁신에 대한 지속적인 추세를 보여주고 있으며, 특히 진화하는 시장 수요 동향과 규제 요건에 대응하기 위해 지속 가능하고 환경 친화적인 첨가제 솔루션 개발에 중점을 두고 있습니다.

윤활유 첨가제 시장 보고서 하이라이트

용도별로는 자동차 보유 대수와 자동차 기술의 지속적인 발전으로 전 세계적으로 다양한 차종의 윤활유 소비가 크게 증가함에 따라 자동차 분야가 윤활유 첨가제 시장에서 큰 비중을 차지하고 있습니다.

유형별로는 마모방지제가 시장에서 가장 큰 점유율을 차지하고 있습니다. 이는 주로 엔진 및 산업 장비에서 마찰과 마모를 최소화하는 중요한 역할과 내구성 향상에 대한 수요 증가에 기인합니다.

지역별로는 아시아태평양이 윤활유 첨가제 시장 매출에서 가장 큰 비중을 차지하고 있습니다.

목차

제1장 서론

제2장 주요 요약

제3장 조사 방법

제4장 세계의 윤활유 첨가제 시장 인사이트

  • 시장 현황
  • 윤활유 첨가제 시장 역학
    • 성장 촉진요인과 기회
    • 성장 억제요인과 과제
  • PESTEL 분석
  • 윤활유 첨가제 시장 동향
  • 밸류체인 분석
  • COVID-19의 영향 분석

제5장 세계의 윤활유 첨가제 시장 : 용도별

  • 주요 조사 결과
  • 서론
  • 자동차
  • 산업

제6장 세계의 윤활유 첨가제 시장 : 유형별

  • 주요 조사 결과
  • 서론
  • 분산제
  • 점도 지수 향상제
  • 세제
  • 마모 방지제
  • 항산화물질
  • 부식 방지제
  • 마찰 개질제
  • 유화제
  • 기타

제7장 세계의 윤활유 첨가제 시장 : 지역별

  • 주요 조사 결과
  • 서론
    • 윤활유 첨가제 시장 평가 : 지역별, 2020-2034년
  • 북미
    • 북미 : 용도별, 2020-2034년
    • 북미 : 유형별, 2020-2034년
    • 미국
    • 캐나다
  • 유럽
    • 유럽 : 용도별, 2020-2034년
    • 유럽 : 유형별, 2020-2034년
    • 영국
    • 프랑스
    • 독일
    • 이탈리아
    • 스페인
    • 네덜란드
    • 러시아
    • 기타 유럽
  • 아시아태평양
    • 아시아태평양 : 용도별, 2020-2034년
    • 아시아태평양 : 유형별, 2020-2034년
    • 중국
    • 인도
    • 말레이시아
    • 일본
    • 인도네시아
    • 한국
    • 호주
    • 기타 아시아태평양
  • 중동 및 아프리카
    • 중동 및 아프리카 : 용도별, 2020-2034년
    • 중동 및 아프리카 : 유형별, 2020-2034년
    • 사우디아라비아
    • 아랍에미리트(UAE)
    • 이스라엘
    • 남아프리카공화국
    • 기타 중동 및 아프리카
  • 라틴아메리카
    • 라틴아메리카 : 용도별, 2020-2034년
    • 라틴아메리카 : 유형별, 2020-2034년
    • 멕시코
    • 브라질
    • 아르헨티나
    • 기타 라틴아메리카

제8장 경쟁 구도

  • 확대와 인수 분석
    • 확대
    • 인수
  • 제휴/협업/합의/공개

제9장 기업 개요

  • Afton Chemical Corporation
  • BASF SE
  • Chevron Oronite Company LLC
  • Clariant AG(SABIC)
  • Dover Chemical Corporation
  • Evonik Industries AG
  • Infineum International Limited
  • King Industries, Inc.
  • LANXESS AG
  • The Lubrizol Corporation
  • Vanderbilt Chemicals, LLC
LSH 25.07.10

The global lubricant additives market size is expected to reach USD 27.81 billion by 2034, according to a new study by Polaris Market Research. The report "Lubricant Additives Market Size, Share, Trends, Industry Analysis Report: By Application (Automotive and Industrial), Type, and Region (North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America, and Middle East & Africa) - Market Forecast, 2025-2034" gives a detailed insight into current market dynamics and provides analysis on future market growth.

The lubricant additives market focuses on the production and distribution of chemical compounds that are blended with base oils to improve the performance and lifespan of lubricants. These additives are essential components in formulating finished lubricants for a wide array of applications, including automotive engines, industrial machinery, and marine equipment. They function by enhancing crucial properties of the base oil, such as its ability to reduce friction, prevent wear, inhibit corrosion, maintain stable viscosity under varying temperatures, and disperse contaminants. Without these additives, base oils alone would often be inadequate to meet the demanding performance requirements of modern machinery and engines.

The market dynamics are significantly influenced by factors such as the growth of the automotive and industrial sectors globally, coupled with increasingly stringent environmental regulations. The rising demand for high-performance lubricants that can improve fuel efficiency, extend equipment life, and reduce emissions acts as a major market drive. Furthermore, technological advancements in engine and machinery design necessitate the development of more sophisticated and specialized lubricant additives. The market outlook indicates a continuing trend toward innovation, with a particular emphasis on developing sustainable and environmentally friendly additive solutions to meet evolving market demand trends and regulatory requirements.

Lubricant Additives Market Report Highlights

By application, the automotive segment represents a larger lubricant additives market share due to the substantial volume of lubricant consumption across various vehicle types globally, driven by the large vehicle parc and continuous advancements in automotive technology.

By type, the anti-wear agents segment holds the largest share of the market. This is primarily due to their critical role in minimizing friction and wear in engines and industrial equipment, driven by the increasing demand for enhanced durability.

By region, Asia Pacific holds the largest share of the lubricant additives market revenue.

A few key participants actively operating in the market include The Lubrizol Corporation (Berkshire Hathaway Inc.); Evonik Industries AG; BASF SE; Afton Chemical Corporation (NewMarket Corporation); Chevron Oronite Company LLC (Chevron Corporation); Infineum International Limited (Exxon Mobil Corporation and Shell plc); Clariant AG (SABIC); LANXESS AG; Dover Chemical Corporation (ICC Industries Inc.); King Industries, Inc.; and Vanderbilt Chemicals, LLC.

Polaris Market Research has segmented the market report on the basis of application, type, and region:

By Application Outlook (Revenue - USD Billion, 2020-2034)

Automotive

Industrial

By Type Outlook (Revenue - USD Billion, 2020-2034)

Dispersants

Viscosity Index Improvers

Detergents

Anti-wear Agents

Antioxidants

Corrosion Inhibitors

Friction Modifiers

Emulsifiers

Others

By Regional Outlook (Revenue - USD Billion, 2020-2034)

North America

US

Canada

Europe

Germany

France

UK

Italy

Spain

Netherlands

Russia

Rest of Europe

Asia Pacific

China

Japan

India

Malaysia

South Korea

Indonesia

Australia

Vietnam

Rest of Asia Pacific

Middle East & Africa

Saudi Arabia

UAE

Israel

South Africa

Rest of Middle East & Africa

Latin America

Mexico

Brazil

Argentina

Rest of Latin America

Table of Contents

1. Introduction

  • 1.1. Report Description
    • 1.1.1. Objectives of the Study
    • 1.1.2. Market Scope
    • 1.1.3. Assumptions
  • 1.2. Stakeholders

2. Executive Summary

  • 2.1. Market Highlights

3. Research Methodology

  • 3.1. Overview
    • 3.1.1. Data Mining
  • 3.2. Data Sources
    • 3.2.1. Primary Sources
    • 3.2.2. Secondary Sources

4. Global Lubricant Additives Market Insights

  • 4.1. Lubricant Additives Market - Market Snapshot
  • 4.2. Lubricant Additives Market Dynamics
    • 4.2.1. Drivers and Opportunities
      • 4.2.1.1. Rising Industrialization and Manufacturing Growth
      • 4.2.1.2. Growing Automotive Sector and Demand for High-Performance Lubricants
    • 4.2.2. Restraints and Challenges
      • 4.2.2.1. Volatility in raw material prices
  • 4.3. Porter's Five Forces Analysis
    • 4.3.1. Bargaining Power of Suppliers (Moderate)
    • 4.3.2. Threats of New Entrants: (Low)
    • 4.3.3. Bargaining Power of Buyers (Moderate)
    • 4.3.4. Threat of Substitute (Moderate)
    • 4.3.5. Rivalry among existing firms (High)
  • 4.4. PESTEL Analysis
  • 4.5. Lubricant Additives Market Trends
  • 4.6. Value Chain Analysis
  • 4.7. COVID-19 Impact Analysis

5. Global Lubricant Additives Market, by Application

  • 5.1. Key Findings
  • 5.2. Introduction
    • 5.2.1. Global Lubricant Additives Market, by Application, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
  • 5.3. Automotive
    • 5.3.1. Global Lubricant Additives Market, by Automotive, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
  • 5.4. Industrial
    • 5.4.1. Global Lubricant Additives Market, by Industrial, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)

6. Global Lubricant Additives Market, by Type

  • 6.1. Key Findings
  • 6.2. Introduction
    • 6.2.1. Global Lubricant Additives Market, by Type, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
  • 6.3. Dispersants
    • 6.3.1. Global Lubricant Additives Market, by Dispersants, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
  • 6.4. Viscosity Index Improvers
    • 6.4.1. Global Lubricant Additives Market, by Viscosity Index Improvers, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
  • 6.5. Detergents
    • 6.5.1. Global Lubricant Additives Market, by Detergents, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
  • 6.6. Anti-wear Agents
    • 6.6.1. Global Lubricant Additives Market, by Anti-wear Agents, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
  • 6.7. Antioxidants
    • 6.7.1. Global Lubricant Additives Market, by Antioxidants, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
  • 6.8. Corrosion Inhibitors
    • 6.8.1. Global Lubricant Additives Market, by Corrosion Inhibitors, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
  • 6.9. Friction Modifiers
    • 6.9.1. Global Lubricant Additives Market, by Friction Modifiers, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
  • 6.10. Emulsifiers
    • 6.10.1. Global Lubricant Additives Market, by Emulsifiers, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
  • 6.11. Others
    • 6.11.1. Global Lubricant Additives Market, by Others, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)

7. Global Lubricant Additives Market, by Geography

  • 7.1. Key Findings
  • 7.2. Introduction
    • 7.2.1. Lubricant Additives Market Assessment, By Geography, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
  • 7.3. Lubricant Additives Market - North America
    • 7.3.1. North America: Lubricant Additives Market, by Application, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
    • 7.3.2. North America: Lubricant Additives Market, by Type, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
    • 7.3.3. Lubricant Additives Market - U.S.
      • 7.3.3.1. U.S.: Lubricant Additives Market, by Application, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
      • 7.3.3.2. U.S.: Lubricant Additives Market, by Type, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
    • 7.3.4. Lubricant Additives Market - Canada
      • 7.3.4.1. Canada: Lubricant Additives Market, by Application, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
      • 7.3.4.2. Canada: Lubricant Additives Market, by Type, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
  • 7.4. Lubricant Additives Market - Europe
    • 7.4.1. Europe: Lubricant Additives Market, by Application, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
    • 7.4.2. Europe: Lubricant Additives Market, by Type, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
    • 7.4.3. Lubricant Additives Market - UK
      • 7.4.3.1. UK: Lubricant Additives Market, by Application, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
      • 7.4.3.2. UK: Lubricant Additives Market, by Type, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
    • 7.4.4. Lubricant Additives Market - France
      • 7.4.4.1. France: Lubricant Additives Market, by Application, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
      • 7.4.4.2. France: Lubricant Additives Market, by Type, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
    • 7.4.5. Lubricant Additives Market - Germany
      • 7.4.5.1. Germany: Lubricant Additives Market, by Application, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
      • 7.4.5.2. Germany: Lubricant Additives Market, by Type, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
    • 7.4.6. Lubricant Additives Market - Italy
      • 7.4.6.1. Italy: Lubricant Additives Market, by Application, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
      • 7.4.6.2. Italy: Lubricant Additives Market, by Type, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
    • 7.4.7. Lubricant Additives Market - Spain
      • 7.4.7.1. Spain: Lubricant Additives Market, by Application, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
      • 7.4.7.2. Spain: Lubricant Additives Market, by Type, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
    • 7.4.8. Lubricant Additives Market - Netherlands
      • 7.4.8.1. Netherlands: Lubricant Additives Market, by Application, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
      • 7.4.8.2. Netherlands: Lubricant Additives Market, by Type, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
    • 7.4.9. Lubricant Additives Market - Russia
      • 7.4.9.1. Russia: Lubricant Additives Market, by Application, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
      • 7.4.9.2. Russia: Lubricant Additives Market, by Type, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
    • 7.4.10. Lubricant Additives Market - Rest of Europe
      • 7.4.10.1. Rest of Europe: Lubricant Additives Market, by Application, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
      • 7.4.10.2. Rest of Europe: Lubricant Additives Market, by Type, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
  • 7.5. Lubricant Additives Market - Asia Pacific
    • 7.5.1. Asia Pacific: Lubricant Additives Market, by Application, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
    • 7.5.2. Asia Pacific: Lubricant Additives Market, by Type, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
    • 7.5.3. Lubricant Additives Market - China
      • 7.5.3.1. China: Lubricant Additives Market, by Application, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
      • 7.5.3.2. China: Lubricant Additives Market, by Type, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
    • 7.5.4. Lubricant Additives Market - India
      • 7.5.4.1. India: Lubricant Additives Market, by Application, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
      • 7.5.4.2. India: Lubricant Additives Market, by Type, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
    • 7.5.5. Lubricant Additives Market - Malaysia
      • 7.5.5.1. Malaysia: Lubricant Additives Market, by Application, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
      • 7.5.5.2. Malaysia: Lubricant Additives Market, by Type, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
    • 7.5.6. Lubricant Additives Market - Japan
      • 7.5.6.1. Japan: Lubricant Additives Market, by Application, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
      • 7.5.6.2. Japan: Lubricant Additives Market, by Type, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
    • 7.5.7. Lubricant Additives Market - Indonesia
      • 7.5.7.1. Indonesia: Lubricant Additives Market, by Application, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
      • 7.5.7.2. Indonesia: Lubricant Additives Market, by Type, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
    • 7.5.8. Lubricant Additives Market - South Korea
      • 7.5.8.1. South Korea: Lubricant Additives Market, by Application, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
      • 7.5.8.2. South Korea: Lubricant Additives Market, by Type, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
    • 7.5.9. Lubricant Additives Market - Australia
      • 7.5.9.1. Australia: Lubricant Additives Market, by Application, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
      • 7.5.9.2. Australia: Lubricant Additives Market, by Type, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
    • 7.5.10. Lubricant Additives Market - Rest of Asia Pacific
      • 7.5.10.1. Rest of Asia Pacific: Lubricant Additives Market, by Application, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
      • 7.5.10.2. Rest of Asia Pacific: Lubricant Additives Market, by Type, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
  • 7.6. Lubricant Additives Market - Middle East & Africa
    • 7.6.1. Middle East & Africa: Lubricant Additives Market, by Application, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
    • 7.6.2. Middle East & Africa: Lubricant Additives Market, by Type, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
    • 7.6.3. Lubricant Additives Market - Saudi Arabia
      • 7.6.3.1. Saudi Arabia: Lubricant Additives Market, by Application, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
      • 7.6.3.2. Saudi Arabia: Lubricant Additives Market, by Type, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
    • 7.6.4. Lubricant Additives Market - UAE
      • 7.6.4.1. UAE: Lubricant Additives Market, by Application, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
      • 7.6.4.2. UAE: Lubricant Additives Market, by Type, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
    • 7.6.5. Lubricant Additives Market - Israel
      • 7.6.5.1. Israel: Lubricant Additives Market, by Application, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
      • 7.6.5.2. Israel: Lubricant Additives Market, by Type, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
    • 7.6.6. Lubricant Additives Market - South Africa
      • 7.6.6.1. South Africa: Lubricant Additives Market, by Application, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
      • 7.6.6.2. South Africa: Lubricant Additives Market, by Type, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
    • 7.6.7. Lubricant Additives Market - Rest of Middle East & Africa
      • 7.6.7.1. Rest of Middle East & Africa: Lubricant Additives Market, by Application, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
      • 7.6.7.2. Rest of Middle East & Africa: Lubricant Additives Market, by Type, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
  • 7.7. Lubricant Additives Market - Latin America
    • 7.7.1. Latin America: Lubricant Additives Market, by Application, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
    • 7.7.2. Latin America: Lubricant Additives Market, by Type, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
    • 7.7.3. Lubricant Additives Market - Mexico
      • 7.7.3.1. Mexico: Lubricant Additives Market, by Application, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
      • 7.7.3.2. Mexico: Lubricant Additives Market, by Type, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
    • 7.7.4. Lubricant Additives Market - Brazil
      • 7.7.4.1. Brazil: Lubricant Additives Market, by Application, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
      • 7.7.4.2. Brazil: Lubricant Additives Market, by Type, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
    • 7.7.5. Lubricant Additives Market - Argentina
      • 7.7.5.1. Argentina: Lubricant Additives Market, by Application, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
      • 7.7.5.2. Argentina: Lubricant Additives Market, by Type, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
    • 7.7.6. Lubricant Additives Market - Rest of Latin America
      • 7.7.6.1. Rest of Latin America: Lubricant Additives Market, by Application, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
      • 7.7.6.2. Rest of Latin America: Lubricant Additives Market, by Type, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)

8. Competitive Landscape

  • 8.1. Expansion and Acquisition Analysis
    • 8.1.1. Expansion
    • 8.1.2. Acquisitions
  • 8.2. Partnerships/Collaborations/Agreements/Exhibitions

9. Company Profiles

  • 9.1. Afton Chemical Corporation
    • 9.1.1. Company Overview
    • 9.1.2. Financial Performance
    • 9.1.3. Product Benchmarking
    • 9.1.4. Recent Development
  • 9.2. BASF SE
    • 9.2.1. Company Overview
    • 9.2.2. Financial Performance
    • 9.2.3. Product Benchmarking
    • 9.2.4. Recent Development
  • 9.3. Chevron Oronite Company LLC
    • 9.3.1. Company Overview
    • 9.3.2. Financial Performance
    • 9.3.3. Product Benchmarking
    • 9.3.4. Recent Development
  • 9.4. Clariant AG (SABIC)
    • 9.4.1. Company Overview
    • 9.4.2. Financial Performance
    • 9.4.3. Product Benchmarking
    • 9.4.4. Recent Development
  • 9.5. Dover Chemical Corporation
    • 9.5.1. Company Overview
    • 9.5.2. Financial Performance
    • 9.5.3. Product Benchmarking
    • 9.5.4. Recent Development
  • 9.6. Evonik Industries AG
    • 9.6.1. Company Overview
    • 9.6.2. Financial Performance
    • 9.6.3. Product Benchmarking
    • 9.6.4. Recent Development
  • 9.7. Infineum International Limited
    • 9.7.1. Company Overview
    • 9.7.2. Financial Performance
    • 9.7.3. Product Benchmarking
    • 9.7.4. Recent Development
  • 9.8. King Industries, Inc.
    • 9.8.1. Company Overview
    • 9.8.2. Financial Performance
    • 9.8.3. Product Benchmarking
    • 9.8.4. Recent Development
  • 9.9. LANXESS AG
    • 9.9.1. Company Overview
    • 9.9.2. Financial Performance
    • 9.9.3. Product Benchmarking
    • 9.9.4. Recent Development
  • 9.10. The Lubrizol Corporation
    • 9.10.1. Company Overview
    • 9.10.2. Financial Performance
    • 9.10.3. Product Benchmarking
    • 9.10.4. Recent Development
  • 9.11. Vanderbilt Chemicals, LLC
    • 9.11.1. Company Overview
    • 9.11.2. Financial Performance
    • 9.11.3. Product Benchmarking
    • 9.11.4. Recent Development
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