The global market for Electric Vehicle Charging Socket was estimated to be worth US$ 621 million in 2024 and is forecast to a readjusted size of US$ 1694 million by 2031 with a CAGR of 12.9% during the forecast period 2025-2031.
This report provides a comprehensive assessment of recent tariff adjustments and international strategic countermeasures on Electric Vehicle Charging Socket cross-border industrial footprints, capital allocation patterns, regional economic interdependencies, and supply chain reconfigurations.
Electric Vehicle Charging Sockets are key onboard components installed in electric vehicles, enabling the transfer of electric energy from external charging stations to the vehicle's battery system. These sockets serve as the interface for charging connections and play a critical role in ensuring compatibility, charging safety, and energy efficiency. As electric mobility gains global momentum, charging socket technology has become an essential infrastructure component for modern electric vehicles.In 2024, global Electric Vehicle Charging Socket production reached approximately 33619 K units, with an average global market price of around US$ 18.48 per unit.
In terms of product types, the market is primarily divided into AC Charging Sockets and DC Charging Sockets. Among them, DC Charging Sockets dominate the global market, accounting for approximately 67% of total market share in 2024. This dominance is driven by the growing demand for fast-charging solutions, especially in public charging stations and long-distance travel scenarios. DC sockets support high-power output and significantly reduce charging time, making them the preferred choice for both vehicle manufacturers and infrastructure providers. AC Charging Sockets, while still widely used in residential and slow-charging applications, are less favored in commercial or high-performance use cases due to their lower charging speed.
When it comes to application, Electric Vehicle Charging Sockets are mainly used in Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) and Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs). Battery Electric Vehicles represent the largest application segment, accounting for 65% of global market share in 2024. This overwhelming majority is attributed to the rapid adoption of BEVs in response to global decarbonization goals, government subsidies, and consumer preference for zero-emission transportation. As BEV production continues to rise, so does the demand for high-performance, reliable charging interfaces tailored specifically for pure electric powertrains. Hybrid Electric Vehicles, while contributing to overall demand, are often equipped with smaller battery systems, resulting in relatively lower demand for advanced charging socket solutions.
From a regional perspective, the Asia-Pacific region leads the global market by a significant margin, capturing approximately 73% of total consumption in 2024. This dominance is largely due to the rapid expansion of electric vehicle production and ownership in China, Japan, South Korea, and Southeast Asian countries. Government policies supporting new energy vehicles, combined with massive investments in EV infrastructure, have positioned Asia-Pacific as the key hub for both demand and manufacturing of EV charging components.
The growth of the Electric Vehicle Charging Socket market is fueled by several key driving factors. The global acceleration of EV adoption, stricter emission regulations, and ongoing technological advancements in fast-charging standards are all pushing manufacturers to enhance socket compatibility and performance. Additionally, urbanization and the global shift toward smart mobility are encouraging infrastructure upgrades, further boosting the demand for reliable and standardized charging interfaces.
Despite this strong momentum, the market faces certain restraints. The high cost of advanced DC socket systems and associated fast-charging infrastructure can limit adoption in cost-sensitive regions. Compatibility issues among different vehicle brands and regional standards also pose integration challenges. Moreover, concerns over durability, safety in extreme environments, and maintenance complexity may affect long-term consumer trust and pose challenges for widespread adoption.
This report aims to provide a comprehensive presentation of the global market for Electric Vehicle Charging Socket, focusing on the total sales volume, sales revenue, price, key companies market share and ranking, together with an analysis of Electric Vehicle Charging Socket by region & country, by Type, and by Application.
The Electric Vehicle Charging Socket market size, estimations, and forecasts are provided in terms of sales volume (K Units) and sales revenue ($ millions), considering 2024 as the base year, with history and forecast data for the period from 2020 to 2031. With both quantitative and qualitative analysis, to help readers develop business/growth strategies, assess the market competitive situation, analyze their position in the current marketplace, and make informed business decisions regarding Electric Vehicle Charging Socket.
Market Segmentation
By Company
- JONHON
- Ebusbar
- Phoenix Contact
- Zhejiang Yonggui Electric Equipment
- TE Connectivity
- Nanjing Kangni
- Aptiv
- Recodeal
- Senssun Weighing Apparatus Group
- Tianhai Auto Electronics Group Co., Ltd.
- Saichuan Electronics
- Shenglan Technology Co.,Ltd
- Shanghai Laimu Electronics Co.,Ltd
- Amphenol
- MENNEKES Automotive
- REMA-EV
- YAZAKI
Segment by Type
- AC Charging Inlet
- DC Charging Inlet
Segment by Application
- Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV)
- Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV)
By Region
- North America
- Asia-Pacific
- China
- Japan
- South Korea
- Southeast Asia
- India
- Australia
- Rest of Asia-Pacific
- Europe
- Germany
- France
- U.K.
- Italy
- Netherlands
- Nordic Countries
- Rest of Europe
- Latin America
- Mexico
- Brazil
- Rest of Latin America
- Middle East & Africa
- Turkey
- Saudi Arabia
- UAE
- Rest of MEA
Chapter Outline
Chapter 1: Introduces the report scope of the report, global total market size (value, volume and price). This chapter also provides the market dynamics, latest developments of the market, the driving factors and restrictive factors of the market, the challenges and risks faced by manufacturers in the industry, and the analysis of relevant policies in the industry.
Chapter 2: Detailed analysis of Electric Vehicle Charging Socket manufacturers competitive landscape, price, sales and revenue market share, latest development plan, merger, and acquisition information, etc.
Chapter 3: Provides the analysis of various market segments by Type, covering the market size and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different market segments.
Chapter 4: Provides the analysis of various market segments by Application, covering the market size and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different downstream markets.
Chapter 5: Sales, revenue of Electric Vehicle Charging Socket in regional level. It provides a quantitative analysis of the market size and development potential of each region and introduces the market development, future development prospects, market space, and market size of each country in the world.
Chapter 6: Sales, revenue of Electric Vehicle Charging Socket in country level. It provides sigmate data by Type, and by Application for each country/region.
Chapter 7: Provides profiles of key players, introducing the basic situation of the main companies in the market in detail, including product sales, revenue, price, gross margin, product introduction, recent development, etc.
Chapter 8: Analysis of industrial chain, including the upstream and downstream of the industry.
Chapter 9: Conclusion.
Table of Contents
1 Market Overview
- 1.1 Electric Vehicle Charging Socket Product Introduction
- 1.2 Global Electric Vehicle Charging Socket Market Size Forecast
- 1.2.1 Global Electric Vehicle Charging Socket Sales Value (2020-2031)
- 1.2.2 Global Electric Vehicle Charging Socket Sales Volume (2020-2031)
- 1.2.3 Global Electric Vehicle Charging Socket Sales Price (2020-2031)
- 1.3 Electric Vehicle Charging Socket Market Trends & Drivers
- 1.3.1 Electric Vehicle Charging Socket Industry Trends
- 1.3.2 Electric Vehicle Charging Socket Market Drivers & Opportunity
- 1.3.3 Electric Vehicle Charging Socket Market Challenges
- 1.3.4 Electric Vehicle Charging Socket Market Restraints
- 1.4 Assumptions and Limitations
- 1.5 Study Objectives
- 1.6 Years Considered
2 Competitive Analysis by Company
- 2.1 Global Electric Vehicle Charging Socket Players Revenue Ranking (2024)
- 2.2 Global Electric Vehicle Charging Socket Revenue by Company (2020-2025)
- 2.3 Global Electric Vehicle Charging Socket Players Sales Volume Ranking (2024)
- 2.4 Global Electric Vehicle Charging Socket Sales Volume by Company Players (2020-2025)
- 2.5 Global Electric Vehicle Charging Socket Average Price by Company (2020-2025)
- 2.6 Key Manufacturers Electric Vehicle Charging Socket Manufacturing Base and Headquarters
- 2.7 Key Manufacturers Electric Vehicle Charging Socket Product Offered
- 2.8 Key Manufacturers Time to Begin Mass Production of Electric Vehicle Charging Socket
- 2.9 Electric Vehicle Charging Socket Market Competitive Analysis
- 2.9.1 Electric Vehicle Charging Socket Market Concentration Rate (2020-2025)
- 2.9.2 Global 5 and 10 Largest Manufacturers by Electric Vehicle Charging Socket Revenue in 2024
- 2.9.3 Global Top Manufacturers by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in Electric Vehicle Charging Socket as of 2024)
- 2.10 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion
3 Segmentation by Type
- 3.1 Introduction by Type
- 3.1.1 AC Charging Inlet
- 3.1.2 DC Charging Inlet
- 3.2 Global Electric Vehicle Charging Socket Sales Value by Type
- 3.2.1 Global Electric Vehicle Charging Socket Sales Value by Type (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031)
- 3.2.2 Global Electric Vehicle Charging Socket Sales Value, by Type (2020-2031)
- 3.2.3 Global Electric Vehicle Charging Socket Sales Value, by Type (%) (2020-2031)
- 3.3 Global Electric Vehicle Charging Socket Sales Volume by Type
- 3.3.1 Global Electric Vehicle Charging Socket Sales Volume by Type (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031)
- 3.3.2 Global Electric Vehicle Charging Socket Sales Volume, by Type (2020-2031)
- 3.3.3 Global Electric Vehicle Charging Socket Sales Volume, by Type (%) (2020-2031)
- 3.4 Global Electric Vehicle Charging Socket Average Price by Type (2020-2031)
4 Segmentation by Application
- 4.1 Introduction by Application
- 4.1.1 Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV)
- 4.1.2 Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV)
- 4.2 Global Electric Vehicle Charging Socket Sales Value by Application
- 4.2.1 Global Electric Vehicle Charging Socket Sales Value by Application (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031)
- 4.2.2 Global Electric Vehicle Charging Socket Sales Value, by Application (2020-2031)
- 4.2.3 Global Electric Vehicle Charging Socket Sales Value, by Application (%) (2020-2031)
- 4.3 Global Electric Vehicle Charging Socket Sales Volume by Application
- 4.3.1 Global Electric Vehicle Charging Socket Sales Volume by Application (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031)
- 4.3.2 Global Electric Vehicle Charging Socket Sales Volume, by Application (2020-2031)
- 4.3.3 Global Electric Vehicle Charging Socket Sales Volume, by Application (%) (2020-2031)
- 4.4 Global Electric Vehicle Charging Socket Average Price by Application (2020-2031)
5 Segmentation by Region
- 5.1 Global Electric Vehicle Charging Socket Sales Value by Region
- 5.1.1 Global Electric Vehicle Charging Socket Sales Value by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
- 5.1.2 Global Electric Vehicle Charging Socket Sales Value by Region (2020-2025)
- 5.1.3 Global Electric Vehicle Charging Socket Sales Value by Region (2026-2031)
- 5.1.4 Global Electric Vehicle Charging Socket Sales Value by Region (%), (2020-2031)
- 5.2 Global Electric Vehicle Charging Socket Sales Volume by Region
- 5.2.1 Global Electric Vehicle Charging Socket Sales Volume by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
- 5.2.2 Global Electric Vehicle Charging Socket Sales Volume by Region (2020-2025)
- 5.2.3 Global Electric Vehicle Charging Socket Sales Volume by Region (2026-2031)
- 5.2.4 Global Electric Vehicle Charging Socket Sales Volume by Region (%), (2020-2031)
- 5.3 Global Electric Vehicle Charging Socket Average Price by Region (2020-2031)
- 5.4 North America
- 5.4.1 North America Electric Vehicle Charging Socket Sales Value, 2020-2031
- 5.4.2 North America Electric Vehicle Charging Socket Sales Value by Country (%), 2024 VS 2031
- 5.5 Europe
- 5.5.1 Europe Electric Vehicle Charging Socket Sales Value, 2020-2031
- 5.5.2 Europe Electric Vehicle Charging Socket Sales Value by Country (%), 2024 VS 2031
- 5.6 Asia Pacific
- 5.6.1 Asia Pacific Electric Vehicle Charging Socket Sales Value, 2020-2031
- 5.6.2 Asia Pacific Electric Vehicle Charging Socket Sales Value by Region (%), 2024 VS 2031
- 5.7 South America
- 5.7.1 South America Electric Vehicle Charging Socket Sales Value, 2020-2031
- 5.7.2 South America Electric Vehicle Charging Socket Sales Value by Country (%), 2024 VS 2031
- 5.8 Middle East & Africa
- 5.8.1 Middle East & Africa Electric Vehicle Charging Socket Sales Value, 2020-2031
- 5.8.2 Middle East & Africa Electric Vehicle Charging Socket Sales Value by Country (%), 2024 VS 2031
6 Segmentation by Key Countries/Regions
- 6.1 Key Countries/Regions Electric Vehicle Charging Socket Sales Value Growth Trends, 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
- 6.2 Key Countries/Regions Electric Vehicle Charging Socket Sales Value and Sales Volume
- 6.2.1 Key Countries/Regions Electric Vehicle Charging Socket Sales Value, 2020-2031
- 6.2.2 Key Countries/Regions Electric Vehicle Charging Socket Sales Volume, 2020-2031
- 6.3 United States
- 6.3.1 United States Electric Vehicle Charging Socket Sales Value, 2020-2031
- 6.3.2 United States Electric Vehicle Charging Socket Sales Value by Type (%), 2024 VS 2031
- 6.3.3 United States Electric Vehicle Charging Socket Sales Value by Application, 2024 VS 2031
- 6.4 Europe
- 6.4.1 Europe Electric Vehicle Charging Socket Sales Value, 2020-2031
- 6.4.2 Europe Electric Vehicle Charging Socket Sales Value by Type (%), 2024 VS 2031
- 6.4.3 Europe Electric Vehicle Charging Socket Sales Value by Application, 2024 VS 2031
- 6.5 China
- 6.5.1 China Electric Vehicle Charging Socket Sales Value, 2020-2031
- 6.5.2 China Electric Vehicle Charging Socket Sales Value by Type (%), 2024 VS 2031
- 6.5.3 China Electric Vehicle Charging Socket Sales Value by Application, 2024 VS 2031
- 6.6 Japan
- 6.6.1 Japan Electric Vehicle Charging Socket Sales Value, 2020-2031
- 6.6.2 Japan Electric Vehicle Charging Socket Sales Value by Type (%), 2024 VS 2031
- 6.6.3 Japan Electric Vehicle Charging Socket Sales Value by Application, 2024 VS 2031
- 6.7 South Korea
- 6.7.1 South Korea Electric Vehicle Charging Socket Sales Value, 2020-2031
- 6.7.2 South Korea Electric Vehicle Charging Socket Sales Value by Type (%), 2024 VS 2031
- 6.7.3 South Korea Electric Vehicle Charging Socket Sales Value by Application, 2024 VS 2031
- 6.8 Southeast Asia
- 6.8.1 Southeast Asia Electric Vehicle Charging Socket Sales Value, 2020-2031
- 6.8.2 Southeast Asia Electric Vehicle Charging Socket Sales Value by Type (%), 2024 VS 2031
- 6.8.3 Southeast Asia Electric Vehicle Charging Socket Sales Value by Application, 2024 VS 2031
- 6.9 India
- 6.9.1 India Electric Vehicle Charging Socket Sales Value, 2020-2031
- 6.9.2 India Electric Vehicle Charging Socket Sales Value by Type (%), 2024 VS 2031
- 6.9.3 India Electric Vehicle Charging Socket Sales Value by Application, 2024 VS 2031
7 Company Profiles
- 7.1 JONHON
- 7.1.1 JONHON Company Information
- 7.1.2 JONHON Introduction and Business Overview
- 7.1.3 JONHON Electric Vehicle Charging Socket Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
- 7.1.4 JONHON Electric Vehicle Charging Socket Product Offerings
- 7.1.5 JONHON Recent Development
- 7.2 Ebusbar
- 7.2.1 Ebusbar Company Information
- 7.2.2 Ebusbar Introduction and Business Overview
- 7.2.3 Ebusbar Electric Vehicle Charging Socket Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
- 7.2.4 Ebusbar Electric Vehicle Charging Socket Product Offerings
- 7.2.5 Ebusbar Recent Development
- 7.3 Phoenix Contact
- 7.3.1 Phoenix Contact Company Information
- 7.3.2 Phoenix Contact Introduction and Business Overview
- 7.3.3 Phoenix Contact Electric Vehicle Charging Socket Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
- 7.3.4 Phoenix Contact Electric Vehicle Charging Socket Product Offerings
- 7.3.5 Phoenix Contact Recent Development
- 7.4 Zhejiang Yonggui Electric Equipment
- 7.4.1 Zhejiang Yonggui Electric Equipment Company Information
- 7.4.2 Zhejiang Yonggui Electric Equipment Introduction and Business Overview
- 7.4.3 Zhejiang Yonggui Electric Equipment Electric Vehicle Charging Socket Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
- 7.4.4 Zhejiang Yonggui Electric Equipment Electric Vehicle Charging Socket Product Offerings
- 7.4.5 Zhejiang Yonggui Electric Equipment Recent Development
- 7.5 TE Connectivity
- 7.5.1 TE Connectivity Company Information
- 7.5.2 TE Connectivity Introduction and Business Overview
- 7.5.3 TE Connectivity Electric Vehicle Charging Socket Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
- 7.5.4 TE Connectivity Electric Vehicle Charging Socket Product Offerings
- 7.5.5 TE Connectivity Recent Development
- 7.6 Nanjing Kangni
- 7.6.1 Nanjing Kangni Company Information
- 7.6.2 Nanjing Kangni Introduction and Business Overview
- 7.6.3 Nanjing Kangni Electric Vehicle Charging Socket Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
- 7.6.4 Nanjing Kangni Electric Vehicle Charging Socket Product Offerings
- 7.6.5 Nanjing Kangni Recent Development
- 7.7 Aptiv
- 7.7.1 Aptiv Company Information
- 7.7.2 Aptiv Introduction and Business Overview
- 7.7.3 Aptiv Electric Vehicle Charging Socket Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
- 7.7.4 Aptiv Electric Vehicle Charging Socket Product Offerings
- 7.7.5 Aptiv Recent Development
- 7.8 Recodeal
- 7.8.1 Recodeal Company Information
- 7.8.2 Recodeal Introduction and Business Overview
- 7.8.3 Recodeal Electric Vehicle Charging Socket Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
- 7.8.4 Recodeal Electric Vehicle Charging Socket Product Offerings
- 7.8.5 Recodeal Recent Development
- 7.9 Senssun Weighing Apparatus Group
- 7.9.1 Senssun Weighing Apparatus Group Company Information
- 7.9.2 Senssun Weighing Apparatus Group Introduction and Business Overview
- 7.9.3 Senssun Weighing Apparatus Group Electric Vehicle Charging Socket Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
- 7.9.4 Senssun Weighing Apparatus Group Electric Vehicle Charging Socket Product Offerings
- 7.9.5 Senssun Weighing Apparatus Group Recent Development
- 7.10 Tianhai Auto Electronics Group Co., Ltd.
- 7.10.1 Tianhai Auto Electronics Group Co., Ltd. Company Information
- 7.10.2 Tianhai Auto Electronics Group Co., Ltd. Introduction and Business Overview
- 7.10.3 Tianhai Auto Electronics Group Co., Ltd. Electric Vehicle Charging Socket Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
- 7.10.4 Tianhai Auto Electronics Group Co., Ltd. Electric Vehicle Charging Socket Product Offerings
- 7.10.5 Tianhai Auto Electronics Group Co., Ltd. Recent Development
- 7.11 Saichuan Electronics
- 7.11.1 Saichuan Electronics Company Information
- 7.11.2 Saichuan Electronics Introduction and Business Overview
- 7.11.3 Saichuan Electronics Electric Vehicle Charging Socket Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
- 7.11.4 Saichuan Electronics Electric Vehicle Charging Socket Product Offerings
- 7.11.5 Saichuan Electronics Recent Development
- 7.12 Shenglan Technology Co.,Ltd
- 7.12.1 Shenglan Technology Co.,Ltd Company Information
- 7.12.2 Shenglan Technology Co.,Ltd Introduction and Business Overview
- 7.12.3 Shenglan Technology Co.,Ltd Electric Vehicle Charging Socket Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
- 7.12.4 Shenglan Technology Co.,Ltd Electric Vehicle Charging Socket Product Offerings
- 7.12.5 Shenglan Technology Co.,Ltd Recent Development
- 7.13 Shanghai Laimu Electronics Co.,Ltd
- 7.13.1 Shanghai Laimu Electronics Co.,Ltd Company Information
- 7.13.2 Shanghai Laimu Electronics Co.,Ltd Introduction and Business Overview
- 7.13.3 Shanghai Laimu Electronics Co.,Ltd Electric Vehicle Charging Socket Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
- 7.13.4 Shanghai Laimu Electronics Co.,Ltd Electric Vehicle Charging Socket Product Offerings
- 7.13.5 Shanghai Laimu Electronics Co.,Ltd Recent Development
- 7.14 Amphenol
- 7.14.1 Amphenol Company Information
- 7.14.2 Amphenol Introduction and Business Overview
- 7.14.3 Amphenol Electric Vehicle Charging Socket Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
- 7.14.4 Amphenol Electric Vehicle Charging Socket Product Offerings
- 7.14.5 Amphenol Recent Development
- 7.15 MENNEKES Automotive
- 7.15.1 MENNEKES Automotive Company Information
- 7.15.2 MENNEKES Automotive Introduction and Business Overview
- 7.15.3 MENNEKES Automotive Electric Vehicle Charging Socket Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
- 7.15.4 MENNEKES Automotive Electric Vehicle Charging Socket Product Offerings
- 7.15.5 MENNEKES Automotive Recent Development
- 7.16 REMA-EV
- 7.16.1 REMA-EV Company Information
- 7.16.2 REMA-EV Introduction and Business Overview
- 7.16.3 REMA-EV Electric Vehicle Charging Socket Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
- 7.16.4 REMA-EV Electric Vehicle Charging Socket Product Offerings
- 7.16.5 REMA-EV Recent Development
- 7.17 YAZAKI
- 7.17.1 YAZAKI Company Information
- 7.17.2 YAZAKI Introduction and Business Overview
- 7.17.3 YAZAKI Electric Vehicle Charging Socket Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
- 7.17.4 YAZAKI Electric Vehicle Charging Socket Product Offerings
- 7.17.5 YAZAKI Recent Development
8 Industry Chain Analysis
- 8.1 Electric Vehicle Charging Socket Industrial Chain
- 8.2 Electric Vehicle Charging Socket Upstream Analysis
- 8.2.1 Key Raw Materials
- 8.2.2 Raw Materials Key Suppliers
- 8.2.3 Manufacturing Cost Structure
- 8.3 Midstream Analysis
- 8.4 Downstream Analysis (Customers Analysis)
- 8.5 Sales Model and Sales Channels
- 8.5.1 Electric Vehicle Charging Socket Sales Model
- 8.5.2 Sales Channel
- 8.5.3 Electric Vehicle Charging Socket Distributors
9 Research Findings and Conclusion
10 Appendix
- 10.1 Research Methodology
- 10.1.1 Methodology/Research Approach
- 10.1.1.1 Research Programs/Design
- 10.1.1.2 Market Size Estimation
- 10.1.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
- 10.1.2 Data Source
- 10.1.2.1 Secondary Sources
- 10.1.2.2 Primary Sources
- 10.2 Author Details
- 10.3 Disclaimer