세계의 피펫 및 피펫터 시장 : 시장 점유율과 순위, 전체 판매 및 수요 예측(2025-2031년)

The global market for Pipettes and Pipettors was estimated to be worth US$ 1872 million in 2024 and is forecast to a readjusted size of US$ 2697 million by 2031 with a CAGR of 5.1% during the forecast period 2025-2031.

This report provides a comprehensive assessment of recent tariff adjustments and international strategic countermeasures on Pipettes and Pipettors cross-border industrial footprints, capital allocation patterns, regional economic interdependencies, and supply chain reconfigurations.

In 2024, the output of pipettes will be 9.96 million, with an estimated average price of US$188 per pipette.

Pipettes and pipettors are commonly used laboratory instruments for accurate and precise liquid handling in scientific research, clinical diagnostics, and various other applications. Both pipettes and pipettors offer benefits such as accuracy, precision, and ease of use. They play vital roles in laboratories, particularly in tasks like sample preparation, assay development, DNA amplification, cell culture, and liquid dispensing for analytical instruments. The statistical scope of this article does not include serological pipettes.

The global market for pipettes and pipettors is experiencing rapid growth, driven by miniaturization of assays in drug discovery, increased automation in medical institutions and research centers, and continued growth in R&D investment in the biotechnology sector. With advances in next-generation sequencing technology and the increasing demand for precision in experimental analysis, pipettes have become core experimental tools in the pharmaceutical, biotechnology, and academic research sectors. By 2025, the global market is expected to exceed US$2 billion, with multichannel pipettes accounting for approximately 60% of this share, widely used in pharmaceutical companies (44%), research institutes, and biotechnology companies. North America and Europe maintain their leading positions, while the Asia-Pacific region, led by China and Japan and driven by improving economic conditions in India and Southeast Asia, is becoming a key growth engine for the global liquid handling systems market.

This report aims to provide a comprehensive presentation of the global market for Pipettes and Pipettors, focusing on the total sales volume, sales revenue, price, key companies market share and ranking, together with an analysis of Pipettes and Pipettors by region & country, by Channel, and by Application.

The Pipettes and Pipettors market size, estimations, and forecasts are provided in terms of sales volume (K Units) and sales revenue ($ millions), considering 2024 as the base year, with history and forecast data for the period from 2020 to 2031. With both quantitative and qualitative analysis, to help readers develop business/growth strategies, assess the market competitive situation, analyze their position in the current marketplace, and make informed business decisions regarding Pipettes and Pipettors.

Market Segmentation

By Company

• Thermo Fisher Scientific
• Mettler Toledo
• Eppendorf
• Sartorius
• Corning
• Integra Biosciences
• Greiner Bio-One International
• Hamilton Company
• Gilson
• Beijing DALB
• Brand GmbH + Co KG
• Nichiryo
• Socorex ISBA SA
• IKA
• AHN Biotechnologie
• Biotix
• MICROLIT
• Accumax Lab Devices Pvt Ltd
• Research Products International (RPI)
• Hirschmann Laborgerate GmbH & Co. KG

Segment by Channel

• Single Channel
• Multi-channel

Segment by Type

• Electronic Pipettes
• Manual Pipettes

Segment by Application

• Pharmaceutical
• Biotechnology
• Academic & Research Institutes

By Region

• North America
  • United States
  • Canada
• Asia-Pacific
  • China
  • Japan
  • South Korea
  • Southeast Asia
  • India
  • Australia
  • Rest of Asia-Pacific
• Europe
  • Germany
  • France
  • U.K.
  • Italy
  • Netherlands
  • Nordic Countries
  • Rest of Europe
• Latin America
  • Mexico
  • Brazil
  • Rest of Latin America
• Middle East & Africa
  • Turkey
  • Saudi Arabia
  • UAE
  • Rest of MEA

Chapter Outline

Chapter 1: Introduces the report scope of the report, global total market size (value, volume and price). This chapter also provides the market dynamics, latest developments of the market, the driving factors and restrictive factors of the market, the challenges and risks faced by manufacturers in the industry, and the analysis of relevant policies in the industry.

Chapter 2: Detailed analysis of Pipettes and Pipettors manufacturers competitive landscape, price, sales and revenue market share, latest development plan, merger, and acquisition information, etc.

Chapter 3: Provides the analysis of various market segments by Channel, covering the market size and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different market segments.

Chapter 4: Provides the analysis of various market segments by Application, covering the market size and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different downstream markets.

Chapter 5: Sales, revenue of Pipettes and Pipettors in regional level. It provides a quantitative analysis of the market size and development potential of each region and introduces the market development, future development prospects, market space, and market size of each country in the world.

Chapter 6: Sales, revenue of Pipettes and Pipettors in country level. It provides sigmate data by Channel, and by Application for each country/region.

Chapter 7: Provides profiles of key players, introducing the basic situation of the main companies in the market in detail, including product sales, revenue, price, gross margin, product introduction, recent development, etc.

Chapter 8: Analysis of industrial chain, including the upstream and downstream of the industry.

Chapter 9: Conclusion.

Table of Contents

1 Market Overview

• 1.1 Pipettes and Pipettors Product Introduction
• 1.2 Global Pipettes and Pipettors Market Size Forecast
  • 1.2.1 Global Pipettes and Pipettors Sales Value (2020-2031)
  • 1.2.2 Global Pipettes and Pipettors Sales Volume (2020-2031)
  • 1.2.3 Global Pipettes and Pipettors Sales Price (2020-2031)
• 1.3 Pipettes and Pipettors Market Trends & Drivers
  • 1.3.1 Pipettes and Pipettors Industry Trends
  • 1.3.2 Pipettes and Pipettors Market Drivers & Opportunity
  • 1.3.3 Pipettes and Pipettors Market Challenges
  • 1.3.4 Pipettes and Pipettors Market Restraints
• 1.4 Assumptions and Limitations
• 1.5 Study Objectives
• 1.6 Years Considered

2 Competitive Analysis by Company

• 2.1 Global Pipettes and Pipettors Players Revenue Ranking (2024)
• 2.2 Global Pipettes and Pipettors Revenue by Company (2020-2025)
• 2.3 Global Pipettes and Pipettors Players Sales Volume Ranking (2024)
• 2.4 Global Pipettes and Pipettors Sales Volume by Company Players (2020-2025)
• 2.5 Global Pipettes and Pipettors Average Price by Company (2020-2025)
• 2.6 Key Manufacturers Pipettes and Pipettors Manufacturing Base and Headquarters
• 2.7 Key Manufacturers Pipettes and Pipettors Product Offered
• 2.8 Key Manufacturers Time to Begin Mass Production of Pipettes and Pipettors
• 2.9 Pipettes and Pipettors Market Competitive Analysis
  • 2.9.1 Pipettes and Pipettors Market Concentration Rate (2020-2025)
  • 2.9.2 Global 5 and 10 Largest Manufacturers by Pipettes and Pipettors Revenue in 2024
  • 2.9.3 Global Top Manufacturers by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in Pipettes and Pipettors as of 2024)
• 2.10 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion

3 Segmentation by Channel

• 3.1 Introduction by Channel
  • 3.1.1 Single Channel
  • 3.1.2 Multi-channel
• 3.2 Global Pipettes and Pipettors Sales Value by Channel
  • 3.2.1 Global Pipettes and Pipettors Sales Value by Channel (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031)
  • 3.2.2 Global Pipettes and Pipettors Sales Value, by Channel (2020-2031)
  • 3.2.3 Global Pipettes and Pipettors Sales Value, by Channel (%) (2020-2031)
• 3.3 Global Pipettes and Pipettors Sales Volume by Channel
  • 3.3.1 Global Pipettes and Pipettors Sales Volume by Channel (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031)
  • 3.3.2 Global Pipettes and Pipettors Sales Volume, by Channel (2020-2031)
  • 3.3.3 Global Pipettes and Pipettors Sales Volume, by Channel (%) (2020-2031)
• 3.4 Global Pipettes and Pipettors Average Price by Channel (2020-2031)

4 Segmentation by Type

• 4.1 Introduction by Type
  • 4.1.1 Electronic Pipettes
  • 4.1.2 Manual Pipettes
• 4.2 Global Pipettes and Pipettors Sales Value by Type
  • 4.2.1 Global Pipettes and Pipettors Sales Value by Type (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031)
  • 4.2.2 Global Pipettes and Pipettors Sales Value, by Type (2020-2031)
  • 4.2.3 Global Pipettes and Pipettors Sales Value, by Type (%) (2020-2031)
• 4.3 Global Pipettes and Pipettors Sales Volume by Type
  • 4.3.1 Global Pipettes and Pipettors Sales Volume by Type (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031)
  • 4.3.2 Global Pipettes and Pipettors Sales Volume, by Type (2020-2031)
  • 4.3.3 Global Pipettes and Pipettors Sales Volume, by Type (%) (2020-2031)
• 4.4 Global Pipettes and Pipettors Average Price by Type (2020-2031)

5 Segmentation by Application

• 5.1 Introduction by Application
  • 5.1.1 Pharmaceutical
  • 5.1.2 Biotechnology
  • 5.1.3 Academic & Research Institutes
• 5.2 Global Pipettes and Pipettors Sales Value by Application
  • 5.2.1 Global Pipettes and Pipettors Sales Value by Application (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031)
  • 5.2.2 Global Pipettes and Pipettors Sales Value, by Application (2020-2031)
  • 5.2.3 Global Pipettes and Pipettors Sales Value, by Application (%) (2020-2031)
• 5.3 Global Pipettes and Pipettors Sales Volume by Application
  • 5.3.1 Global Pipettes and Pipettors Sales Volume by Application (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031)
  • 5.3.2 Global Pipettes and Pipettors Sales Volume, by Application (2020-2031)
  • 5.3.3 Global Pipettes and Pipettors Sales Volume, by Application (%) (2020-2031)
• 5.4 Global Pipettes and Pipettors Average Price by Application (2020-2031)

6 Segmentation by Region

• 6.1 Global Pipettes and Pipettors Sales Value by Region
  • 6.1.1 Global Pipettes and Pipettors Sales Value by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
  • 6.1.2 Global Pipettes and Pipettors Sales Value by Region (2020-2025)
  • 6.1.3 Global Pipettes and Pipettors Sales Value by Region (2026-2031)
  • 6.1.4 Global Pipettes and Pipettors Sales Value by Region (%), (2020-2031)
• 6.2 Global Pipettes and Pipettors Sales Volume by Region
  • 6.2.1 Global Pipettes and Pipettors Sales Volume by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
  • 6.2.2 Global Pipettes and Pipettors Sales Volume by Region (2020-2025)
  • 6.2.3 Global Pipettes and Pipettors Sales Volume by Region (2026-2031)
  • 6.2.4 Global Pipettes and Pipettors Sales Volume by Region (%), (2020-2031)
• 6.3 Global Pipettes and Pipettors Average Price by Region (2020-2031)
• 6.4 North America
  • 6.4.1 North America Pipettes and Pipettors Sales Value, 2020-2031
  • 6.4.2 North America Pipettes and Pipettors Sales Value by Country (%), 2024 VS 2031
• 6.5 Europe
  • 6.5.1 Europe Pipettes and Pipettors Sales Value, 2020-2031
  • 6.5.2 Europe Pipettes and Pipettors Sales Value by Country (%), 2024 VS 2031
• 6.6 Asia Pacific
  • 6.6.1 Asia Pacific Pipettes and Pipettors Sales Value, 2020-2031
  • 6.6.2 Asia Pacific Pipettes and Pipettors Sales Value by Region (%), 2024 VS 2031
• 6.7 South America
  • 6.7.1 South America Pipettes and Pipettors Sales Value, 2020-2031
  • 6.7.2 South America Pipettes and Pipettors Sales Value by Country (%), 2024 VS 2031
• 6.8 Middle East & Africa
  • 6.8.1 Middle East & Africa Pipettes and Pipettors Sales Value, 2020-2031
  • 6.8.2 Middle East & Africa Pipettes and Pipettors Sales Value by Country (%), 2024 VS 2031

7 Segmentation by Key Countries/Regions

• 7.1 Key Countries/Regions Pipettes and Pipettors Sales Value Growth Trends, 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
• 7.2 Key Countries/Regions Pipettes and Pipettors Sales Value and Sales Volume
  • 7.2.1 Key Countries/Regions Pipettes and Pipettors Sales Value, 2020-2031
  • 7.2.2 Key Countries/Regions Pipettes and Pipettors Sales Volume, 2020-2031
• 7.3 United States
  • 7.3.1 United States Pipettes and Pipettors Sales Value, 2020-2031
  • 7.3.2 United States Pipettes and Pipettors Sales Value by Channel (%), 2024 VS 2031
  • 7.3.3 United States Pipettes and Pipettors Sales Value by Application, 2024 VS 2031
• 7.4 Europe
  • 7.4.1 Europe Pipettes and Pipettors Sales Value, 2020-2031
  • 7.4.2 Europe Pipettes and Pipettors Sales Value by Channel (%), 2024 VS 2031
  • 7.4.3 Europe Pipettes and Pipettors Sales Value by Application, 2024 VS 2031
• 7.5 China
  • 7.5.1 China Pipettes and Pipettors Sales Value, 2020-2031
  • 7.5.2 China Pipettes and Pipettors Sales Value by Channel (%), 2024 VS 2031
  • 7.5.3 China Pipettes and Pipettors Sales Value by Application, 2024 VS 2031
• 7.6 Japan
  • 7.6.1 Japan Pipettes and Pipettors Sales Value, 2020-2031
  • 7.6.2 Japan Pipettes and Pipettors Sales Value by Channel (%), 2024 VS 2031
  • 7.6.3 Japan Pipettes and Pipettors Sales Value by Application, 2024 VS 2031
• 7.7 South Korea
  • 7.7.1 South Korea Pipettes and Pipettors Sales Value, 2020-2031
  • 7.7.2 South Korea Pipettes and Pipettors Sales Value by Channel (%), 2024 VS 2031
  • 7.7.3 South Korea Pipettes and Pipettors Sales Value by Application, 2024 VS 2031
• 7.8 Southeast Asia
  • 7.8.1 Southeast Asia Pipettes and Pipettors Sales Value, 2020-2031
  • 7.8.2 Southeast Asia Pipettes and Pipettors Sales Value by Channel (%), 2024 VS 2031
  • 7.8.3 Southeast Asia Pipettes and Pipettors Sales Value by Application, 2024 VS 2031
• 7.9 India
  • 7.9.1 India Pipettes and Pipettors Sales Value, 2020-2031
  • 7.9.2 India Pipettes and Pipettors Sales Value by Channel (%), 2024 VS 2031
  • 7.9.3 India Pipettes and Pipettors Sales Value by Application, 2024 VS 2031

8 Company Profiles

• 8.1 Thermo Fisher Scientific
  • 8.1.1 Thermo Fisher Scientific Company Information
  • 8.1.2 Thermo Fisher Scientific Introduction and Business Overview
  • 8.1.3 Thermo Fisher Scientific Pipettes and Pipettors Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
  • 8.1.4 Thermo Fisher Scientific Pipettes and Pipettors Product Offerings
  • 8.1.5 Thermo Fisher Scientific Recent Development
• 8.2 Mettler Toledo
  • 8.2.1 Mettler Toledo Company Information
  • 8.2.2 Mettler Toledo Introduction and Business Overview
  • 8.2.3 Mettler Toledo Pipettes and Pipettors Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
  • 8.2.4 Mettler Toledo Pipettes and Pipettors Product Offerings
  • 8.2.5 Mettler Toledo Recent Development
• 8.3 Eppendorf
  • 8.3.1 Eppendorf Company Information
  • 8.3.2 Eppendorf Introduction and Business Overview
  • 8.3.3 Eppendorf Pipettes and Pipettors Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
  • 8.3.4 Eppendorf Pipettes and Pipettors Product Offerings
  • 8.3.5 Eppendorf Recent Development
• 8.4 Sartorius
  • 8.4.1 Sartorius Company Information
  • 8.4.2 Sartorius Introduction and Business Overview
  • 8.4.3 Sartorius Pipettes and Pipettors Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
  • 8.4.4 Sartorius Pipettes and Pipettors Product Offerings
  • 8.4.5 Sartorius Recent Development
• 8.5 Corning
  • 8.5.1 Corning Company Information
  • 8.5.2 Corning Introduction and Business Overview
  • 8.5.3 Corning Pipettes and Pipettors Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
  • 8.5.4 Corning Pipettes and Pipettors Product Offerings
  • 8.5.5 Corning Recent Development
• 8.6 Integra Biosciences
  • 8.6.1 Integra Biosciences Company Information
  • 8.6.2 Integra Biosciences Introduction and Business Overview
  • 8.6.3 Integra Biosciences Pipettes and Pipettors Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
  • 8.6.4 Integra Biosciences Pipettes and Pipettors Product Offerings
  • 8.6.5 Integra Biosciences Recent Development
• 8.7 Greiner Bio-One International
  • 8.7.1 Greiner Bio-One International Company Information
  • 8.7.2 Greiner Bio-One International Introduction and Business Overview
  • 8.7.3 Greiner Bio-One International Pipettes and Pipettors Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
  • 8.7.4 Greiner Bio-One International Pipettes and Pipettors Product Offerings
  • 8.7.5 Greiner Bio-One International Recent Development
• 8.8 Hamilton Company
  • 8.8.1 Hamilton Company Company Information
  • 8.8.2 Hamilton Company Introduction and Business Overview
  • 8.8.3 Hamilton Company Pipettes and Pipettors Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
  • 8.8.4 Hamilton Company Pipettes and Pipettors Product Offerings
  • 8.8.5 Hamilton Company Recent Development
• 8.9 Gilson
  • 8.9.1 Gilson Company Information
  • 8.9.2 Gilson Introduction and Business Overview
  • 8.9.3 Gilson Pipettes and Pipettors Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
  • 8.9.4 Gilson Pipettes and Pipettors Product Offerings
  • 8.9.5 Gilson Recent Development
• 8.10 Beijing DALB
  • 8.10.1 Beijing DALB Company Information
  • 8.10.2 Beijing DALB Introduction and Business Overview
  • 8.10.3 Beijing DALB Pipettes and Pipettors Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
  • 8.10.4 Beijing DALB Pipettes and Pipettors Product Offerings
  • 8.10.5 Beijing DALB Recent Development
• 8.11 Brand GmbH + Co KG
  • 8.11.1 Brand GmbH + Co KG Company Information
  • 8.11.2 Brand GmbH + Co KG Introduction and Business Overview
  • 8.11.3 Brand GmbH + Co KG Pipettes and Pipettors Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
  • 8.11.4 Brand GmbH + Co KG Pipettes and Pipettors Product Offerings
  • 8.11.5 Brand GmbH + Co KG Recent Development
• 8.12 Nichiryo
  • 8.12.1 Nichiryo Company Information
  • 8.12.2 Nichiryo Introduction and Business Overview
  • 8.12.3 Nichiryo Pipettes and Pipettors Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
  • 8.12.4 Nichiryo Pipettes and Pipettors Product Offerings
  • 8.12.5 Nichiryo Recent Development
• 8.13 Socorex ISBA SA
  • 8.13.1 Socorex ISBA SA Company Information
  • 8.13.2 Socorex ISBA SA Introduction and Business Overview
  • 8.13.3 Socorex ISBA SA Pipettes and Pipettors Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
  • 8.13.4 Socorex ISBA SA Pipettes and Pipettors Product Offerings
  • 8.13.5 Socorex ISBA SA Recent Development
• 8.14 IKA
  • 8.14.1 IKA Company Information
  • 8.14.2 IKA Introduction and Business Overview
  • 8.14.3 IKA Pipettes and Pipettors Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
  • 8.14.4 IKA Pipettes and Pipettors Product Offerings
  • 8.14.5 IKA Recent Development
• 8.15 AHN Biotechnologie
  • 8.15.1 AHN Biotechnologie Company Information
  • 8.15.2 AHN Biotechnologie Introduction and Business Overview
  • 8.15.3 AHN Biotechnologie Pipettes and Pipettors Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
  • 8.15.4 AHN Biotechnologie Pipettes and Pipettors Product Offerings
  • 8.15.5 AHN Biotechnologie Recent Development
• 8.16 Biotix
  • 8.16.1 Biotix Company Information
  • 8.16.2 Biotix Introduction and Business Overview
  • 8.16.3 Biotix Pipettes and Pipettors Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
  • 8.16.4 Biotix Pipettes and Pipettors Product Offerings
  • 8.16.5 Biotix Recent Development
• 8.17 MICROLIT
  • 8.17.1 MICROLIT Company Information
  • 8.17.2 MICROLIT Introduction and Business Overview
  • 8.17.3 MICROLIT Pipettes and Pipettors Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
  • 8.17.4 MICROLIT Pipettes and Pipettors Product Offerings
  • 8.17.5 MICROLIT Recent Development
• 8.18 Accumax Lab Devices Pvt Ltd
  • 8.18.1 Accumax Lab Devices Pvt Ltd Company Information
  • 8.18.2 Accumax Lab Devices Pvt Ltd Introduction and Business Overview
  • 8.18.3 Accumax Lab Devices Pvt Ltd Pipettes and Pipettors Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
  • 8.18.4 Accumax Lab Devices Pvt Ltd Pipettes and Pipettors Product Offerings
  • 8.18.5 Accumax Lab Devices Pvt Ltd Recent Development
• 8.19 Research Products International (RPI)
  • 8.19.1 Research Products International (RPI) Company Information
  • 8.19.2 Research Products International (RPI) Introduction and Business Overview
  • 8.19.3 Research Products International (RPI) Pipettes and Pipettors Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
  • 8.19.4 Research Products International (RPI) Pipettes and Pipettors Product Offerings
  • 8.19.5 Research Products International (RPI) Recent Development
• 8.20 Hirschmann Laborgerate GmbH & Co. KG
  • 8.20.1 Hirschmann Laborgerate GmbH & Co. KG Company Information
  • 8.20.2 Hirschmann Laborgerate GmbH & Co. KG Introduction and Business Overview
  • 8.20.3 Hirschmann Laborgerate GmbH & Co. KG Pipettes and Pipettors Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
  • 8.20.4 Hirschmann Laborgerate GmbH & Co. KG Pipettes and Pipettors Product Offerings
  • 8.20.5 Hirschmann Laborgerate GmbH & Co. KG Recent Development

9 Industry Chain Analysis

• 9.1 Pipettes and Pipettors Industrial Chain
• 9.2 Pipettes and Pipettors Upstream Analysis
  • 9.2.1 Key Raw Materials
  • 9.2.2 Raw Materials Key Suppliers
  • 9.2.3 Manufacturing Cost Structure
• 9.3 Midstream Analysis
• 9.4 Downstream Analysis (Customers Analysis)
• 9.5 Sales Model and Sales Channels
  • 9.5.1 Pipettes and Pipettors Sales Model
  • 9.5.2 Sales Channel
  • 9.5.3 Pipettes and Pipettors Distributors

10 Research Findings and Conclusion

11 Appendix

• 11.1 Research Methodology
  • 11.1.1 Methodology/Research Approach
    • 11.1.1.1 Research Programs/Design
    • 11.1.1.2 Market Size Estimation
    • 11.1.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
  • 11.1.2 Data Source
    • 11.1.2.1 Secondary Sources
    • 11.1.2.2 Primary Sources
• 11.2 Author Details
• 11.3 Disclaimer