세계의 니켈 브레이징 판형 열교환기 시장 : 시장 점유율과 순위, 전체 판매 및 수요 예측(2025-2031년)

The global market for Nickel Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers was estimated to be worth US$ 244 million in 2024 and is forecast to a readjusted size of US$ 314 million by 2031 with a CAGR of 3.8% during the forecast period 2025-2031.

This report provides a comprehensive assessment of recent tariff adjustments and international strategic countermeasures on Nickel Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers cross-border industrial footprints, capital allocation patterns, regional economic interdependencies, and supply chain reconfigurations.

Brazed plate heat exchangers provide efficient heat transfer with a small footprint. They are maintenance free, provide a long service lifetime and can withstand high temperatures and extremely high design pressures. They are used in a range of duties including cooling, heating, and evaporation and condensing. Nickel (Ni) is characterized by its high corrosion resistance. When considering the corrosion resistance, we use nickel as the solder. Nickel brazed plate heat exchangers with high corrosion resistance, which is used widely in Pharma & Chemical industry and Food & Beverages industry.

The key drivers for nickel-brazed plate heat exchangers in the pharmaceutical & chemical, food & beverage industries lie in their exceptional corrosion resistance and compliance with hygiene standards. In the pharmaceutical and chemical sectors, nickel-brazed technology can withstand aggressive media such as strong acids, alkalis, and ammonia, meeting stringent GMP and FDA requirements-particularly for high-purity fluid handling and reactor temperature control. In the food and beverage industry, its copper-free construction eliminates contamination risks while adhering to EHEDG hygienic design standards, making it ideal for pasteurization and cooling of sensitive fluids like dairy and juices. Additionally, global environmental regulations (e.g., F-Gas Directive) are accelerating the adoption of natural refrigerants (e.g., ammonia, CO2), further boosting demand for nickel-brazed heat exchangers in sustainable refrigeration systems.

Looking ahead, nickel-brazed plate heat exchangers are evolving toward higher performance and smart integration. In pharmaceuticals and chemicals, the rise of biopharmaceuticals and continuous manufacturing is increasing demand for high-precision temperature control and high-pressure-resistant (e.g., ≥40 bar) nickel-brazed models, with embedded sensors enabling real-time monitoring. The food and beverage sector prioritizes energy efficiency and cleanability, driving innovations like thinner plates and CIP (clean-in-place) compatibility. Meanwhile, rapid industrialization in emerging markets (e.g., Asia-Pacific) is fostering localized supply chains, while material advancements (e.g., nickel alloy brazing) may reduce costs and expand mid-market penetration.

This report aims to provide a comprehensive presentation of the global market for Nickel Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers, focusing on the total sales volume, sales revenue, price, key companies market share and ranking, together with an analysis of Nickel Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers by region & country, by Type, and by Application.

The Nickel Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers market size, estimations, and forecasts are provided in terms of sales volume (Units) and sales revenue ($ millions), considering 2024 as the base year, with history and forecast data for the period from 2020 to 2031. With both quantitative and qualitative analysis, to help readers develop business/growth strategies, assess the market competitive situation, analyze their position in the current marketplace, and make informed business decisions regarding Nickel Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers.

Market Segmentation

By Company

• Alfa Laval
• Kelvion
• SWEP
• Danfoss
• API Heat Transfer
• Hydac
• Hisaka
• Xylem
• Kaori
• Mueller
• Thermowave
• Spx Flow
• HRS Heat Exchangers
• Ningbo Hrale Plate HEAT Exchanger Co., Ltd.
• Hexnovo(Shanghai) Heat Exchanger Co., Ltd.

Segment by Type

• Standard Pressure(≤30 bar)
• High Pressure(30-100 bar)
• Ultra High Pressure(>100 bar)

Segment by Application

• Pharma & Chemical
• Food & Beverages
• Others

By Region

• North America
  • United States
  • Canada
• Asia-Pacific
  • China
  • Japan
  • South Korea
  • Southeast Asia
  • India
  • Australia
  • Rest of Asia-Pacific
• Europe
  • Germany
  • France
  • U.K.
  • Italy
  • Netherlands
  • Nordic Countries
  • Rest of Europe
• Latin America
  • Mexico
  • Brazil
  • Rest of Latin America
• Middle East & Africa
  • Turkey
  • Saudi Arabia
  • UAE
  • Rest of MEA

Chapter Outline

Chapter 1: Introduces the report scope of the report, global total market size (value, volume and price). This chapter also provides the market dynamics, latest developments of the market, the driving factors and restrictive factors of the market, the challenges and risks faced by manufacturers in the industry, and the analysis of relevant policies in the industry.

Chapter 2: Detailed analysis of Nickel Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers manufacturers competitive landscape, price, sales and revenue market share, latest development plan, merger, and acquisition information, etc.

Chapter 3: Provides the analysis of various market segments by Type, covering the market size and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different market segments.

Chapter 4: Provides the analysis of various market segments by Application, covering the market size and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different downstream markets.

Chapter 5: Sales, revenue of Nickel Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers in regional level. It provides a quantitative analysis of the market size and development potential of each region and introduces the market development, future development prospects, market space, and market size of each country in the world.

Chapter 6: Sales, revenue of Nickel Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers in country level. It provides sigmate data by Type, and by Application for each country/region.

Chapter 7: Provides profiles of key players, introducing the basic situation of the main companies in the market in detail, including product sales, revenue, price, gross margin, product introduction, recent development, etc.

Chapter 8: Analysis of industrial chain, including the upstream and downstream of the industry.

Chapter 9: Conclusion.

Table of Contents

1 Market Overview

• 1.1 Nickel Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers Product Introduction
• 1.2 Global Nickel Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers Market Size Forecast
  • 1.2.1 Global Nickel Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers Sales Value (2020-2031)
  • 1.2.2 Global Nickel Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers Sales Volume (2020-2031)
  • 1.2.3 Global Nickel Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers Sales Price (2020-2031)
• 1.3 Nickel Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers Market Trends & Drivers
  • 1.3.1 Nickel Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers Industry Trends
  • 1.3.2 Nickel Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers Market Drivers & Opportunity
  • 1.3.3 Nickel Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers Market Challenges
  • 1.3.4 Nickel Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers Market Restraints
• 1.4 Assumptions and Limitations
• 1.5 Study Objectives
• 1.6 Years Considered

2 Competitive Analysis by Company

• 2.1 Global Nickel Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers Players Revenue Ranking (2024)
• 2.2 Global Nickel Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers Revenue by Company (2020-2025)
• 2.3 Global Nickel Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers Players Sales Volume Ranking (2024)
• 2.4 Global Nickel Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers Sales Volume by Company Players (2020-2025)
• 2.5 Global Nickel Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers Average Price by Company (2020-2025)
• 2.6 Key Manufacturers Nickel Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers Manufacturing Base and Headquarters
• 2.7 Key Manufacturers Nickel Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers Product Offered
• 2.8 Key Manufacturers Time to Begin Mass Production of Nickel Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers
• 2.9 Nickel Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers Market Competitive Analysis
  • 2.9.1 Nickel Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers Market Concentration Rate (2020-2025)
  • 2.9.2 Global 5 and 10 Largest Manufacturers by Nickel Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers Revenue in 2024
  • 2.9.3 Global Top Manufacturers by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in Nickel Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers as of 2024)
• 2.10 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion

3 Segmentation by Type

• 3.1 Introduction by Type
  • 3.1.1 Standard Pressure(<=30 bar)
  • 3.1.2 High Pressure(30-100 bar)
  • 3.1.3 Ultra High Pressure(>100 bar)
• 3.2 Global Nickel Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers Sales Value by Type
  • 3.2.1 Global Nickel Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers Sales Value by Type (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031)
  • 3.2.2 Global Nickel Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers Sales Value, by Type (2020-2031)
  • 3.2.3 Global Nickel Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers Sales Value, by Type (%) (2020-2031)
• 3.3 Global Nickel Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers Sales Volume by Type
  • 3.3.1 Global Nickel Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers Sales Volume by Type (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031)
  • 3.3.2 Global Nickel Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers Sales Volume, by Type (2020-2031)
  • 3.3.3 Global Nickel Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers Sales Volume, by Type (%) (2020-2031)
• 3.4 Global Nickel Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers Average Price by Type (2020-2031)

4 Segmentation by Application

• 4.1 Introduction by Application
  • 4.1.1 Pharma & Chemical
  • 4.1.2 Food & Beverages
  • 4.1.3 Others
• 4.2 Global Nickel Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers Sales Value by Application
  • 4.2.1 Global Nickel Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers Sales Value by Application (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031)
  • 4.2.2 Global Nickel Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers Sales Value, by Application (2020-2031)
  • 4.2.3 Global Nickel Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers Sales Value, by Application (%) (2020-2031)
• 4.3 Global Nickel Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers Sales Volume by Application
  • 4.3.1 Global Nickel Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers Sales Volume by Application (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031)
  • 4.3.2 Global Nickel Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers Sales Volume, by Application (2020-2031)
  • 4.3.3 Global Nickel Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers Sales Volume, by Application (%) (2020-2031)
• 4.4 Global Nickel Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers Average Price by Application (2020-2031)

5 Segmentation by Region

• 5.1 Global Nickel Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers Sales Value by Region
  • 5.1.1 Global Nickel Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers Sales Value by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
  • 5.1.2 Global Nickel Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers Sales Value by Region (2020-2025)
  • 5.1.3 Global Nickel Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers Sales Value by Region (2026-2031)
  • 5.1.4 Global Nickel Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers Sales Value by Region (%), (2020-2031)
• 5.2 Global Nickel Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers Sales Volume by Region
  • 5.2.1 Global Nickel Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers Sales Volume by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
  • 5.2.2 Global Nickel Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers Sales Volume by Region (2020-2025)
  • 5.2.3 Global Nickel Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers Sales Volume by Region (2026-2031)
  • 5.2.4 Global Nickel Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers Sales Volume by Region (%), (2020-2031)
• 5.3 Global Nickel Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers Average Price by Region (2020-2031)
• 5.4 North America
  • 5.4.1 North America Nickel Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers Sales Value, 2020-2031
  • 5.4.2 North America Nickel Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers Sales Value by Country (%), 2024 VS 2031
• 5.5 Europe
  • 5.5.1 Europe Nickel Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers Sales Value, 2020-2031
  • 5.5.2 Europe Nickel Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers Sales Value by Country (%), 2024 VS 2031
• 5.6 Asia Pacific
  • 5.6.1 Asia Pacific Nickel Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers Sales Value, 2020-2031
  • 5.6.2 Asia Pacific Nickel Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers Sales Value by Region (%), 2024 VS 2031
• 5.7 South America
  • 5.7.1 South America Nickel Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers Sales Value, 2020-2031
  • 5.7.2 South America Nickel Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers Sales Value by Country (%), 2024 VS 2031
• 5.8 Middle East & Africa
  • 5.8.1 Middle East & Africa Nickel Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers Sales Value, 2020-2031
  • 5.8.2 Middle East & Africa Nickel Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers Sales Value by Country (%), 2024 VS 2031

6 Segmentation by Key Countries/Regions

• 6.1 Key Countries/Regions Nickel Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers Sales Value Growth Trends, 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
• 6.2 Key Countries/Regions Nickel Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers Sales Value and Sales Volume
  • 6.2.1 Key Countries/Regions Nickel Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers Sales Value, 2020-2031
  • 6.2.2 Key Countries/Regions Nickel Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers Sales Volume, 2020-2031
• 6.3 United States
  • 6.3.1 United States Nickel Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers Sales Value, 2020-2031
  • 6.3.2 United States Nickel Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers Sales Value by Type (%), 2024 VS 2031
  • 6.3.3 United States Nickel Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers Sales Value by Application, 2024 VS 2031
• 6.4 Europe
  • 6.4.1 Europe Nickel Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers Sales Value, 2020-2031
  • 6.4.2 Europe Nickel Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers Sales Value by Type (%), 2024 VS 2031
  • 6.4.3 Europe Nickel Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers Sales Value by Application, 2024 VS 2031
• 6.5 China
  • 6.5.1 China Nickel Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers Sales Value, 2020-2031
  • 6.5.2 China Nickel Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers Sales Value by Type (%), 2024 VS 2031
  • 6.5.3 China Nickel Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers Sales Value by Application, 2024 VS 2031
• 6.6 Japan
  • 6.6.1 Japan Nickel Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers Sales Value, 2020-2031
  • 6.6.2 Japan Nickel Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers Sales Value by Type (%), 2024 VS 2031
  • 6.6.3 Japan Nickel Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers Sales Value by Application, 2024 VS 2031
• 6.7 South Korea
  • 6.7.1 South Korea Nickel Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers Sales Value, 2020-2031
  • 6.7.2 South Korea Nickel Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers Sales Value by Type (%), 2024 VS 2031
  • 6.7.3 South Korea Nickel Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers Sales Value by Application, 2024 VS 2031
• 6.8 Southeast Asia
  • 6.8.1 Southeast Asia Nickel Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers Sales Value, 2020-2031
  • 6.8.2 Southeast Asia Nickel Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers Sales Value by Type (%), 2024 VS 2031
  • 6.8.3 Southeast Asia Nickel Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers Sales Value by Application, 2024 VS 2031
• 6.9 India
  • 6.9.1 India Nickel Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers Sales Value, 2020-2031
  • 6.9.2 India Nickel Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers Sales Value by Type (%), 2024 VS 2031
  • 6.9.3 India Nickel Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers Sales Value by Application, 2024 VS 2031

7 Company Profiles

• 7.1 Alfa Laval
  • 7.1.1 Alfa Laval Company Information
  • 7.1.2 Alfa Laval Introduction and Business Overview
  • 7.1.3 Alfa Laval Nickel Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
  • 7.1.4 Alfa Laval Nickel Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers Product Offerings
  • 7.1.5 Alfa Laval Recent Development
• 7.2 Kelvion
  • 7.2.1 Kelvion Company Information
  • 7.2.2 Kelvion Introduction and Business Overview
  • 7.2.3 Kelvion Nickel Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
  • 7.2.4 Kelvion Nickel Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers Product Offerings
  • 7.2.5 Kelvion Recent Development
• 7.3 SWEP
  • 7.3.1 SWEP Company Information
  • 7.3.2 SWEP Introduction and Business Overview
  • 7.3.3 SWEP Nickel Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
  • 7.3.4 SWEP Nickel Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers Product Offerings
  • 7.3.5 SWEP Recent Development
• 7.4 Danfoss
  • 7.4.1 Danfoss Company Information
  • 7.4.2 Danfoss Introduction and Business Overview
  • 7.4.3 Danfoss Nickel Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
  • 7.4.4 Danfoss Nickel Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers Product Offerings
  • 7.4.5 Danfoss Recent Development
• 7.5 API Heat Transfer
  • 7.5.1 API Heat Transfer Company Information
  • 7.5.2 API Heat Transfer Introduction and Business Overview
  • 7.5.3 API Heat Transfer Nickel Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
  • 7.5.4 API Heat Transfer Nickel Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers Product Offerings
  • 7.5.5 API Heat Transfer Recent Development
• 7.6 Hydac
  • 7.6.1 Hydac Company Information
  • 7.6.2 Hydac Introduction and Business Overview
  • 7.6.3 Hydac Nickel Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
  • 7.6.4 Hydac Nickel Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers Product Offerings
  • 7.6.5 Hydac Recent Development
• 7.7 Hisaka
  • 7.7.1 Hisaka Company Information
  • 7.7.2 Hisaka Introduction and Business Overview
  • 7.7.3 Hisaka Nickel Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
  • 7.7.4 Hisaka Nickel Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers Product Offerings
  • 7.7.5 Hisaka Recent Development
• 7.8 Xylem
  • 7.8.1 Xylem Company Information
  • 7.8.2 Xylem Introduction and Business Overview
  • 7.8.3 Xylem Nickel Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
  • 7.8.4 Xylem Nickel Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers Product Offerings
  • 7.8.5 Xylem Recent Development
• 7.9 Kaori
  • 7.9.1 Kaori Company Information
  • 7.9.2 Kaori Introduction and Business Overview
  • 7.9.3 Kaori Nickel Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
  • 7.9.4 Kaori Nickel Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers Product Offerings
  • 7.9.5 Kaori Recent Development
• 7.10 Mueller
  • 7.10.1 Mueller Company Information
  • 7.10.2 Mueller Introduction and Business Overview
  • 7.10.3 Mueller Nickel Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
  • 7.10.4 Mueller Nickel Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers Product Offerings
  • 7.10.5 Mueller Recent Development
• 7.11 Thermowave
  • 7.11.1 Thermowave Company Information
  • 7.11.2 Thermowave Introduction and Business Overview
  • 7.11.3 Thermowave Nickel Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
  • 7.11.4 Thermowave Nickel Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers Product Offerings
  • 7.11.5 Thermowave Recent Development
• 7.12 Spx Flow
  • 7.12.1 Spx Flow Company Information
  • 7.12.2 Spx Flow Introduction and Business Overview
  • 7.12.3 Spx Flow Nickel Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
  • 7.12.4 Spx Flow Nickel Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers Product Offerings
  • 7.12.5 Spx Flow Recent Development
• 7.13 HRS Heat Exchangers
  • 7.13.1 HRS Heat Exchangers Company Information
  • 7.13.2 HRS Heat Exchangers Introduction and Business Overview
  • 7.13.3 HRS Heat Exchangers Nickel Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
  • 7.13.4 HRS Heat Exchangers Nickel Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers Product Offerings
  • 7.13.5 HRS Heat Exchangers Recent Development
• 7.14 Ningbo Hrale Plate HEAT Exchanger Co., Ltd.
  • 7.14.1 Ningbo Hrale Plate HEAT Exchanger Co., Ltd. Company Information
  • 7.14.2 Ningbo Hrale Plate HEAT Exchanger Co., Ltd. Introduction and Business Overview
  • 7.14.3 Ningbo Hrale Plate HEAT Exchanger Co., Ltd. Nickel Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
  • 7.14.4 Ningbo Hrale Plate HEAT Exchanger Co., Ltd. Nickel Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers Product Offerings
  • 7.14.5 Ningbo Hrale Plate HEAT Exchanger Co., Ltd. Recent Development
• 7.15 Hexnovo(Shanghai) Heat Exchanger Co., Ltd.
  • 7.15.1 Hexnovo(Shanghai) Heat Exchanger Co., Ltd. Company Information
  • 7.15.2 Hexnovo(Shanghai) Heat Exchanger Co., Ltd. Introduction and Business Overview
  • 7.15.3 Hexnovo(Shanghai) Heat Exchanger Co., Ltd. Nickel Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
  • 7.15.4 Hexnovo(Shanghai) Heat Exchanger Co., Ltd. Nickel Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers Product Offerings
  • 7.15.5 Hexnovo(Shanghai) Heat Exchanger Co., Ltd. Recent Development

8 Industry Chain Analysis

• 8.1 Nickel Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers Industrial Chain
• 8.2 Nickel Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers Upstream Analysis
  • 8.2.1 Key Raw Materials
  • 8.2.2 Raw Materials Key Suppliers
  • 8.2.3 Manufacturing Cost Structure
• 8.3 Midstream Analysis
• 8.4 Downstream Analysis (Customers Analysis)
• 8.5 Sales Model and Sales Channels
  • 8.5.1 Nickel Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers Sales Model
  • 8.5.2 Sales Channel
  • 8.5.3 Nickel Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers Distributors

9 Research Findings and Conclusion

10 Appendix

• 10.1 Research Methodology
  • 10.1.1 Methodology/Research Approach
    • 10.1.1.1 Research Programs/Design
    • 10.1.1.2 Market Size Estimation
    • 10.1.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
  • 10.1.2 Data Source
    • 10.1.2.1 Secondary Sources
    • 10.1.2.2 Primary Sources
• 10.2 Author Details
• 10.3 Disclaimer