세계의 비구면 광학 렌즈 : 시장 점유율과 순위, 전체 판매량 및 수요 예측(2025-2031년)

The global market for Aspherical Optical Lenses was estimated to be worth US$ 9119 million in 2024 and is forecast to a readjusted size of US$ 14920 million by 2031 with a CAGR of 7.3% during the forecast period 2025-2031.

This report provides a comprehensive assessment of recent tariff adjustments and international strategic countermeasures on Aspherical Optical Lenses cross-border industrial footprints, capital allocation patterns, regional economic interdependencies, and supply chain reconfigurations.

Aspherical Optical Lenses are lenses with surfaces that are not spherical. Compared to traditional spherical lenses, they can more effectively correct aberrations, thereby providing higher image quality and more compact optical systems. The design and manufacturing of aspherical lenses involve complex optical design theories and high-precision machining processes. Their surface shapes are usually defined by polynomial or freeform equations, enabling more precise control of light rays. These lenses are widely used in high-end optical devices, such as camera lenses, telescopes, microscopes, projectors, laser systems, and smartphone cameras. With the continuous development of optical technology, the advantages of aspherical lenses in improving optical performance, reducing the size and weight of optical systems, and simplifying optical systems are becoming more significant. They have become a key element in modern optical design. The market demand for aspherical lenses is also steadily increasing with the rapid development of consumer electronics, automotive electronics, aerospace, and medical equipment.

Market Development Opportunities & Main Driving Factors

The market for Aspherical Optical Lenses is experiencing rapid growth, driven by strong demand from consumer electronics, automotive electronics, and medical equipment sectors. In consumer electronics, the continuous upgrade of smartphone cameras has increased the demand for high-resolution, miniaturized aspherical lenses. With higher pixel density and enhanced camera functionality, aspherical lenses can effectively correct aberrations, improve image quality, and reduce the size of camera modules. In the automotive electronics field, the development of autonomous driving technology has raised higher requirements for in-vehicle cameras and LiDAR, where aspherical lenses can provide clearer images and more accurate detection capabilities. Additionally, in the medical equipment sector, the demand for high-precision optical components in microscopes and endoscopes is increasing, and aspherical lenses can meet the strict requirements for image quality and resolution. The rapid development of these fields provides strong momentum for the aspherical optical lenses market, driving it to continue growing in the coming years.

Market Challenges, Risks, & Restraints

Despite its broad development prospects, the market for Aspherical Optical Lenses also faces several challenges and risks. First, the manufacturing process of aspherical lenses is complex and costly, requiring high-precision machining equipment and advanced inspection technologies. This keeps production costs high and limits their widespread application in mid-to-low-end markets. Secondly, market competition is becoming increasingly fierce, with more and more companies entering the field, intensifying the competition for market share. Companies need to continuously enhance their competitiveness in product quality, price, brand, and technological innovation to cope with the intense market competition. Additionally, the stability of raw material supply is a potential risk, especially for high-precision optical glass and machining equipment, which may be affected by international market fluctuations and geopolitical factors. Finally, with the rapid development of technology, the design and manufacturing technologies of aspherical lenses are also constantly being updated. Companies need to continuously invest in R&D resources to maintain a leading technological position; otherwise, they may face the risk of being eliminated from the market.

Downstream Demand Trends

Looking at downstream demand, Aspherical Optical Lenses have broad application prospects in multiple fields. In the consumer electronics sector, with the popularization of foldable smartphones and multi-camera systems, the performance and miniaturization requirements for aspherical lenses will further increase. In the future, the cameras of foldable smartphones will need to achieve higher optical performance within limited space, and aspherical lenses will play an important role. In the automotive electronics field, with the continuous maturation of autonomous driving technology, the quantity and performance requirements of in-vehicle cameras and LiDAR will continue to increase, and the application of aspherical lenses in these devices will be further expanded. In the medical equipment field, with the development of minimally invasive surgery and precision medicine, the demand for high-precision optical components in microscopes and endoscopes will continue to grow, and aspherical lenses are expected to gain a larger market share in these areas. Additionally, in the aerospace and industrial inspection fields, the application of aspherical lenses is also constantly expanding. With continuous technological progress and the diversification of market demand, the application forms and fields of Aspherical Optical Lenses will be further deepened and expanded.

This report aims to provide a comprehensive presentation of the global market for Aspherical Optical Lenses, focusing on the total sales volume, sales revenue, price, key companies market share and ranking, together with an analysis of Aspherical Optical Lenses by region & country, by Type, and by Application.

The Aspherical Optical Lenses market size, estimations, and forecasts are provided in terms of sales volume (M Units) and sales revenue ($ millions), considering 2024 as the base year, with history and forecast data for the period from 2020 to 2031. With both quantitative and qualitative analysis, to help readers develop business/growth strategies, assess the market competitive situation, analyze their position in the current marketplace, and make informed business decisions regarding Aspherical Optical Lenses.

Market Segmentation

By Company

• Sunny Optical
• LARGAN
• GeniuS Electronic Optical (GSEO)
• Liaoning Zhonglan Electronic Technology
• Tamron
• Zeiss
• Sekonix
• Canon
• YTOT
• CBC
• CoAsia
• Union
• Kinko
• Phenix Optical
• Optrontec
• OFILM
• Newmax
• AAC Optics

Segment by Type

• Resin Lens
• Glass Lens
• Hybrid Lens

Segment by Application

• Mobile Phone
• Automotive
• Surveillance
• Cameras
• Others

By Region

• North America
  • United States
  • Canada
• Asia-Pacific
  • China
  • Japan
  • South Korea
  • Southeast Asia
  • India
  • Australia
  • Rest of Asia-Pacific
• Europe
  • Germany
  • France
  • U.K.
  • Italy
  • Netherlands
  • Nordic Countries
  • Rest of Europe
• Latin America
  • Mexico
  • Brazil
  • Rest of Latin America
• Middle East & Africa
  • Turkey
  • Saudi Arabia
  • UAE
  • Rest of MEA

Chapter Outline

Chapter 1: Introduces the report scope of the report, global total market size (value, volume and price). This chapter also provides the market dynamics, latest developments of the market, the driving factors and restrictive factors of the market, the challenges and risks faced by manufacturers in the industry, and the analysis of relevant policies in the industry.

Chapter 2: Detailed analysis of Aspherical Optical Lenses manufacturers competitive landscape, price, sales and revenue market share, latest development plan, merger, and acquisition information, etc.

Chapter 3: Provides the analysis of various market segments by Type, covering the market size and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different market segments.

Chapter 4: Provides the analysis of various market segments by Application, covering the market size and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different downstream markets.

Chapter 5: Sales, revenue of Aspherical Optical Lenses in regional level. It provides a quantitative analysis of the market size and development potential of each region and introduces the market development, future development prospects, market space, and market size of each country in the world.

Chapter 6: Sales, revenue of Aspherical Optical Lenses in country level. It provides sigmate data by Type, and by Application for each country/region.

Chapter 7: Provides profiles of key players, introducing the basic situation of the main companies in the market in detail, including product sales, revenue, price, gross margin, product introduction, recent development, etc.

Chapter 8: Analysis of industrial chain, including the upstream and downstream of the industry.

Chapter 9: Conclusion.

Table of Contents

1 Market Overview

• 1.1 Aspherical Optical Lenses Product Introduction
• 1.2 Global Aspherical Optical Lenses Market Size Forecast
  • 1.2.1 Global Aspherical Optical Lenses Sales Value (2020-2031)
  • 1.2.2 Global Aspherical Optical Lenses Sales Volume (2020-2031)
  • 1.2.3 Global Aspherical Optical Lenses Sales Price (2020-2031)
• 1.3 Aspherical Optical Lenses Market Trends & Drivers
  • 1.3.1 Aspherical Optical Lenses Industry Trends
  • 1.3.2 Aspherical Optical Lenses Market Drivers & Opportunity
  • 1.3.3 Aspherical Optical Lenses Market Challenges
  • 1.3.4 Aspherical Optical Lenses Market Restraints
• 1.4 Assumptions and Limitations
• 1.5 Study Objectives
• 1.6 Years Considered

2 Competitive Analysis by Company

• 2.1 Global Aspherical Optical Lenses Players Revenue Ranking (2024)
• 2.2 Global Aspherical Optical Lenses Revenue by Company (2020-2025)
• 2.3 Global Aspherical Optical Lenses Players Sales Volume Ranking (2024)
• 2.4 Global Aspherical Optical Lenses Sales Volume by Company Players (2020-2025)
• 2.5 Global Aspherical Optical Lenses Average Price by Company (2020-2025)
• 2.6 Key Manufacturers Aspherical Optical Lenses Manufacturing Base and Headquarters
• 2.7 Key Manufacturers Aspherical Optical Lenses Product Offered
• 2.8 Key Manufacturers Time to Begin Mass Production of Aspherical Optical Lenses
• 2.9 Aspherical Optical Lenses Market Competitive Analysis
  • 2.9.1 Aspherical Optical Lenses Market Concentration Rate (2020-2025)
  • 2.9.2 Global 5 and 10 Largest Manufacturers by Aspherical Optical Lenses Revenue in 2024
  • 2.9.3 Global Top Manufacturers by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in Aspherical Optical Lenses as of 2024)
• 2.10 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion

3 Segmentation by Type

• 3.1 Introduction by Type
  • 3.1.1 Resin Lens
  • 3.1.2 Glass Lens
  • 3.1.3 Hybrid Lens
• 3.2 Global Aspherical Optical Lenses Sales Value by Type
  • 3.2.1 Global Aspherical Optical Lenses Sales Value by Type (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031)
  • 3.2.2 Global Aspherical Optical Lenses Sales Value, by Type (2020-2031)
  • 3.2.3 Global Aspherical Optical Lenses Sales Value, by Type (%) (2020-2031)
• 3.3 Global Aspherical Optical Lenses Sales Volume by Type
  • 3.3.1 Global Aspherical Optical Lenses Sales Volume by Type (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031)
  • 3.3.2 Global Aspherical Optical Lenses Sales Volume, by Type (2020-2031)
  • 3.3.3 Global Aspherical Optical Lenses Sales Volume, by Type (%) (2020-2031)
• 3.4 Global Aspherical Optical Lenses Average Price by Type (2020-2031)

4 Segmentation by Application

• 4.1 Introduction by Application
  • 4.1.1 Mobile Phone
  • 4.1.2 Automotive
  • 4.1.3 Surveillance
  • 4.1.4 Cameras
  • 4.1.5 Others
• 4.2 Global Aspherical Optical Lenses Sales Value by Application
  • 4.2.1 Global Aspherical Optical Lenses Sales Value by Application (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031)
  • 4.2.2 Global Aspherical Optical Lenses Sales Value, by Application (2020-2031)
  • 4.2.3 Global Aspherical Optical Lenses Sales Value, by Application (%) (2020-2031)
• 4.3 Global Aspherical Optical Lenses Sales Volume by Application
  • 4.3.1 Global Aspherical Optical Lenses Sales Volume by Application (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031)
  • 4.3.2 Global Aspherical Optical Lenses Sales Volume, by Application (2020-2031)
  • 4.3.3 Global Aspherical Optical Lenses Sales Volume, by Application (%) (2020-2031)
• 4.4 Global Aspherical Optical Lenses Average Price by Application (2020-2031)

5 Segmentation by Region

• 5.1 Global Aspherical Optical Lenses Sales Value by Region
  • 5.1.1 Global Aspherical Optical Lenses Sales Value by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
  • 5.1.2 Global Aspherical Optical Lenses Sales Value by Region (2020-2025)
  • 5.1.3 Global Aspherical Optical Lenses Sales Value by Region (2026-2031)
  • 5.1.4 Global Aspherical Optical Lenses Sales Value by Region (%), (2020-2031)
• 5.2 Global Aspherical Optical Lenses Sales Volume by Region
  • 5.2.1 Global Aspherical Optical Lenses Sales Volume by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
  • 5.2.2 Global Aspherical Optical Lenses Sales Volume by Region (2020-2025)
  • 5.2.3 Global Aspherical Optical Lenses Sales Volume by Region (2026-2031)
  • 5.2.4 Global Aspherical Optical Lenses Sales Volume by Region (%), (2020-2031)
• 5.3 Global Aspherical Optical Lenses Average Price by Region (2020-2031)
• 5.4 North America
  • 5.4.1 North America Aspherical Optical Lenses Sales Value, 2020-2031
  • 5.4.2 North America Aspherical Optical Lenses Sales Value by Country (%), 2024 VS 2031
• 5.5 Europe
  • 5.5.1 Europe Aspherical Optical Lenses Sales Value, 2020-2031
  • 5.5.2 Europe Aspherical Optical Lenses Sales Value by Country (%), 2024 VS 2031
• 5.6 Asia Pacific
  • 5.6.1 Asia Pacific Aspherical Optical Lenses Sales Value, 2020-2031
  • 5.6.2 Asia Pacific Aspherical Optical Lenses Sales Value by Region (%), 2024 VS 2031
• 5.7 South America
  • 5.7.1 South America Aspherical Optical Lenses Sales Value, 2020-2031
  • 5.7.2 South America Aspherical Optical Lenses Sales Value by Country (%), 2024 VS 2031
• 5.8 Middle East & Africa
  • 5.8.1 Middle East & Africa Aspherical Optical Lenses Sales Value, 2020-2031
  • 5.8.2 Middle East & Africa Aspherical Optical Lenses Sales Value by Country (%), 2024 VS 2031

6 Segmentation by Key Countries/Regions

• 6.1 Key Countries/Regions Aspherical Optical Lenses Sales Value Growth Trends, 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
• 6.2 Key Countries/Regions Aspherical Optical Lenses Sales Value and Sales Volume
  • 6.2.1 Key Countries/Regions Aspherical Optical Lenses Sales Value, 2020-2031
  • 6.2.2 Key Countries/Regions Aspherical Optical Lenses Sales Volume, 2020-2031
• 6.3 United States
  • 6.3.1 United States Aspherical Optical Lenses Sales Value, 2020-2031
  • 6.3.2 United States Aspherical Optical Lenses Sales Value by Type (%), 2024 VS 2031
  • 6.3.3 United States Aspherical Optical Lenses Sales Value by Application, 2024 VS 2031
• 6.4 Europe
  • 6.4.1 Europe Aspherical Optical Lenses Sales Value, 2020-2031
  • 6.4.2 Europe Aspherical Optical Lenses Sales Value by Type (%), 2024 VS 2031
  • 6.4.3 Europe Aspherical Optical Lenses Sales Value by Application, 2024 VS 2031
• 6.5 China
  • 6.5.1 China Aspherical Optical Lenses Sales Value, 2020-2031
  • 6.5.2 China Aspherical Optical Lenses Sales Value by Type (%), 2024 VS 2031
  • 6.5.3 China Aspherical Optical Lenses Sales Value by Application, 2024 VS 2031
• 6.6 Japan
  • 6.6.1 Japan Aspherical Optical Lenses Sales Value, 2020-2031
  • 6.6.2 Japan Aspherical Optical Lenses Sales Value by Type (%), 2024 VS 2031
  • 6.6.3 Japan Aspherical Optical Lenses Sales Value by Application, 2024 VS 2031
• 6.7 South Korea
  • 6.7.1 South Korea Aspherical Optical Lenses Sales Value, 2020-2031
  • 6.7.2 South Korea Aspherical Optical Lenses Sales Value by Type (%), 2024 VS 2031
  • 6.7.3 South Korea Aspherical Optical Lenses Sales Value by Application, 2024 VS 2031
• 6.8 Southeast Asia
  • 6.8.1 Southeast Asia Aspherical Optical Lenses Sales Value, 2020-2031
  • 6.8.2 Southeast Asia Aspherical Optical Lenses Sales Value by Type (%), 2024 VS 2031
  • 6.8.3 Southeast Asia Aspherical Optical Lenses Sales Value by Application, 2024 VS 2031
• 6.9 India
  • 6.9.1 India Aspherical Optical Lenses Sales Value, 2020-2031
  • 6.9.2 India Aspherical Optical Lenses Sales Value by Type (%), 2024 VS 2031
  • 6.9.3 India Aspherical Optical Lenses Sales Value by Application, 2024 VS 2031

7 Company Profiles

• 7.1 Sunny Optical
  • 7.1.1 Sunny Optical Company Information
  • 7.1.2 Sunny Optical Introduction and Business Overview
  • 7.1.3 Sunny Optical Aspherical Optical Lenses Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
  • 7.1.4 Sunny Optical Aspherical Optical Lenses Product Offerings
  • 7.1.5 Sunny Optical Recent Development
• 7.2 LARGAN
  • 7.2.1 LARGAN Company Information
  • 7.2.2 LARGAN Introduction and Business Overview
  • 7.2.3 LARGAN Aspherical Optical Lenses Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
  • 7.2.4 LARGAN Aspherical Optical Lenses Product Offerings
  • 7.2.5 LARGAN Recent Development
• 7.3 GeniuS Electronic Optical (GSEO)
  • 7.3.1 GeniuS Electronic Optical (GSEO) Company Information
  • 7.3.2 GeniuS Electronic Optical (GSEO) Introduction and Business Overview
  • 7.3.3 GeniuS Electronic Optical (GSEO) Aspherical Optical Lenses Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
  • 7.3.4 GeniuS Electronic Optical (GSEO) Aspherical Optical Lenses Product Offerings
  • 7.3.5 GeniuS Electronic Optical (GSEO) Recent Development
• 7.4 Liaoning Zhonglan Electronic Technology
  • 7.4.1 Liaoning Zhonglan Electronic Technology Company Information
  • 7.4.2 Liaoning Zhonglan Electronic Technology Introduction and Business Overview
  • 7.4.3 Liaoning Zhonglan Electronic Technology Aspherical Optical Lenses Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
  • 7.4.4 Liaoning Zhonglan Electronic Technology Aspherical Optical Lenses Product Offerings
  • 7.4.5 Liaoning Zhonglan Electronic Technology Recent Development
• 7.5 Tamron
  • 7.5.1 Tamron Company Information
  • 7.5.2 Tamron Introduction and Business Overview
  • 7.5.3 Tamron Aspherical Optical Lenses Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
  • 7.5.4 Tamron Aspherical Optical Lenses Product Offerings
  • 7.5.5 Tamron Recent Development
• 7.6 Zeiss
  • 7.6.1 Zeiss Company Information
  • 7.6.2 Zeiss Introduction and Business Overview
  • 7.6.3 Zeiss Aspherical Optical Lenses Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
  • 7.6.4 Zeiss Aspherical Optical Lenses Product Offerings
  • 7.6.5 Zeiss Recent Development
• 7.7 Sekonix
  • 7.7.1 Sekonix Company Information
  • 7.7.2 Sekonix Introduction and Business Overview
  • 7.7.3 Sekonix Aspherical Optical Lenses Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
  • 7.7.4 Sekonix Aspherical Optical Lenses Product Offerings
  • 7.7.5 Sekonix Recent Development
• 7.8 Canon
  • 7.8.1 Canon Company Information
  • 7.8.2 Canon Introduction and Business Overview
  • 7.8.3 Canon Aspherical Optical Lenses Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
  • 7.8.4 Canon Aspherical Optical Lenses Product Offerings
  • 7.8.5 Canon Recent Development
• 7.9 YTOT
  • 7.9.1 YTOT Company Information
  • 7.9.2 YTOT Introduction and Business Overview
  • 7.9.3 YTOT Aspherical Optical Lenses Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
  • 7.9.4 YTOT Aspherical Optical Lenses Product Offerings
  • 7.9.5 YTOT Recent Development
• 7.10 CBC
  • 7.10.1 CBC Company Information
  • 7.10.2 CBC Introduction and Business Overview
  • 7.10.3 CBC Aspherical Optical Lenses Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
  • 7.10.4 CBC Aspherical Optical Lenses Product Offerings
  • 7.10.5 CBC Recent Development
• 7.11 CoAsia
  • 7.11.1 CoAsia Company Information
  • 7.11.2 CoAsia Introduction and Business Overview
  • 7.11.3 CoAsia Aspherical Optical Lenses Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
  • 7.11.4 CoAsia Aspherical Optical Lenses Product Offerings
  • 7.11.5 CoAsia Recent Development
• 7.12 Union
  • 7.12.1 Union Company Information
  • 7.12.2 Union Introduction and Business Overview
  • 7.12.3 Union Aspherical Optical Lenses Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
  • 7.12.4 Union Aspherical Optical Lenses Product Offerings
  • 7.12.5 Union Recent Development
• 7.13 Kinko
  • 7.13.1 Kinko Company Information
  • 7.13.2 Kinko Introduction and Business Overview
  • 7.13.3 Kinko Aspherical Optical Lenses Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
  • 7.13.4 Kinko Aspherical Optical Lenses Product Offerings
  • 7.13.5 Kinko Recent Development
• 7.14 Phenix Optical
  • 7.14.1 Phenix Optical Company Information
  • 7.14.2 Phenix Optical Introduction and Business Overview
  • 7.14.3 Phenix Optical Aspherical Optical Lenses Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
  • 7.14.4 Phenix Optical Aspherical Optical Lenses Product Offerings
  • 7.14.5 Phenix Optical Recent Development
• 7.15 Optrontec
  • 7.15.1 Optrontec Company Information
  • 7.15.2 Optrontec Introduction and Business Overview
  • 7.15.3 Optrontec Aspherical Optical Lenses Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
  • 7.15.4 Optrontec Aspherical Optical Lenses Product Offerings
  • 7.15.5 Optrontec Recent Development
• 7.16 OFILM
  • 7.16.1 OFILM Company Information
  • 7.16.2 OFILM Introduction and Business Overview
  • 7.16.3 OFILM Aspherical Optical Lenses Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
  • 7.16.4 OFILM Aspherical Optical Lenses Product Offerings
  • 7.16.5 OFILM Recent Development
• 7.17 Newmax
  • 7.17.1 Newmax Company Information
  • 7.17.2 Newmax Introduction and Business Overview
  • 7.17.3 Newmax Aspherical Optical Lenses Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
  • 7.17.4 Newmax Aspherical Optical Lenses Product Offerings
  • 7.17.5 Newmax Recent Development
• 7.18 AAC Optics
  • 7.18.1 AAC Optics Company Information
  • 7.18.2 AAC Optics Introduction and Business Overview
  • 7.18.3 AAC Optics Aspherical Optical Lenses Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
  • 7.18.4 AAC Optics Aspherical Optical Lenses Product Offerings
  • 7.18.5 AAC Optics Recent Development

8 Industry Chain Analysis

• 8.1 Aspherical Optical Lenses Industrial Chain
• 8.2 Aspherical Optical Lenses Upstream Analysis
  • 8.2.1 Key Raw Materials
  • 8.2.2 Raw Materials Key Suppliers
  • 8.2.3 Manufacturing Cost Structure
• 8.3 Midstream Analysis
• 8.4 Downstream Analysis (Customers Analysis)
• 8.5 Sales Model and Sales Channels
  • 8.5.1 Aspherical Optical Lenses Sales Model
  • 8.5.2 Sales Channel
  • 8.5.3 Aspherical Optical Lenses Distributors

9 Research Findings and Conclusion

10 Appendix

• 10.1 Research Methodology
  • 10.1.1 Methodology/Research Approach
    • 10.1.1.1 Research Programs/Design
    • 10.1.1.2 Market Size Estimation
    • 10.1.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
  • 10.1.2 Data Source
    • 10.1.2.1 Secondary Sources
    • 10.1.2.2 Primary Sources
• 10.2 Author Details
• 10.3 Disclaimer