승용차용 지능형 스티어링 산업(2024년)

Intelligent Steering Research: Steer-by-wire is expected to land on independent brand models in 2025

The Passenger Car Intelligent Steering Industry Research Report, 2024 released by ResearchInChina summarizes and studies the status quo, installation, suppliers' layout, supply chain layout, etc. of intelligent steering in the world and China, and predicts the future development trends of intelligent steering.

1. Policies provide continuous support, and standards concerning steer-by-wire are becoming definite.

Since 2023, China has formulated a range of national standards, association standards and other policies for steer-by-wire. From system standards such as technical requirements and test methods for steer-by-wire of commercial vehicles and passenger cars, to component standards for wheel hub/wheel rim motors and steer-by-wire road sense simulators, the standards for steer-by-wire are becoming increasingly definite and perfect.

Take the steer-by-wire road sense simulator as an example: when the driver drives a vehicle, the hand feel is very important to the driver. The road sense transmits the force and road conditions of the tires, road surface, and body to the driver through the steering wheel in real time. Without mechanical connection, the road sense can only be produced by the steer-by-wire road sense simulator. The most important function of a road sense simulator is to simulate and restore the driver's feelings as realistically as possible under different road conditions.

In August 2024, the Institute of Electrical Engineering (IEE) of Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) and HYCET EPS System (Jiangsu) jointly took the lead in drafting the CSAE standard "Fault Injection Test Specifications for Steering Wheel Hand Feel Simulation Controllers of Passenger Car Steer-by-Wire Systems", a standard which filled the gap in this field.

The following table shows the statistics of steer-by-wire standards and policies from 2023 to 2024:

2. Many OEMs are vying to deploy steer-by-wire technology which is expected to be available in domestic independent brand models in 2025.

There are fewer than 10 passenger car models equipped with steer-by-wire in the world, including Infiniti Q50, Q50L, QX50, Q60, Toyota bZ4X, Lexus RZ, and Tesla Cybertruck. The following table lists the models that have carried and are scheduled to carry steer-by-wire:

Seen from the plans of OEMs, steer-by-wire is expected to be available in domestic independent brand models in 2025.

3. Four-wheel independent steering will be the future development direction of steer-by-wire

The 4-wheel steering with steer-by-wire system (4WS-SBW) is composed of an independent mechanical transmission mechanism and a steering actuator motor. Each wheel can independently control the steering angle, enabling the vehicle to turn in place while increasing the freedom of driving attitude. The greatest significance of 4-wheel independent drive lies in safety. It can improve the stability and anti-skid control of the vehicle. It also provides power and steering dual redundancy for the autonomous driving system. Even if the steering wheel fails, steering can be achieved through the speed difference between the four wheels.

For example, the Hongqi integrated chassis structure comes from the "Hongqi drive-steering integrated power chassis" technology of the intelligent driving safety chassis system of the e.RFlag electric platform (HME). This chassis technology platform pioneered a chassis domain control algorithm to achieve integrated control of steering, braking and suspension systems. It removes the motors that drives the wheel from the body, integrates them directly into the wheel, and installs them on the inside of the wheel hub instead. All four wheels adopt the same design. This is equivalent to directly canceling the transmission devices on traditional vehicles, allowing the wheels to drive "themselves", and realizing seven motion modes including crab walk steering, fixed-point U-turn, front-wheel steering, and four-wheel steering.

BYD, Hongqi, Dongfeng and Schaeffler among others have laid out 4-wheel independent steering, a technology which is a major future development direction of steer-by-wire.

4. Steer-by-wire technology will disrupt cockpit design

Change 1: Steer-by-wire can enable foldable steering wheels to increase the available space in the cockpit. Nexteer's steer-by-wire can realize a foldable steering wheel, which automatically retracts during autonomous driving to increase the available space in the cockpit. ZF's steer-by-wire will allow the steering wheel to automatically retract in the future.

Change 2: Steer-by-wire technology can eliminate the steering wheel and replace it with other devices:

In November 2023, Schaeffler announced its force feedback operating joystick technology, which cancels the traditional steering wheel and replaces it with a joystick placed next to the armrest. Schaeffler's force feedback operating joystick has no mechanical connection with the front steering mechanism. This joystick can clearly feed the road sense back to the driver. The full steering stroke is about 100 degrees from the left to the right. The entire system development meets the relevant functional safety requirements and standards.

In May 2024, Hitachi Astemo's Smart SBWS used multiple control solutions to replace the traditional steering wheel, for example, using a mouse to control the steering wheel in the central armrest box, or using a new device on the left side of the front passenger to control the steering wheel. The system is expected to be mass-produced in 203X.

Table of Contents

1 Overview of Passenger Car Intelligent Steering Industry

Intelligent Steering Terminology and Definition in This Report

Research Scope of the Intelligent Steering Industry in This Report

• 1.1 Development History of Passenger Car Steering
  • 1.1.1 Definition of Automotive Steering System
  • 1.1.2 Classification of Automotive Steering System
  • 1.1.3 Steering System Phase I: Mechanical Steering (MS)
  • 1.1.4 Steering System Phase II: Hydraulic Power Steering (HPS)
  • 1.1.5 Steering System Phase II: Electro-hydraulic Power Steering (EHPS)
  • 1.1.6 Steering System Phase III: Electronic Power Steering (EPS)
  • 1.1.7 Steering System Phase IV: Steer-by-wire (SBW)
• 1.2 Passenger Car EPS System
  • 1.2.1 Components of EPS
  • 1.2.2 Comparison between Different EPS Types (1)
  • 1.2.2 Comparison between Different EPS Types (2)
  • 1.2.3 Comparison between Traditional Steering System and Redundant Steering System
  • 1.2.4 Redundant Architecture and Technical Route of Steering System
  • 1.2.5 Redundant EPS Technical Solution (1)
  • 1.2.5 Redundant EPS Technical Solution (2)
  • 1.2.6 Key Redundant EPS Technology (1)
  • 1.2.6 Key Redundant EPS Technology (2)
  • 1.2.6 Key Redundant EPS Technology (3)
  • 1.2.7 Advantages of EPS Compared with Traditional Steering
  • 1.2.8 EPS Industrial Chain
  • 1.2.9 EPS Market Size Prediction
  • 1.2.10 Stimulating Factors for EPS Development
• 1.3 Passenger Car SBW System
  • 1.3.1 Basic Structure of SBW
  • 1.3.2 Working Principle of SBW
  • 1.3.3 Typical Layout of SBW (1)
  • 1.3.3 Typical Layout of SBW (2)
  • 1.3.4 Actuation & Control Strategy of SBW
  • 1.3.5 Comparison between Different Intelligent Steering Technologies (Active Steering and Four-Wheel Steering Technologies)
  • 1.3.6 Advantages and Difficulties of SBW System
  • 1.3.7 Influence of SBW on Automakers and End Consumers
  • 1.3.8 Stimulating Factors for SBW Development
  • 1.3.9 SBW Market Size Prediction
  • 1.3.10 Installation of Rear-wheel Steering
  • 1.3.11 Rear-wheel Steering Installation: by Price Range and Brand
  • 1.3.12 Rear-wheel Steering Installation: by Level
• 1.4 International Development of Passenger Car SBW System
  • 1.4.1 Global Growth Trend of X-by-wire Technology
  • 1.4.2 Acceptance of SBW Users (China, Germany, India, Japan, the United States)
  • 1.4.3 Global SBW Market Size (2018-2032)
  • 1.4.4 Worldwide SBW Development
• 1.5 Passenger Car Intelligent Steering Policies/Standards (1)
• 1.5 Passenger Car Intelligent Steering Policies/Standards (2)
• 1.6 Development Direction of Passenger Car Intelligent Steering
• 1.7 Development Path of Passenger Car Intelligent Steering System
• 1.8 Key SBW Technologies
• 1.9 Key Technical Indicators of Passenger Car Intelligent Steering
• 1.10 Passenger Car Intelligent Chassis Roadmap - SBW
• 1.11 SBW Goals (2025-2030)
• 1.12 SBW Requirements for L2~L4+ Autonomous Driving Systems
• 1.13 Development Goals of Key Components and System Safety of SBW
• 1.14 Experiential Development Goals and Innovative Action Planning of SBW
• 1.15 Summary of Models Equipped with SBW (1)
• 1.15 Summary of Models Equipped with SBW (2)
• 1.16 Summary of Upcoming Models with
• 1.17 Layout of OEMs in SBW Technology (1)
• 1.17 Layout of OEMs in SBW Technology (2)
• 1.18 Summary of Foreign SBW Suppliers and Products
• 1.19 Summary of Domestic SBW Suppliers and Products
• 1.20 Financing of SBW Suppliers, 2023~2024

2 Automotive Intelligent Steering Layout of Domestic and Foreign Passenger Car OEMs

• 2.1 Infiniti
  • 2.1.1 SBW System Solutions (1)
  • 2.1.1 SBW System Solutions (2)
  • 2.1.2 Advantages and Difficulties of SBW System
  • 2.1.3 Models Equipped with SBW System (1)
  • 2.1.4 Models Equipped with SBW System (2)
• 2.2 Toyota
  • 2.2.1 SBW Technology Patents
  • 2.2.2 Block Diagram of SBW System
  • 2.2.3 Safety and Interaction Logic Design of SBW System
  • 2.2.4 Latest Solutions for SBW System
  • 2.2.5 Models Equipped with SBW System (1)
  • 2.2.6 Models Equipped with SBW System (2)
• 2.3 Tesla
  • 2.3.1 SBW Technology Patents
  • 2.3.2 SBW System Solutions (1)
  • 2.3.2 SBW System Solutions (2)
  • 2.3.3 Solutions for Key Components of SBW System (1)
  • 2.3.4 Solutions for Key Components of SBW System (2)
  • 2.3.5 Models Equipped with SBW System
• 2.4 Audi
  • 2.4.1 Models Equipped with SBW System
  • 2.4.2 Upcoming Models Equipped with SBW System
  • 2.4.3 Models Equipped with Active Rear-Wheel Steering
• 2.5 Great Wall
  • 2.5.1 Steering Technology Patents
  • 2.5.2 SBW Layout of Subsidiaries
  • 2.5.3 SBW System Solution
  • 2.5.4 Mass Production Planning of SBW System
• 2.6 Geely
  • 2.6.1 SBW Layout of Subsidiaries
  • 2.6.2 Cooperative Development Cases of SBW System (1)
  • 2.6.3 Cooperative Development Cases of SBW System (2)
  • 2.6.4 Cooperative Development Cases of SBW System (3)
  • 2.6.5 AI Digital Chassis Integrates SBW Technology (1)
  • 2.6.5 AI Digital Chassis Integrates SBW Technology (2)
• 2.7 BYD
  • 2.7.1 SBW Layout of Subsidiaries
  • 2.7.2 SBW Solutions
  • 2.7.3 e4 Technology Can Achieve Steering Redundancy
  • 2.7.4 Models Equipped with e4 Technology
  • 2.7.5 Models Equipped with Rear-Wheel Steering
• 2.8 Hongqi
  • 2.8.1 Integrated Chassis Structure with Front and Rear SBW
  • 2.8.2 Active Rear-wheel Steering Solutions
  • 2.8.3 Models Equipped with Active Rear-wheel Steering
• 2.9 Dongfeng Motor
• 2.10 Chery
• 2.11 NIO
• 2.12 IM
• 2.13 ZEEKR
• 2.14 Xpeng
• 2.15 Lotus
• 2.16 Volkswagen
• 2.17 Mercedes-Benz
• 2.18 Changan
• 2.19 Voyah

3 Foreign Passenger Car Intelligent Steering System Integrators

• 3.1 Bosch
• Overall Layout of Intelligent Steering Solutions
• 3.1.1 Development History of Automotive Steering System
• 3.1.2 Intelligent Steering System Solutions (1)
• 3.1.2 Intelligent Steering System Solutions (2)
• 3.1.2 Intelligent Steering System Solutions (3)
• 3.1.2 Intelligent Steering System Solutions (4)
• 3.1.2 Intelligent Steering System Solutions (5)
• 3.1.3 SBW System Solutions (1)
• 3.1.3 SBW System Solutions (2)
• 3.1.3 SBW System Solutions (3)
• 3.1.4 SBW Cooperation Cases
• 3.1.5 Key Components of Steering System
• 3.1.6 Future Steering System Planning
• 3.1.7 Steering System Layout in China: Hasco Steering
• 3.1.8 Hasco's Intelligent Steering System Solution A (1)
• 3.1.8 Hasco's Intelligent Steering System Solutions (2)
• 3.1.9 Hasco's Intelligent Steering System Solution B (1)
• 3.1.9 Hasco's Intelligent Steering System Solution B (2)
• 3.1.10 Hasco's SBW Layout and Winter Test in 2024
• 3.1.11 Hasco's Intelligent Steering System Project Was Put Into Production
• 3.1.12 Production of Hasco's Key Steering System Parts
• 3.2 Nexteer Automotive
  • 3.2.1 SBW Layout
  • 3.2.2 Customers by Product (1)
  • 3.2.2 Customers by Product (2)
  • 3.2.3 Main Projects in 2023 (1)
  • 3.2.3 Main Projects in 2023 (2)
  • 3.2.4 Main Projects in 2022 (1)
  • 3.2.4 Main Projects in 2022 (2)
  • 3.2.5 SBW Layout and Capacity
  • 3.2.6 Intelligent Steering System Solutions (1)
  • 3.2.6 Intelligent Steering System Solutions (2)
  • 3.2.6 Intelligent Steering System Solutions (3)
  • 3.2.7 SBW System Solution
  • 3.2.8 Solutions for key components of steering system
• 3.3 Schaeffler
• Overall Layout of Intelligent Steering Solutions
• 3.3.1 Profile
• 3.3.2 SBW Layout
• 3.3.3 SBW R&D Planning
• 3.3.4 SBW System Solutions (1)
• 3.3.5 SBW System Solutions (2)
• 3.3.6 SBW System Solutions (3)
• 3.3.7 SBW System Solutions (4)
• 3.3.8 Solutions for key components of steering system
• 3.3.9 SBW Cooperation Cases
• 3.3.10 SBW Application Cases
• 3.4 ZF
• Overall Layout of Intelligent Steering Solutions
• 3.4.1 Intelligent Steering System Solutions
• 3.4.2 SBW System Solution A (1)
• 3.4.2 SBW System Solution A (2)
• 3.4.3 SBW System Solution B (1)
• 3.4.3 SBW System Solution B (2)
• 3.5 Mando
• Overall Layout of Intelligent Steering Solutions
• 3.5.1 SBW Layout
• 3.5.2 Intelligent Steering System Solutions
• 3.5.3 SBW System Solution
• 3.6 NSK
• Overall Layout of Intelligent Steering Solutions
• 3.6.1 Intelligent Steering System Solutions
• 3.6.2 SBW System Solutions (1)
• 3.6.2 SBW System Solutions (2)
• 3.6.3 Key Steering Component Solutions
• 3.7 JTEKT
• 3.8 ThyssenKrupp
• 3.9 Hitachi Astemo
• 3.10 KYB
• 3.11 HELLA

4 Domestic Passenger Car Intelligent Steering System Integrators

• 4.1 Trinova
• Overall Layout of Intelligent Steering Solutions
• 4.1.1 Profile and Financing
• 4.1.2 Intelligent Steering System Solutions (1)
• 4.1.3 Intelligent Steering System Solutions (2)
• 4.1.4 Intelligent Steering System Redundancy Solutions (1)
• 4.1.5 Intelligent Steering System Redundancy Solutions (2)
• 4.1.6 SBW Solutions (1)
• 4.1.6 SBW Solutions (2)
• 4.1.7 SBW Electrical Architecture
• 4.1.8 SBW Algorithm Architecture
• 4.1.9 Key SBW Technology
• 4.1.10 SBW Road Tests
• 4.1.11 Intelligent Steering System Planning
• 4.2 NASN
  • 4.2.1 Profile and Financing
  • 4.2.2 Product Matrix
  • 4.2.3 Intelligent Steering System Solutions
  • 4.2.4 SBW Product Planning
• 4.3 Tuopu Group
• Overall Layout of Intelligent Steering Solutions
• 4.3.1 Global Layout
• 4.3.2 Steering System Matrix
• 4.3.3 Intelligent Steering System Solutions
• 4.3.4 SBW System Solution
• 4.3.5 Key Steering Component Solution A (1)
• 4.3.5 Key Steering Component Solution A (2)
• 4.3.6 Key Steering Component Solution B
• 4.3.7 Intelligent Steering Business Layout
• 4.4 DECO Automotive
• Overall Layout of Intelligent Steering Solutions
• 4.4.1 Profile
• 4.4.2 Iteration of Steering Technology
• 4.4.3 Steering System Matrix
• 4.4.4 Intelligent Steering System Solutions (1)
• 4.4.5 Intelligent Steering System Solutions (2)
• 4.4.6 Intelligent Steering System Redundancy Solutions (1)
• 4.4.6 Intelligent Steering System Redundancy Solutions (2)
• 4.4.7 SBW System Solutions (1)
• 4.4.7 SBW System Solutions (2)
• 4.4.7 SBW System Solutions (3)
• 4.4.8 SBW System Redundancy Solutions
• 4.4.9 Solutions for Key Components of Intelligent Steering System
• 4.4.10 Steering System Design And Development Structure
• 4.5 DIAS
  • 4.5.1 Profile
  • 4.5.2 Development History and Future Planning of Steering System
  • 4.5.3 Intelligent Steering Solution A
  • 4.5.4 Intelligent Steering Solution B (1)
  • 4.5.4 Intelligent Steering Solution B (2)
  • 4.5.4 Intelligent Steering Solution B (3)
  • 4.5.5 Intelligent Steering Redundancy Solutions
  • 4.5.6 SBW Solutions (1)
  • 4.5.6 SBW Solutions (2)
  • 4.5.7 Innovative Functional Features of Intelligent Steering System
  • 4.5.8 Designation and Application Cases of Intelligent Steering Products
  • 4.5.9 Strategic Steering Cooperation and Designated Projects
• 4.6 Zhejiang Shibao
• Overall Layout of Intelligent Steering Solutions
• 4.6.1 Profile
• 4.6.2 Development History of Steering System
• 4.6.3 Intelligent Steering System Solutions
• 4.6.4 SBW System Solution
• 4.6.5 Parts and Castings of Passenger Car Steering System
• 4.6.6 Mass Production and R&D of Steering System
• 4.6.7 Intelligent Steering Project Investment and Technology Layout
• 4.6.8 Steering System Construction in Progress
• 4.7 HIRO
  • 4.7.1 Profile and Product Introduction
  • 4.7.2 Steering System Products
• 4.8 Global Technology
  • 4.8.1 Profile and Financing
  • 4.8.2 Steering system Layout and Future Planning
• 4.9 Wuhu Bethel Automotive Safety Systems
  • 4.9.1 Profile
  • 4.9.2 Product Layout
  • 4.9.3 Distribution of Manufacturing Bases
  • 4.9.4 Production Equipment and Capacity Layout
  • 4.9.5 Steering System Products and Designated Production Projects
  • 4.9.6 Intelligent Steering System Solutions
  • 4.9.7 Acquisition of Zhejiang Wanda for SBW System Layout
  • 4.9.8 Aluminum Casting Lightweight Project
  • 4.9.9 Cooperation Cases in the Steering Field
  • 4.9.10 Major Customers
• 4.10 Tongyu Automobile
  • 4.10.1 Profile and Financing
  • 4.10.2 SBW System Solutions
  • 4.10.3 SBW System Redundancy Solutions
  • 4.10.4 SBW Mechanical Technology Solutions
  • 4.10.5 Solutions for Key Components of SBW (1)
  • 4.10.6 Solutions for Key Components of SBW (2)
  • 4.10.7 Solutions for Key Components of SBW (3)
• 4.11 HYCET
• 4.12 TSING AUTO Intelligent Chassis
• 4.13 Henglong Group
• 4.14 eCDAG
• 4.15 Yubei Steering System (Xinxiang)
• 4.16 JWD Automotive Technology
• 4.17 Zhuzhou Elite
• 4.18 Jingwei Hirain
• 4.19 Change Technology
• 4.20 FinDreams Technology
• 4.21 VCS Technology
• 4.22 Teemo (Ningbo) Technology
• 4.23 China Automotive Systems Co., Ltd.

5 Passenger Car Steering Motor Suppliers

• 5.1 Basic Principle and Status Quo of Steering Motors
  • 5.1.1 Steering Motor Overview
• 5.1. 2 Status Quo of Steering Motor Market
• 5.2 Nidec
  • 5.2.1 Steering Motor Solutions (1)
  • 5.2.2 Steering Motor Solutions (2)
• 5.3 Bosch
• Overall Layout of Steering Motor Solutions
• 5.3.1 Steering Motor Solutions (1)
• 5.3.2 Steering Motor Solutions (2)
• 5.3.3 Steering Motor Solutions (3)
• 5.4 Johnson Electric
• Overall Layout of Steering Motor Solutions
• 5.4.1 Product Layout
• 5.4.2 Steering Motor Solution A (1)
• 5.4.2 Steering Motor Solution A (2)
• 5.4.3 Steering Motor Solution B
• 5.4.4 Steering Motor Solution C
• 5.4.5 Steering Motor Solution D
• 5.4.6 Customers
• 5.5 Ningbo Dechang Electric Machinery Manufacturing
  • 5.5.1 Motor Product Layout
  • 5.5.2 EPS Business Layout and Designation
  • 5.5.3 Core EPS Technology and Mass Production Scale
  • 5.5.4 Steering Motor Solutions of DCTech (Subsidiary)
• 5.6 Fuxin Dare Automotive
• 5.7 Welling
• 5.8 Nexteer's Steering Motor Solutions
• 5.9 Steering Motor Solutions of Dongxingchang Technology

6 Passenger Car Steering Sensor Suppliers

• 6.1 Basic Principle and Status Quo of Steering Sensors
  • 6.1.1 Steering Sensor Overview
  • 6.1.2 Main Types and Development Trends of Torque Sensors
  • 6.1.3 Layout of Steering Sensor Vendors
• 6.2 Hella
• Overall Layout of Steering Sensor Solutions
• 6.2.1 Release of Latest Steering Sensors
• 6.2.2 Steering Sensor Solution A
• 6.2.3 Steering Sensor Solution B
• 6.2.4 Steering Sensor Solution C
• 6.2.5 Steering Sensor Solution D
• 6.2.6 Steering Sensor Solution E
• 6.2.7 Steering Sensor Solution F (1)
• 6.2.7 Steering Sensor Solution F (2)
• 6.2.7 Steering Sensor Solution F (3)
• 6.2.7 Steering Sensor Solution F (4)
• 6.2.7 Steering Sensor Solution F (5)
• 6.2.8 Other Steering Solutions
• 6.3 Baolong Automotive
• Overall Layout of Steering Sensor Solutions
• 6.3.1 Steering Sensor Layout
• 6.3.2 Steering Sensor Solution A
• 6.3.3 Steering Sensor Solution B
• 6.3.4 Steering Sensor Solution C and Designated Projects
• 6.3.5 Steering Sensor Cooperation Cases
• 6.4 Bosch
  • 6.4.1 Steering Sensor Solution A
  • 6.4.2 Steering Sensor Solution B
• 6.5 TE Connectivity
• 6.6 Methode Electronics
• 6.7 FUTEK
• 6.8 Longgan Technology
• 6.9 DECO Automotive

7 Passenger Car Steering System MCU Suppliers

• 7.1 Overview and Status Quo of Steering System ECU
  • 7.1.1 Overview of Steering System ECU
  • 7.1.2 Status Quo of Steering System ECU Market
  • 7.1.3 Overview and Layout of Steering System MCU
• 7.2 NXP
  • 7.2.1 EPS Framework Diagram
  • 7.2.2 Steering MCU Solution A (1)
  • 7.2.2 Steering MCU Solution A (2)
  • 7.2.2 Steering MCU Solution A (3)
  • 7.2.3 Steering MCU Solution B (1)
  • 7.2.3 Steering MCU Solution B (2)
• 7.3 Infineon
  • 7.3.1 EPS Framework Diagram
  • 7.3.2 Steering MCU Solution A
  • 7.3.3 Steering MCU Solution B
• 7.4 Renesas
  • 7.4.1 Chassis and Safety-related Product Roadmap
  • 7.4.2 Block Diagram of EPS System
  • 7.4.3 Steering MCU Solution A
  • 7.4.4 Steering MCU Solution B
• 7.5 STMicroelectronics
  • 7.5.1 EPS Framework Diagram
  • 7.5.2 Steering MCU Solutions (1)
  • 7.5.2 Steering MCU Solutions (2)
  • 7.5.2 Steering MCU Solutions (3)
  • 7.5.2 Steering MCU Solutions (4)
  • 7.5.2 Steering MCU Solutions (5)
• 7.6 Texas Instruments
• 7.7 Yuntu
• 7.8 Shanghai Xintai Information Technology Co., Ltd.
• 7.9 SAIC-GM-Wuling
• 7.10 SiEngine Technology

8 Development Trends of Passenger Car Intelligent Steering Industry

• 8.1 Trend 1
• 8.2 Trend 2
• 8.3 Trend 3
• 8.4 Trend 4
• 8.5 Trend 5
• 8.6 Trend 6
• 8.7 Trend 7
• 8.8 Trend 8