세계의 소매업용 조달 및 구매 소프트웨어 시장 규모 : 구성요소별, 전개 방식별, 지역별 범위 및 예측

Retail Sourcing And Procurement Software Market Size And Forecast

Retail Sourcing And Procurement Software Market size was valued at USD 4.18 Billion in 2024 and is projected to reach USD 11.83 Billion by 2032, growing at a CAGR of 13.65% during the forecast period 2026-2032.

Retail sourcing and procurement software is a specialized category of business software designed to manage the entire lifecycle of acquiring goods and services for a retail business. This includes the strategic process of sourcing, which involves identifying, evaluating, and selecting suppliers, as well as the operational process of procurement, which encompasses the actual purchasing, order management, and payment.

The market for this software is defined by the solutions and services that enable retailers to automate and optimize these processes. This includes features for spend analysis to track and control expenditures, contract management to ensure compliance and favorable terms, and supplier relationship management to build and maintain strong vendor networks. The software helps retailers enhance efficiency, gain visibility into their supply chain, and make data-driven decisions to reduce costs and improve overall profitability.

Global Retail Sourcing And Procurement Software Market Drivers

The Retail Sourcing and Procurement Software Market is driven by a confluence of factors that are transforming how retailers manage their supply chains and operate their businesses. From the fundamental need for cost control to the adoption of cutting-edge technologies like AI, these drivers are pushing retailers to embrace digital solutions to remain competitive in a rapidly evolving landscape.

Cost Efficiency and Margin Improvement: For retailers, every penny saved in sourcing directly impacts the bottom line. This intense focus on cost efficiency and margin improvement is a primary driver for the adoption of sourcing and procurement software. These solutions provide powerful tools for spend analysis, allowing retailers to track and analyze expenditures across categories, identify opportunities for savings, and eliminate rogue spending. By automating tasks like invoice processing and purchase order management, the software reduces administrative costs and human error. Furthermore, data-driven insights from the software empower procurement teams to negotiate better terms, leverage volume discounts, and secure more favorable contracts with suppliers, directly contributing to higher profit margins.

Increased Supply Chain Complexity: The modern retail supply chain is more complex than ever before, with global networks, diverse product lines, and multi-channel fulfillment. This increased supply chain complexity necessitates a more sophisticated approach to procurement. Sourcing and procurement software addresses this by providing enhanced visibility and control over the entire supply chain. Retailers can use these tools to track shipments in real-time, monitor supplier performance against key metrics, and proactively identify and mitigate risks. This level of oversight is crucial for navigating global trade challenges, customs regulations, and potential disruptions, ensuring a more resilient and streamlined procurement process.

Demand for Real-Time Analytics and Reporting: In the fast-paced retail environment, agile and data-driven decisions are critical. The demand for real-time analytics and reporting is a key market driver. Retail sourcing and procurement software provides a centralized dashboard with up-to-the-minute insights into inventory levels, supplier performance, and procurement spend. This real-time data allows retailers to quickly identify trends, respond to market shifts, and make informed purchasing decisions. For example, by analyzing purchasing patterns and sales data, retailers can optimize order quantities and timing to prevent stockouts or overstocking, leading to significant cost savings and improved customer satisfaction.

Digital Transformation in Retail: The retail industry is in the midst of a profound digital transformation, and sourcing and procurement software is a foundational component of this shift. As businesses move from siloed, manual processes to integrated digital ecosystems, these solutions play a vital role. They automate back-end procurement tasks and integrate with other critical systems like Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP), inventory management, and e-commerce platforms. This integration creates a seamless flow of information across the organization, breaking down silos and enabling a more efficient and responsive business model.

Supplier Relationship Management (SRM): Building and maintaining strong supplier relationships is a competitive advantage for retailers. Sourcing and procurement software provides dedicated modules for Supplier Relationship Management (SRM). These tools facilitate better communication, performance monitoring, and collaboration with suppliers. They enable retailers to create a centralized database of supplier information, track performance against service-level agreements (SLAs), and conduct strategic business reviews. By fostering stronger partnerships, retailers can secure better pricing, gain priority access to new products, and ensure a more reliable supply of goods.

Consumer Expectations for Personalization: Modern consumers expect a high degree of personalization in their shopping experience, which places new demands on retailers' sourcing strategies. To offer customized products, limited-edition items, or to quickly respond to micro-trends, retailers need flexible and responsive procurement processes. Sourcing software helps by enabling quick and efficient sourcing of niche products and custom goods. It helps to find and vet new suppliers who can meet specific, often rapidly changing, consumer demands.

Regulatory Compliance and Sustainability: An increasing focus on ethical business practices and sustainability is a significant driver. Consumers, investors, and governments are demanding greater transparency in supply chains. Procurement software helps retailers track and manage environmental, social, and governance (ESG) criteria for their suppliers. The software can verify that suppliers adhere to ethical labor practices, meet environmental standards, and comply with various international regulations. This capability is crucial for mitigating reputational risks and ensuring a responsible and sustainable supply chain.

AI and Machine Learning Integration: The integration of AI and machine learning is revolutionizing the retail procurement software market. These advanced technologies allow the software to move beyond simple automation to predictive and prescriptive analytics. AI algorithms can forecast demand with a high degree of accuracy, recommend optimal purchasing strategies based on market data, and even identify potential supply chain risks before they escalate. This reduces manual effort and empowers procurement teams to make smarter, more strategic decisions.

Globalization and E-commerce Growth: The rise of e-commerce has blurred geographical boundaries, leading to a surge in global sourcing. As retailers acquire products from around the world, they face new complexities related to managing multi-country supplier networks, currency fluctuations, and varying customs regulations. Advanced procurement software provides the tools to manage these global challenges efficiently. It centralizes supplier data, automates international transactions, and provides real-time currency conversion, enabling retailers to expand their reach and tap into new global markets with confidence.

The Need for Automation: Traditional, manual procurement processes are slow, inefficient, and prone to error. The fundamental need for automation is a core driver of the market. Sourcing and procurement software automates repetitive and time-consuming tasks, such as generating purchase orders, sending out requests for proposals (RFPs), and processing invoices. This reduces the administrative burden on procurement teams, allowing them to focus on more strategic activities like supplier negotiation and relationship building. Automation also ensures greater compliance with internal policies and external regulations, reducing the risk of fraud and errors.

Global Retail Sourcing And Procurement Software Market Restraints

The retail sourcing and procurement software market, despite its promising growth, is hindered by several significant restraints that challenge its adoption and effective use. These obstacles range from financial and technical barriers to organizational resistance and an evolving cybersecurity landscape, all of which retailers must navigate to realize the full benefits of these solutions.

High Implementation Costs: For many retailers, particularly small to mid-sized businesses, the high initial cost of implementation is a major deterrent. This cost goes beyond the software license itself, encompassing expenses for system customization, data migration, and comprehensive employee training. Legacy on-premise solutions often require significant upfront capital expenditure for hardware and servers, while even modern cloud-based solutions can involve substantial fees for setup and integration. This financial barrier makes it difficult for businesses with tight margins to justify the investment, regardless of the long-term return on investment, thereby limiting market penetration.

Complexity of Integration: A significant challenge in the retail software market is the complexity of integrating new solutions with existing legacy systems. Many retailers have deeply entrenched ERP, inventory management, and financial platforms that are not designed for easy interoperability. Connecting a new sourcing and procurement system requires custom APIs, extensive data mapping, and a time-consuming process to ensure a seamless flow of information. This can lead to project delays, increased costs, and data synchronization issues, which can disrupt business operations and diminish the perceived value of the new software.

Resistance to Change: One of the most persistent, non-technical barriers is organizational resistance to change. Employees and management who are comfortable with existing, often manual, workflows may be hesitant to embrace a new technology. Concerns about a steep learning curve, job security, or the potential for workflow disruption can create a culture of reluctance that undermines the adoption process. Without a robust change management strategy and strong leadership buy-in, even the most effective software can fail to be fully utilized, leading to wasted investment and a return to old, inefficient processes.

Data Security and Privacy Concerns: In an era of frequent data breaches, data security and privacy concerns are a critical restraint. Retail sourcing and procurement software handles a wealth of sensitive information, including supplier pricing, contract terms, and financial data. Retailers are justifiably concerned about the risk of this information being compromised. A data breach could lead to significant financial loss, legal penalties (especially in regions with regulations like GDPR), and severe damage to a company's reputation. This fear of vulnerability can cause hesitation and drive businesses to prioritize on-premise solutions or avoid advanced cloud-based platforms altogether.

Lack of Skilled Workforce: The effective implementation and management of sophisticated sourcing and procurement software require a highly skilled workforce. However, there is a persistent shortage of professionals with expertise in this niche. Retailers struggle to find employees who not only understand the intricacies of procurement but also possess the technical skills to operate, analyze, and optimize these digital platforms. This talent gap limits a company's ability to leverage the full capabilities of the software, reducing its effectiveness and making it difficult to justify the initial investment.

Customization and Scalability Challenges: Retailers often have unique business processes, and many generic software solutions lack the flexibility for extensive customization. This can be a significant challenge for businesses with specific sourcing needs or unique operational models. Furthermore, as a business grows, its procurement needs change, and the software must be able to scale accordingly. Solutions that are not easily adaptable to changing business dynamics, or those that require significant redevelopment to handle increased volume or complexity, pose a risk to long-term business strategy.

Vendor Dependence: Adopting a third-party sourcing and procurement solution can lead to a degree of vendor dependence. Retailers become reliant on the software provider for ongoing support, security updates, and feature innovations. If a vendor becomes financially unstable, is acquired by a competitor, or fails to keep up with technological advancements, the retailer's procurement function can be left vulnerable. This reliance creates a long-term risk and can be a significant factor in the decision-making process, as businesses seek vendors that offer long-term stability and a clear roadmap for the future.

Integration with Global Supply Chains: As e-commerce and globalization expand, retailers are sourcing from an increasingly complex network of international suppliers. Managing these global supply chains poses a major challenge for sourcing software. The software must be able to handle multi-currency transactions, comply with a myriad of international trade regulations, and account for varying supplier standards and data formats. Ineffective management of these nuances can lead to delays, compliance issues, and increased costs, which can outweigh the benefits of using a digital platform.

Over-Reliance on Automation: While automation is a core benefit, an over-reliance on technology can be a restraint. Algorithmic decision-making in procurement, if not properly monitored, can lead to blind spots. AI-driven systems may not always account for unforeseen market disruptions, nuanced supplier relationships, or unique, human-centric factors in a negotiation. A lack of human oversight could result in poor decision-making, such as a missed opportunity to negotiate better terms or an error in a major contract, ultimately leading to financial losses.

Ongoing Maintenance Costs: Beyond the initial implementation, ongoing maintenance and subscription costs can pose a significant financial burden. Software providers regularly release updates and bug fixes, which require ongoing IT support and, in many cases, additional fees. For smaller retailers operating on tight budgets, these recurring expenses can become a major concern, particularly if the perceived value of the software diminishes over time or if the business cannot fully leverage all the new features.

Regulatory and Compliance Challenges: The retail industry is subject to a complex and ever-changing web of regulatory and compliance standards, including those related to ethical sourcing, labor practices, and environmental impact. Sourcing and procurement software must be able to adapt to these new regulations quickly. A software solution that fails to provide the necessary tools for tracking and reporting on compliance can expose a retailer to legal and financial penalties, making regulatory alignment a critical, and often challenging, restraint.

Global Retail Sourcing And Procurement Software Market Segmentation Analysis

The Global Retail Sourcing And Procurement Software Market is Segmented On The Basis of Component, Deployment Type, And Geography.

Retail Sourcing And Procurement Software Market, By Component

Solution

Strategic Sourcing

Supplier Network

Contract Management

Procure-to-pay

Service

Implementation

Training and support

Consultation

Based on Component, the Retail Sourcing And Procurement Software Market is segmented into Solution, Strategic Sourcing, Supplier Network, Contract Management, Procure-to-pay, Service, Implementation, Training and support, Consultation. At VMR, we observe that the Solution segment is the dominant subsegment, holding a significant majority market share and driving the market's core revenue. This dominance is primarily fueled by the increasing digitalization of the retail sector, as businesses seek to streamline operations and gain a competitive edge. The adoption of sophisticated solutions for managing complex, global supply chains is a key driver, particularly in mature markets like North America and Europe. These solutions, including strategic sourcing and procure-to-pay modules, are a necessity for large-scale retailers focused on cost optimization and supply chain resilience. Data-backed insights indicate that strategic sourcing and procure-to-pay segments within the Solution category collectively account for a substantial percentage of the market's revenue, underscoring their critical role in the end-to-end procurement process.

The second most dominant subsegment is Services, which, while smaller in revenue, is experiencing a high Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) and is crucial for the effective deployment of the solutions. This segment's growth is driven by the complexity of modern software, which necessitates expert consultation, implementation, and ongoing training and support. The rising demand for cloud-based solutions has also accelerated the need for specialized implementation services to ensure seamless integration and a swift return on investment. The remaining subsegments, such as Strategic Sourcing, Supplier Network, Contract Management, and Procure-to-pay, are integral components of the broader Solution segment. Strategic Sourcing and Procure-to-pay, in particular, are the core functionalities that drive solution adoption, while others like Supplier Network and Contract Management play a vital supporting role in enhancing collaboration and compliance, contributing to a holistic and efficient procurement ecosystem.

Retail Sourcing And Procurement Software Market, By Deployment Type

Cloud

On-premise

Based on Deployment Type, the Retail Sourcing And Procurement Software Market is segmented into Cloud, On-premise. At VMR, we observe that the Cloud segment is the dominant force, projected to hold a commanding market share of over 65% in 2025. This dominance is driven by a fundamental shift in industry trends towards digitalization, scalability, and cost-efficiency. Cloud-based solutions offer significant advantages, including lower initial capital expenditure, faster implementation cycles, and automatic software updates, which align perfectly with the dynamic nature of the retail sector. This model's flexibility and accessibility enable retailers to manage procurement across distributed teams and remote work environments, which is a critical driver in today's global market. The high adoption rates for cloud platforms are particularly notable in regions like North America and Europe, where a robust digital infrastructure supports the seamless migration of business operations to the cloud.

The second most dominant subsegment, On-premise, while ceding market share to cloud-based alternatives, retains a significant position. Its role is primarily driven by large enterprises and industries with stringent security and regulatory requirements, such as those with highly sensitive data or specific compliance mandates. These companies prefer the high degree of control, customization, and data sovereignty that on-premise solutions offer. The continued relevance of this segment is also tied to the existence of legacy systems that are costly or complex to migrate to the cloud. While not the fastest-growing, this segment caters to a niche of retailers who prioritize absolute data control over the agility and cost benefits of the cloud. The future potential of the on-premise segment will likely be in supporting hybrid models, where core data is maintained on-premise while leveraging cloud solutions for collaboration and advanced analytics.

Retail Sourcing And Procurement Software Market, By Geography

North America

Europe

Asia Pacific

Rest of the world

The global retail sourcing and procurement software market is characterized by a significant disparity in maturity and growth rates across different regions. While established economies in North America and Europe have high adoption rates driven by technological advancement and complex supply chains, emerging markets in Asia-Pacific and Latin America are poised for explosive growth due to rapid digitalization and the expansion of the e-commerce sector. This geographical analysis provides a detailed look at the market dynamics, drivers, and trends in each key region.

United States Retail Sourcing And Procurement Software Market

The United States leads the global market in terms of revenue, driven by a highly competitive retail landscape and a strong emphasis on technological innovation. The key drivers in this market are the push for automation to reduce operational costs, a focus on supply chain resilience, and the widespread adoption of cloud and analytics. U.S. retailers are heavily investing in AI and machine learning to optimize sourcing, predict demand, and enhance supplier performance. The presence of numerous large enterprises and a culture of continuous digital transformation solidify the U.S. as a hub for both the development and adoption of advanced procurement solutions.

Europe Retail Sourcing And Procurement Software Market

Europe holds the second-largest share of the global market, with a strong focus on compliance, sustainability, and efficiency. The market is propelled by a combination of factors, including the need for retailers to comply with strict regulations like GDPR and a growing demand for ethical and sustainable sourcing. European retailers are increasingly adopting cloud-based solutions to streamline their supply chains, reduce costs, and gain better visibility into their sourcing activities. Germany, France, and the UK are key players, with a strong emphasis on category-specific sourcing and the integration of blockchain for enhanced traceability.

Asia-Pacific Retail Sourcing And Procurement Software Market

The Asia-Pacific region is the fastest-growing market globally, with a projected high CAGR in the coming years. This explosive growth is fueled by the rapid expansion of the e-commerce sector, urbanization, and a burgeoning middle class in countries like China and India. The region's market is characterized by a high adoption rate of mobile and cloud-based solutions, which are well-suited for the dynamic and fragmented supply chains found here. Key trends include the use of AI for vendor selection and the integration of automated systems for purchase order management, as businesses in the region seek to modernize their procurement processes to compete on a global scale.

Latin America Retail Sourcing And Procurement Software Market

The Latin American market for retail sourcing and procurement software is in a promising growth phase. The region is seeing increasing investment in digital infrastructure and a rise in competition among businesses, which is driving the need for more efficient and automated procurement processes. The market's growth is supported by the increasing adoption of cloud-based ERP and procurement systems among small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) seeking to improve efficiency and competitiveness. While challenges such as higher implementation costs and a reliance on traditional procurement methods persist, the long-term outlook is positive.

Middle East & Africa Retail Sourcing And Procurement Software Market

The Middle East & Africa market is in its nascent stage but offers significant long-term growth potential. The market is being driven by the rapid digitalization initiatives by governments and private enterprises, particularly in the e-commerce and retail sectors. Key growth factors include a growing recognition of the need for supply chain optimization and a shift towards cloud-based solutions to manage complex procurement activities. However, the market faces restraints such as lower digital penetration and a lack of a skilled workforce in some areas, which must be overcome to fully realize its potential.

Key Players

The "Global Retail Sourcing And Procurement Software Market" study report will provide valuable insight with an emphasis on the global market. The major players in the market are SAP, IBM, Zycus, Vroozi, Logic Source, Bristlecone, Perfect Commerce, GEP, Infor, and Cegid.

• The competitive landscape section also includes key development strategies, market share, and market ranking analysis of the above-mentioned players globally.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 INTRODUCTION

• 1.1 MARKET DEFINITION
• 1.2 MARKET SEGMENTATION
• 1.3 RESEARCH TIMELINES
• 1.4 ASSUMPTIONS
• 1.5 LIMITATIONS

2 RESEARCH DEPLOYMENT METHODOLOGY

• 2.1 DATA MINING
• 2.2 SECONDARY RESEARCH
• 2.3 PRIMARY RESEARCH
• 2.4 SUBJECT MATTER EXPERT ADVICE
• 2.5 QUALITY CHECK
• 2.6 FINAL REVIEW
• 2.7 DATA TRIANGULATION
• 2.8 BOTTOM-UP APPROACH
• 2.9 TOP-DOWN APPROACH
• 2.10 RESEARCH FLOW
• 2.11 DATA SOURCES

3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

• 3.1 GLOBAL RETAIL SOURCING AND PROCUREMENT SOFTWARE MARKET OVERVIEW
• 3.2 GLOBAL RETAIL SOURCING AND PROCUREMENT SOFTWARE MARKET ESTIMATES AND FORECAST (USD BILLION)
• 3.3 GLOBAL BIOGAS FLOW METER ECOLOGY MAPPING
• 3.4 COMPETITIVE ANALYSIS: FUNNEL DIAGRAM
• 3.5 GLOBAL RETAIL SOURCING AND PROCUREMENT SOFTWARE MARKET ABSOLUTE MARKET OPPORTUNITY
• 3.6 GLOBAL RETAIL SOURCING AND PROCUREMENT SOFTWARE MARKET ATTRACTIVENESS ANALYSIS, BY REGION
• 3.7 GLOBAL RETAIL SOURCING AND PROCUREMENT SOFTWARE MARKET ATTRACTIVENESS ANALYSIS, BY COMPONENT
• 3.8 GLOBAL RETAIL SOURCING AND PROCUREMENT SOFTWARE MARKET ATTRACTIVENESS ANALYSIS, BY DEPLOYMENT TYPE
• 3.9 GLOBAL RETAIL SOURCING AND PROCUREMENT SOFTWARE MARKET GEOGRAPHICAL ANALYSIS (CAGR %)
• 3.10 GLOBAL RETAIL SOURCING AND PROCUREMENT SOFTWARE MARKET, BY COMPONENT (USD BILLION)
• 3.11 GLOBAL RETAIL SOURCING AND PROCUREMENT SOFTWARE MARKET, BY DEPLOYMENT TYPE (USD BILLION)
• 3.12 GLOBAL RETAIL SOURCING AND PROCUREMENT SOFTWARE MARKET, BY GEOGRAPHY (USD BILLION)
• 3.13 FUTURE MARKET OPPORTUNITIES

4 MARKET OUTLOOK

• 4.1 GLOBAL RETAIL SOURCING AND PROCUREMENT SOFTWARE MARKET EVOLUTION
• 4.2 GLOBAL RETAIL SOURCING AND PROCUREMENT SOFTWARE MARKET OUTLOOK
• 4.3 MARKET DRIVERS
• 4.4 MARKET RESTRAINTS
• 4.5 MARKET TRENDS
• 4.6 MARKET OPPORTUNITY
• 4.7 PORTER'S FIVE FORCES ANALYSIS
  • 4.7.1 THREAT OF NEW ENTRANTS
  • 4.7.2 BARGAINING POWER OF SUPPLIERS
  • 4.7.3 BARGAINING POWER OF BUYERS
  • 4.7.4 THREAT OF SUBSTITUTE COMPONENTS
  • 4.7.5 COMPETITIVE RIVALRY OF EXISTING COMPETITORS
• 4.8 VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS
• 4.9 PRICING ANALYSIS
• 4.10 MACROECONOMIC ANALYSIS

5 MARKET, BY COMPONENT

• 5.1 OVERVIEW
• 5.2 GLOBAL RETAIL SOURCING AND PROCUREMENT SOFTWARE MARKET: BASIS POINT SHARE (BPS) ANALYSIS, BY COMPONENT
• 5.3 SOLUTION
• 5.4 STRATEGIC SOURCING
• 5.5 SUPPLIER NETWORK
• 5.6 CONTRACT MANAGEMENT
• 5.7 PROCURE-TO-PAY
• 5.8 SERVICE
• 5.9 IMPLEMENTATION
• 5.10 TRAINING AND SUPPORT
• 5.11 CONSULTATION

6 MARKET, BY DEPLOYMENT TYPE

• 6.1 OVERVIEW
• 6.2 GLOBAL RETAIL SOURCING AND PROCUREMENT SOFTWARE MARKET: BASIS POINT SHARE (BPS) ANALYSIS, BY DEPLOYMENT TYPE
• 6.3 CLOUD
• 6.4 ON-PREMISE

7 MARKET, BY GEOGRAPHY

• 7.1 OVERVIEW
• 7.2 NORTH AMERICA
  • 7.2.1 U.S.
  • 7.2.2 CANADA
  • 7.2.3 MEXICO
• 7.3 EUROPE
  • 7.3.1 GERMANY
  • 7.3.2 U.K.
  • 7.3.3 FRANCE
  • 7.3.4 ITALY
  • 7.3.5 SPAIN
  • 7.3.6 REST OF EUROPE
• 7.4 ASIA PACIFIC
  • 7.4.1 CHINA
  • 7.4.2 JAPAN
  • 7.4.3 INDIA
  • 7.4.4 REST OF ASIA PACIFIC
• 7.5 LATIN AMERICA
  • 7.5.1 BRAZIL
  • 7.5.2 ARGENTINA
  • 7.5.3 REST OF LATIN AMERICA
• 7.6 MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA
  • 7.6.1 UAE
  • 7.6.2 SAUDI ARABIA
  • 7.6.3 SOUTH AFRICA
  • 7.6.4 REST OF MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA

8 COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE

• 8.1 OVERVIEW
• 8.2 KEY DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES
• 8.3 COMPANY REGIONAL FOOTPRINT
• 8.4 ACE MATRIX
  • 8.4.1 ACTIVE
  • 8.4.2 CUTTING EDGE
  • 8.4.3 EMERGING
  • 8.4.4 INNOVATORS

9 COMPANY PROFILES

• 9.1 OVERVIEW
• 9.2 SAP
• 9.3 IBM
• 9.4 ZYCUS
• 9.5 VROOZI
• 9.6 LOGIC SOURCE
• 9.7 BRISTLECONE
• 9.8 PERFECT COMMERCE
• 9.9 GEP
• 9.10 INFOR
• 9.11 CEGID