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Helicopters generate power and propel themselves using a variety of engines. The engine chosen is determined by factors such as the size, purpose, and performance requirements of the helicopter.
Turbine engines, also known as turboshaft engines, are the most common type of engine found in modern helicopters. Turbine engines have high power-to-weight ratios, are reliable, and perform well at high altitudes. They generate shaft power by burning fuel in a combustion chamber, resulting in hot exhaust gases that drive a turbine. This shaft power is used to power the rotor system of the helicopter. Turbine engines provide the power required for vertical takeoff, hovering, and forward flight.
Piston engines power some smaller helicopters, particularly those used for training, recreational flying, or light utility missions.These engines work on the same principles as automobile engines and typically run on aviation-grade gasoline or avgas. Piston engines are less powerful than turbine engines, but they use less fuel in certain flight conditions. In addition, they are less expensive to maintain and overhaul than turbines. Depending on the design, piston-powered helicopters may have one or more piston engines.
Radial engines are a type of piston engine in which the cylinders are arranged in a circular pattern around a central crankshaft. While radial engines are less common in modern helicopters, they were common in early helicopter designs and some vintage or replica helicopters. They have a distinctive sound and appearance.Radial engines are well-known for their dependability and ability to generate high torque at low rotational speeds, making them suitable for a variety of applications.
With the growing interest in electric propulsion, hybrid and electric engines for helicopters have been developed. These engines either combine traditional combustion engines with electric motors or are entirely electric. Electric propulsion has advantages such as lower emissions, lower noise levels, and possibly lower operating costs. Electric propulsion for helicopters, on the other hand, is still in its early stages, with widespread adoption yet to come.