그린 수소 시장(2027-2037년)

The global green hydrogen market is navigating its most consequential transition since the sector's emergence: a structural shift from speculative ambition to selective commercial reality. After the investment surge of 2021–2022 and the brutal rationalisation of 2024–2025, the market in 2026 is defined by discipline rather than optimism - and by a sharp divergence between the applications and geographies that are genuinely working and those that have definitively failed.

Green hydrogen production crossed 1 million tonnes per year for the first time in 2025, up sixfold from 270,000 tonnes in 2021, with global installed electrolyser capacity surpassing 3 GW at mid-year. These are genuine milestones. But they sit alongside a 25% downward revision in the IEA's 2030 project pipeline (from 49 Mt to 37 Mt in a single year), a collapse of binding offtake agreements (only 1–5% of announced capacity), and manufacturer distress that has claimed Nikola Corporation (bankrupt, liquidated), Universal Hydrogen, Heliogen, and Green Hydrogen Systems, while placing Nel Hydrogen, Plug Power, McPhy Energy, and Fusion Fuel under severe financial pressure.

The policy environment has bifurcated catastrophically. The US eliminated the $3/kg Section 45V tax credit under the One Big Beautiful Bill Act, effectively closing the American market - Nel's $400M Michigan gigafactory was permanently cancelled, Plug Power abandoned its Antwerp facility in August 2026, and Air Products wrote off $3.1 billion on its Massena plant. Europe simultaneously strengthened its approach: the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism became financially operational in January 2026, adding approximately €0.85–1.10/kg to grey hydrogen import costs, while the EU Hydrogen Bank's second auction cleared at a record-low subsidy bid of €0.37/kg. China continues state-directed deployment, controlling 65% of global installed electrolyser capacity.

Recent months have produced the sector's most important commercial confirmations. NEOM's 2.2 GW green ammonia complex completed construction in August 2026 - the world's first infrastructure-scale green hydrogen project. RWE's Lingen 300 MW project delivered Europe's first commercial green hydrogen through 120 kilometres of pipeline to Evonik's Marl chemical park. The Siemens Energy electrolyser business is being spun out as Omterra - creating the best-capitalised Western PEM manufacturer. Hive Hydrogen selected Topsoe's SOEC technology for the $5.8 billion Coega project in South Africa, the first GW-scale SOEC commercial commitment. And Ballard Power Systems acquired GeoPura for £275 million, confirming the commercial value of hydrogen-as-a-service models.

The path forward is selective but confirmed: refining and industrial hydrogen replacement under binding EU mandates, maritime ammonia under IMO 2027 framework compliance, green steel in premium-buyer markets, and AI/data centre fuel cells as an emerging creditworthy offtake category.

The Global Green Hydrogen Market 2027–2037 is a definitive 521-page industry analysis of the green hydrogen sector,. The report provides the most comprehensive current assessment of a market that has undergone structural rationalisation, with clear analysis of what has succeeded commercially and what has failed.

The report covers the full green hydrogen value chain - from production economics and electrolyser technology through storage and transport infrastructure to end-use applications in refining, ammonia, steel, maritime fuel, and emerging data centre power.

Report contents include:

• Executive Summary - market overview, cancellation wave analysis, policy divergence (US collapse, EU mandates, China dominance), cost competitiveness, demand hierarchy, and 2027–2037 forecasts including application demand breakdown and infrastructure investment requirements
• Introduction and Hydrogen Classification - colour taxonomy, global energy context, hydrogen economy overview, production methods, and the current vs. projected supply mix
• Global Market Analysis - detailed sections on energy demand, cost competitiveness by region, industrial applications (refining, ammonia, steel, maritime, chemicals, aviation), electrolyser technology and manufacturing realities, carbon pricing mechanisms including full CBAM analysis, the offtake crisis quantification, technology maturity assessment, market map, global production data, demand forecasts to 2037, investment flow analysis, and market concentration
• Green Hydrogen Projects Table - status of all major global projects updated to September 2026, including operational (NEOM, Lingen, Normand'Hy, Petrobrazi), under construction (Stegra), development stage (Coega, HNH Chile, Saemangeum), and cancelled (Air Products Louisiana, HyDeal Ambition, Nel Michigan)
• Electrolyser Technologies - comprehensive technical and commercial chapters on alkaline water electrolysis, PEM electrolysis, AEM electrolysis (including Power to Hydrogen Antwerp milestone), SOEC (Coega/Topsoe selection), novel technologies (E-TAC, natural hydrogen, PCE), balance of plant costs, manufacturing capacities, and global market revenues
• Hydrogen Storage and Transport - pipeline infrastructure, maritime shipping (ammonia vs. liquid hydrogen), compression and liquefaction, underground storage, and market players
• Hydrogen Utilisation - fuel cells (PEMFC, SOFC), fuel cell vehicles (light-duty collapse, heavy-duty uncertain future), aviation, ammonia production and maritime fuel, e-methanol economics, green steel (H-DRI economics, Stegra proof-of-concept, regional development), power and heat generation, maritime propulsion technologies, fuel cell trains, and AI/data centre applications
• Company Profiles - 170 companies across electrolyser manufacturers, project developers, industrial gas companies, storage and transport players, component suppliers, and end-use sector companies. Companies profiled include ABO Wind/ABO Energy, Adani Green Energy, Advanced Ionics, Aemetis Inc., Agfa-Gevaert NV, Air Products and Chemicals, Aker Horizons ASA, Alchemr Inc., Alleima, Alleo Energy, Arcadia eFuels, AREVA H2Gen, Asahi Kasei, Atmonia, Atome, Avantium, AvCarb, Avoxt B.V., BASF, Battolyser Systems, Blastr Green Steel, Bloom Energy, Boson Energy, BP, Brineworks, Caplyzer, Carbon280, Carbon Sink LLC, Cavendish Renewable Technology, CellMo, Ceres Power Holdings, Chevron Corporation, CHARBONE Hydrogen, Chiyoda Corporation, Cockerill Jingli Hydrogen, Convion, Cummins Inc., C-Zero, Cipher Neutron, De Nora, Dimensional Energy, Domsjo Fabriker AB, Dynelectro ApS, Elcogen AS, Electric Hydrogen, elementarhy, Elogen H2, Enapter, Energy B, ENEOS Corporation, Equatic and more.....

Table of Contents

1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

• 1.1 Market Overview: A Sector in Transition
• 1.2 The Reality Check: Project Cancellations and Market Consolidation
• 1.3 Policy and Regulatory Landscape: Diverging Trajectories
  • 1.3.1 United States
  • 1.3.2 European Union
  • 1.3.3 China
• 1.4 Market Economics: The Cost Competitiveness Challenge
• 1.5 Demand Picture: Industrial Applications Lead, New Markets Struggle
  • 1.5.1 Strong Adoption - Existing Industrial Applications
  • 1.5.2 Struggling Adoption - New Applications
• 1.6 Regional Market Dynamics: Import-Export Imbalances Emerging
• 1.7 Market Forecast 2027-2037
  • 1.7.1 Market Size
  • 1.7.2 Production Volume
  • 1.7.3 Key Applications by 2037 (Demand Breakdown)
  • 1.7.4 Infrastructure Investment Requirements (2025–2037)
• 1.8 Electrolyzer Technology and Manufacturing
  • 1.8.1 Market structure (2026–2027)
  • 1.8.2 Consolidation trajectory
  • 1.8.3 AI integration delivering operational gains
• 1.9 Investment Outlook
• 1.10 Critical Challenges Facing the Sector
• 1.11 Outlook

2 INTRODUCTION

• 2.1 Hydrogen classification
  • 2.1.1 Hydrogen colour shades
• 2.2 Global energy demand and consumption
• 2.3 The hydrogen economy and production
  • 2.3.1 The Project Cancellation Wave (2024-2025)
• 2.4 Removing CO₂ emissions from hydrogen production
• 2.5 The Economics of Green Hydrogen
  • 2.5.1 Cost Gaps and Market Imperatives
    • 2.5.1.1 The Cost Competitiveness Challenge: Reality vs. Expectations
      • 2.5.1.1.1 The Cost Reduction Disappointment - and Why It Differs by Market:
  • 2.5.2 Hard-to-Abate Sectors
    • 2.5.2.1 Market Reality: Industrial Replacement vs. New Applications
      • 2.5.2.1.1 Where Green Hydrogen IS Working
      • 2.5.2.1.2 Where Green Hydrogen IS NOT Working
  • 2.5.3 Steel Production
    • 2.5.3.1 Steel Sector Update
      • 2.5.3.1.1 Projects Advancing
      • 2.5.3.1.2 Projects Delayed or Restructured (2025–2026)
  • 2.5.4 Ammonia Production
    • 2.5.4.1 The Maritime Fuel Opportunity: Ammonia as Hydrogen Carrier
      • 2.5.4.1.1 IMO Net-Zero Framework
      • 2.5.4.1.2 Development Status
      • 2.5.4.1.3 Fertiliser sector (parallel track)
      • 2.5.4.1.4 2037 Projection
  • 2.5.5 Chemical Industry and Refining
    • 2.5.5.1 European Refiners: The Unexpected Green Hydrogen Leaders
  • 2.5.6 Electrolyzer Technologies
    • 2.5.6.1 2025–2026 Electrolyser Market Reality: Overcapacity, Consolidation, and Structural Reorganisation
      • 2.5.6.1.1 Supply Chain Fragility
    • 2.5.6.2 Alkaline Water Electrolyzers: Proven Technology Dominates Market
      • 2.5.6.2.1 Why AWE dominates
      • 2.5.6.2.2 Key limitations and current mitigation approaches
      • 2.5.6.2.3 Innovation advancing AWE competitiveness
    • 2.5.6.3 Proton Exchange Membrane Electrolyzers: Superior Performance, Limited Adoption
      • 2.5.6.3.1 The PEM Paradox
      • 2.5.6.3.2 Why PEM Underperformed Market Expectations
      • 2.5.6.3.3 Iridium bottleneck - 2026 breakthrough pending
      • 2.5.6.3.4 PEM's genuine market position in 2025–2026
      • 2.5.6.3.5 PEM's Niche Applications
    • 2.5.6.4 Solid Oxide Electrolyzers: High Efficiency, High Risk, Distant Commercialization
      • 2.5.6.4.1 Reality Check: SOEC Crosses a Commercial Threshold
      • 2.5.6.4.2 Why Coega selected SOEC over AWE
      • 2.5.6.4.3 Why Alkaline Won Over SOEC
      • 2.5.6.4.4 The changing calculus post-2026
    • 2.5.6.5 Next-Generation Technologies
      • 2.5.6.5.1 Anion Exchange Membrane Electrolyzers: Bridging the Gap - Crossed a Threshold in
      • 2.5.6.5.2 Novel Approaches: Beyond Conventional Electrolysis
      • 2.5.6.5.3 Photoelectrochemical (PEC) Water Splitting
      • 2.5.6.5.4 Medium-Temperature Steam Electrolysis (200–400°C)
      • 2.5.6.5.5 Proton Ceramic Electrolysis (PCE)
      • 2.5.6.5.6 Biological/Microbial Hydrogen Production
      • 2.5.6.5.7 Plasma-Assisted Electrolysis
      • 2.5.6.5.8 Market Reality
  • 2.5.7 The Path Forward
    • 2.5.7.1 The New Reality: What Changed
    • 2.5.7.2 Implementation Pathways by Application
      • 2.5.7.2.1 Near-Term Success Cases (2027-2030)
      • 2.5.7.2.2 Medium-Term Opportunities (2030-2037)
      • 2.5.7.2.3 Long-Term/Uncertain (Post-2037)
      • 2.5.7.2.4 Failed Applications (Effectively Abandoned)
• 2.6 Hydrogen value chain
  • 2.6.1 Production
    • 2.6.1.1 Production Infrastructure Reality (2025-2026)
  • 2.6.2 Transport and storage
    • 2.6.2.1 Hydrogen Transport: The $80-120 Billion Infrastructure Gap
      • 2.6.2.1.1 Current Transport Infrastructure
    • 2.6.2.2 Infrastructure Investment Requirements (2025-2037)
    • 2.6.2.3 Critical Challenges
    • 2.6.2.4 Hydrogen Storage: Options and Costs
      • 2.6.2.4.1 Storage Methods and Current Status
  • 2.6.3 Utilization
    • 2.6.3.1 Current Utilization by Sector
      • 2.6.3.1.1 Existing Industrial Applications - Green H₂ Penetration Accelerating
• 2.7 National hydrogen initiatives, policy and regulation
  • 2.7.1 Country focus: Canada
  • 2.7.2 Country focus: Japan
• 2.8 Hydrogen certification
• 2.9 Carbon pricing
  • 2.9.1 Overview
    • 2.9.1.1 The Carbon Price Threshold for Green Hydrogen
  • 2.9.2 Global Carbon Pricing Landscape
    • 2.9.2.1 High Carbon Pricing - Driving Commercial Green H₂ Adoption
      • 2.9.2.1.1 CBAM - Now Operational
    • 2.9.2.2 Moderate Carbon Pricing (Insufficient for Green H2)
      • 2.9.2.2.1 China National ETS
      • 2.9.2.2.2 California Cap-and-Trade
      • 2.9.2.2.3 Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI) - Northeast USA
      • 2.9.2.2.4 South Korea K-ETS
    • 2.9.2.3 No/Minimal Carbon Pricing (Green H₂ Requires Full Subsidies or Mandate)
      • 2.9.2.3.1 United States (Federal)
      • 2.9.2.3.2 Canada
      • 2.9.2.3.3 Australia
      • 2.9.2.3.4 Middle East (Saudi Arabia, UAE, Oman)
      • 2.9.2.3.5 Japan
      • 2.9.2.3.6 South Korea
  • 2.9.3 Carbon Pricing Mechanisms Comparison
  • 2.9.4 The "Carbon Price + Mandate + Subsidy" Trinity
    • 2.9.4.1 2025–2026 Lesson: All Three Required - The Policy Trinity Confirmed
  • 2.9.5 Carbon Pricing Projections and Green Hydrogen Implications
    • 2.9.5.1 Global Carbon Price Scenarios
  • 2.9.6 Carbon Pricing Alternatives and Supplements
• 2.10 Market challenges
  • 2.10.1 The Offtake Crisis (Most Critical Challenge)
  • 2.10.2 The Infrastructure Chicken-and-Egg
  • 2.10.3 Cost Competitiveness - The Persistent Gap
  • 2.10.4 Technology Maturity Gap
• 2.11 Industry developments 2020-2026
• 2.12 Market map
• 2.13 Global hydrogen production
  • 2.13.1 Industrial applications
  • 2.13.2 Hydrogen energy
    • 2.13.2.1 Stationary use
    • 2.13.2.2 Hydrogen for mobility
  • 2.13.3 Current Annual H2 Production
    • 2.13.3.1 Global Hydrogen Production: Reality vs. Ambition
    • 2.13.3.2 Regional Production Patterns and Methods
  • 2.13.4 Leading Green Hydrogen Projects and Operational Status
  • 2.13.5 The Project Cancellation Wave
  • 2.13.6 Hydrogen production processes
    • 2.13.6.1 Regional Variation in Production Methods
    • 2.13.6.2 The Capacity Deployment Gap
    • 2.13.6.3 Production Cost Drivers by Technology
    • 2.13.6.4 Geographic Cost Competitiveness
    • 2.13.6.5 Hydrogen as by-product
    • 2.13.6.6 Reforming
      • 2.13.6.6.1 SMR wet method
      • 2.13.6.6.2 Oxidation of petroleum fractions
      • 2.13.6.6.3 Coal gasification
    • 2.13.6.7 Reforming or coal gasification with CO2 capture and storage
    • 2.13.6.8 Steam reforming of biomethane
    • 2.13.6.9 Water electrolysis
    • 2.13.6.10 The "Power-to-Gas" concept
    • 2.13.6.11 Fuel cell stack
    • 2.13.6.12 Electrolysers
    • 2.13.6.13 Other
      • 2.13.6.13.1 Plasma technologies
      • 2.13.6.13.2 Photosynthesis
      • 2.13.6.13.3 Bacterial or biological processes
      • 2.13.6.13.4 Oxidation (biomimicry)
  • 2.13.7 Production costs
• 2.14 Global hydrogen demand forecasts
  • 2.14.1 Green and Blue Hydrogen Penetration
  • 2.14.2 Demand by End-Use Application
  • 2.14.3 Green Hydrogen Demand by Application
  • 2.14.4 Regional Demand Patterns
  • 2.14.5 Import-Export Dynamics and Trade Flows
  • 2.14.6 Demand Growth Drivers and Constraints
  • 2.14.7 Market Size and Revenue Forecasts: Recalibrating the Hydrogen Economy
    • 2.14.7.1 Total Hydrogen Market Revenue
    • 2.14.7.2 Electrolyzer Equipment Market
    • 2.14.7.3 Infrastructure Investment Requirements
    • 2.14.7.4 Green Hydrogen Market Revenue by Application
    • 2.14.7.5 Investment Flow Analysis
    • 2.14.7.6 Geographic Distribution of Investment
  • 2.14.8 Market Concentration and Competitive Dynamics

3 GREEN HYDROGEN PRODUCTION

• 3.1 Overview
• 3.2 Green hydrogen projects
• 3.3 Motivation for use
• 3.4 Decarbonization
• 3.5 Comparative analysis
• 3.6 Role in energy transition
• 3.7 Renewable energy sources
  • 3.7.1 Wind power
  • 3.7.2 Solar Power
  • 3.7.3 Nuclear
  • 3.7.4 Capacities
  • 3.7.5 Costs
• 3.8 SWOT analysis

4 ELECTROLYZER TECHNOLOGIES

• 4.1 Introduction
  • 4.1.1 Technical Specifications and Performance Evolution
  • 4.1.2 Chinese Manufacturing Leadership
  • 4.1.3 Architecture and Design Evolution
  • 4.1.4 Cost Structure and Economic Competitiveness
  • 4.1.5 Future Outlook and Development Trajectory
  • 4.1.6 Market Share Projections
• 4.2 Main types
• 4.3 Technology Selection Decision Factors
• 4.4 Balance of Plant
  • 4.4.1 Components, Costs, and Commercial Significance
  • 4.4.2 Power Electronics: The Largest Single BoP Cost
  • 4.4.3 Water Treatment
  • 4.4.4 Gas Purification and Compression
  • 4.4.5 Thermal Management
  • 4.4.6 AI Integration in BoP Operations (2025–2026)
• 4.5 Characteristics
• 4.6 Advantages and disadvantages
• 4.7 Electrolyzer market
  • 4.7.1 Market trends
  • 4.7.2 Market landscape
    • 4.7.2.1 Market Structure Evolution
      • 4.7.2.1.1 2026 Status - Three Confirmed Tiers
  • 4.7.3 Innovations
  • 4.7.4 Cost challenges
  • 4.7.5 Why Electrolyzers Differ from Solar/Batteries
  • 4.7.6 Scale-up
  • 4.7.7 Manufacturing challenges
  • 4.7.8 Market opportunity and outlook
    • 4.7.8.1 The data center upside - the most significant new demand variable
• 4.8 Alkaline water electrolyzers (AWE)
  • 4.8.1 Technology description
  • 4.8.2 AWE plant
  • 4.8.3 Components and materials
  • 4.8.4 Costs
  • 4.8.5 Levelized Cost of Hydrogen (LCOH) from AWE
  • 4.8.6 Companies
• 4.9 Anion exchange membrane electrolyzers (AEMEL)
  • 4.9.1 Technology description
  • 4.9.2 Technical Specifications - Lab vs. Demonstration vs. Target
  • 4.9.3 AEMEL plant
  • 4.9.4 Components and materials
    • 4.9.4.1 Catalysts
    • 4.9.4.2 Anion exchange membranes (AEMs)
    • 4.9.4.3 Materials
  • 4.9.5 Costs
    • 4.9.5.1 Current Cost Structure
    • 4.9.5.2 Performance and Cost Positioning
    • 4.9.5.3 Levelized Cost of Hydrogen (LCOH) from AMEL
    • 4.9.5.4 Cost Reduction Pathways
  • 4.9.6 Companies
• 4.10 Proton exchange membrane electrolyzers (PEMEL)
  • 4.10.1 Technology description
  • 4.10.2 The Iridium Bottleneck
    • 4.10.2.1 Ultra-Low Iridium Technology Advancing
  • 4.10.3 PEMEL plant
  • 4.10.4 Components and materials
    • 4.10.4.1 Membranes
    • 4.10.4.2 Advanced PEMEL stack designs
    • 4.10.4.3 Plug-and-Play & Customizable PEMEL Systems
    • 4.10.4.4 PEMELs and proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs)
  • 4.10.5 Costs
    • 4.10.5.1 Current Cost Structure
    • 4.10.5.2 Cost Reduction Pathways
  • 4.10.6 Companies
• 4.11 Solid oxide water electrolyzers (SOEC)
  • 4.11.1 Technology description
  • 4.11.2 Technical Performance - Theoretical vs. Demonstrated Reality
  • 4.11.3 Why SOEC Cannot Compete - Economic Reality
  • 4.11.4 SOEC plant
  • 4.11.5 Components and materials
    • 4.11.5.1 External process heat
    • 4.11.5.2 Clean Syngas Production
    • 4.11.5.3 Nuclear power
    • 4.11.5.4 SOEC and SOFC cells
      • 4.11.5.4.1 Tubular cells
      • 4.11.5.4.2 Planar cells
    • 4.11.5.5 SOEC Electrolyte
  • 4.11.6 Costs
    • 4.11.6.1 Current Cost Structure
    • 4.11.6.2 Levelized Cost of Hydrogen (LCOH) from SOEC
  • 4.11.7 Companies
• 4.12 Other electrolyzer types
  • 4.12.1 Overview
  • 4.12.2 CO₂ electrolysis
    • 4.12.2.1 Electrochemical CO₂ Reduction
    • 4.12.2.2 Electrochemical CO₂ Reduction Catalysts
    • 4.12.2.3 Electrochemical CO₂ Reduction Technologies
    • 4.12.2.4 Low-Temperature Electrochemical CO₂ Reduction
    • 4.12.2.5 High-Temperature Solid Oxide Electrolyzers
    • 4.12.2.6 Cost
    • 4.12.2.7 Challenges
    • 4.12.2.8 Coupling H₂ and Electrochemical CO₂
    • 4.12.2.9 Products
  • 4.12.3 Seawater electrolysis
    • 4.12.3.1 Direct Seawater vs Brine (Chlor-Alkali) Electrolysis
    • 4.12.3.2 Key Challenges & Limitations
  • 4.12.4 Protonic Ceramic Electrolyzers (PCE)
  • 4.12.5 Microbial Electrolysis Cells (MEC)
  • 4.12.6 Photoelectrochemical Cells (PEC)
  • 4.12.7 E-TAC Electrolysis (Electrochemical-Thermally Activated Chemical)
  • 4.12.8 Companies
• 4.13 Costs
• 4.14 Water and land use for green hydrogen production
  • 4.14.1 Water Consumption Reality
  • 4.14.2 Land Requirements Reality
• 4.15 Electrolyzer manufacturing capacities
• 4.16 Global Market Revenues

5 HYDROGEN STORAGE AND TRANSPORT

• 5.1 Market overview
• 5.2 Hydrogen transport methods
  • 5.2.1 Pipeline transportation
    • 5.2.1.1 Current Infrastructure Reality
    • 5.2.1.2 Natural Gas Pipeline Repurposing - The Failed Promise
    • 5.2.1.3 Pipeline Economics and Project Viability
  • 5.2.2 Road or rail transport
  • 5.2.3 Maritime transportation
    • 5.2.3.1 Ammonia vs. Liquid Hydrogen Shipping - The Decisive Battle
    • 5.2.3.2 Ammonia Shipping Infrastructure Requirements
    • 5.2.3.3 Ammonia Cracking - The Critical Bottleneck
  • 5.2.4 On-board-vehicle transport
• 5.3 Hydrogen compression, liquefaction, storage
  • 5.3.1 Storage Technology Overview and Economics
  • 5.3.2 Solid storage
  • 5.3.3 Liquid storage on support
  • 5.3.4 Underground storage
    • 5.3.4.1 Salt Cavern Storage - Detailed Assessment
    • 5.3.4.2 Alternative Underground Storage Options
  • 5.3.5 Subsea Hydrogen Storage
• 5.4 Market players

6 HYDROGEN UTILIZATION

• 6.1 Hydrogen Fuel Cells
  • 6.1.1 Market overview
  • 6.1.2 Critical Market Failure - Light-Duty Vehicles
  • 6.1.3 Why FCEVs failed
  • 6.1.4 PEM fuel cells (PEMFCs)
    • 6.1.4.1 2026 market development: Data centre/AI power demand
  • 6.1.5 Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs)
  • 6.1.6 Alternative fuel cells
• 6.2 Alternative fuel production
  • 6.2.1 Solid Biofuels
  • 6.2.2 Liquid Biofuels
  • 6.2.3 Gaseous Biofuels
  • 6.2.4 Conventional Biofuels
  • 6.2.5 Advanced Biofuels
  • 6.2.6 Feedstocks
  • 6.2.7 Production of biodiesel and other biofuels
  • 6.2.8 Renewable diesel
  • 6.2.9 Biojet and sustainable aviation fuel (SAF)
  • 6.2.10 Electrofuels (E-fuels, power-to-gas/liquids/fuels)
    • 6.2.10.1 Hydrogen electrolysis
    • 6.2.10.2 eFuel production facilities, current and planned
• 6.3 Hydrogen Vehicles
  • 6.3.1 Market overview
  • 6.3.2 Light-Duty FCEV Market Collapse
  • 6.3.3 Manufacturer Exits and Remaining Players
  • 6.3.4 Refueling Infrastructure Collapse
  • 6.3.5 Heavy-Duty Hydrogen Trucks - Uncertain Future
  • 6.3.6 Heavy-duty FCEV market outlook
• 6.4 Aviation
  • 6.4.1 Market overview
• 6.5 Ammonia production
  • 6.5.1 Market overview
  • 6.5.2 Current Market Structure
  • 6.5.3 Drivers of Green Ammonia Adoption
  • 6.5.4 Maritime Fuel - The Game Changer
  • 6.5.5 Ammonia vs. methanol for maritime
  • 6.5.6 Decarbonisation of ammonia production
  • 6.5.7 Green ammonia synthesis methods
    • 6.5.7.1 Haber-Bosch process
    • 6.5.7.2 Biological nitrogen fixation
    • 6.5.7.3 Electrochemical production
    • 6.5.7.4 Chemical looping processes
  • 6.5.8 Green Ammonia Production Costs
  • 6.5.9 Blue ammonia
    • 6.5.9.1 Blue ammonia projects
  • 6.5.10 Chemical energy storage
    • 6.5.10.1 Ammonia fuel cells
    • 6.5.10.2 Marine fuel
• 6.6 Methanol production
  • 6.6.1 Market overview
    • 6.6.1.1 Current Market Structure
  • 6.6.2 E-Methanol Economics
  • 6.6.3 Maritime methanol vs. ammonia competition
  • 6.6.4 Maritime Methanol vs. Ammonia Competition:
  • 6.6.5 Methanol-to gasoline technology
    • 6.6.5.1 Production processes
      • 6.6.5.1.1 Anaerobic digestion
      • 6.6.5.1.2 Biomass gasification
      • 6.6.5.1.3 Power to Methane
• 6.7 Steelmaking
  • 6.7.1 Market overview
  • 6.7.2 Current Steel Production Methods
    • 6.7.2.1 H-DRI process
    • 6.7.2.2 H-DRI Process Overview
  • 6.7.3 Green Steel Production Costs and Economics
  • 6.7.4 Regional Green Steel Development
  • 6.7.5 Comparative analysis
    • 6.7.5.1 BF-BOF vs. H-DRI + EAF - Comprehensive Comparison
  • 6.7.6 Hydrogen Direct Reduced Iron (DRI)
  • 6.7.7 Green Steel Market Demand and Willingness-to-Pay
• 6.8 Power & heat generation
  • 6.8.1 Market overview
    • 6.8.1.1 Why Hydrogen Failed in Power Sector
  • 6.8.2 Power generation
  • 6.8.3 Economics of Hydrogen Power
  • 6.8.4 Heat Generation
    • 6.8.4.1 Building Heating with Hydrogen - Failed Application
• 6.9 Maritime
  • 6.9.1 Market overview
  • 6.9.2 IMO Regulatory Framework - The Demand Driver
  • 6.9.3 Ammonia vs. Methanol for Maritime - Technology Competition
  • 6.9.4 Maritime Ammonia Infrastructure Requirements
  • 6.9.5 Critical bottleneck
  • 6.9.6 Ammonia Marine Engines and Fuel Cells
    • 6.9.6.1 MAN Energy Solutions
    • 6.9.6.2 Viking Energy ShipFC project (Norway)
    • 6.9.6.3 Toxicity management - the primary technical challenge
• 6.10 Fuel cell trains
  • 6.10.1 Market overview
• 6.11 AI and Data Centers

7 COMPANY PROFILES (170 company profiles)

8 APPENDIX

• 8.1 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

9 REFERENCES