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1544094

세계의 분만 모니터링 기기 시장

Intrapartum Monitoring Devices

발행일: | 리서치사: Market Glass, Inc. (Formerly Global Industry Analysts, Inc.) | 페이지 정보: 영문 192 Pages | 배송안내 : 1-2일 (영업일 기준)

    
    
    



※ 본 상품은 영문 자료로 한글과 영문 목차에 불일치하는 내용이 있을 경우 영문을 우선합니다. 정확한 검토를 위해 영문 목차를 참고해주시기 바랍니다.

세계의 분만 모니터링 기기 시장은 2030년까지 45억 달러에 달할 전망

2023년에 30억 달러로 추정되는 세계의 분만 모니터링 기기 시장은 분석 기간인 2023-2030년에 CAGR 5.9%로 성장하며, 2030년에는 45억 달러에 달할 것으로 예측됩니다. 본 리포트에서 분석한 부문의 하나인 전극은 CAGR 5.4%를 기록하며, 분석 기간 종료시에는 27억 달러에 달할 것으로 예측됩니다. 모니터 분야의 성장률은 분석 기간 중 CAGR 6.7%로 추정됩니다.

미국 시장은 8억 2,420만 달러, 중국은 CAGR 5.6%로 성장 예측

미국의 분만 모니터링 기기 시장은 2023년에 8억 2,420만 달러로 추정됩니다. 세계 2위의 경제대국인 중국은 2023-2030년 CAGR 5.6%로 추이하며, 2030년까지 7억 820만 달러의 시장 규모에 달할 것으로 예측됩니다. 기타 주목해야 할 지역별 시장으로는 일본과 캐나다가 있으며, 분석 기간 중 CAGR은 각각 5.5%와 4.8%로 예측됩니다. 유럽에서는 독일이 CAGR 5.0%로 성장할 것으로 예측됩니다.

세계의 분만 모니터링 기기 시장 - 주요 동향과 촉진요인 정리

분만 모니터링 기기란 무엇이며, 왜 분만에 필수적인가?

분만 모니터링 기기는 분만 및 분만 중 산모와 태아의 건강과 웰빙을 지속적으로 평가하는 데 사용되는 의료 툴입니다. 태아 심박수 모니터, 자궁 수축 모니터, 산모 활력 징후 모니터와 같은 이러한 장비는 태아의 고통과 산모의 합병증 징후를 감지하는 데 필수적입니다. 실시간 데이터를 제공함으로써 의료진은 적시에 판단을 내릴 수 있으며, 분만 결과에 큰 영향을 미칠 수 있습니다. 산모와 신생아의 건강에 대한 관심이 높아짐에 따라 첨단 분만 모니터링 기기에 대한 수요가 증가하고 있으며, 현대 산부인과 의료에 필수적인 툴이 되고 있습니다.

기술 발전은 분만 모니터링 기기 시장을 어떻게 형성하고 있는가?

기술의 발전은 분만 모니터링 기기 시장을 크게 형성하고 있으며, 특히 비침습적이고 비침습적인 첨단 무선 모니터링 솔루션 시장 개척을 주도하고 있습니다. 정확도를 높인 첨단 태아 모니터링 시스템, 지속적인 산모 모니터링을 위한 웨어러블 기기, 전자 의료 기록(EHR)과의 통합과 같은 혁신은 이러한 기기의 기능을 강화시키고 있습니다. 또한 모니터링 데이터 분석에 AI와 머신러닝을 활용하여 패턴을 식별하고 잠재적 합병증을 예측하여 조기에 개입할 수 있도록 돕고 있습니다. 이러한 기술 발전은 분만 중 모니터링의 안전성, 정확성, 편의성을 향상시켜 병원과 분만 센터에서 널리 사용되고 있습니다.

산부인과 의료에서 분만 모니터링 기기에 대한 수요가 증가하는 이유는 무엇인가?

산부인과 의료 분야에서 분만 모니터링 기기에 대한 수요가 증가하는 이유는 산모와 태아의 예후 개선에 대한 관심이 높아지면서 고위험 임신이 증가하고 있기 때문입니다. 의료 서비스 프로바이더가 분만시 유해한 결과의 발생률을 줄이기 위해 노력하는 가운데, 첨단 모니터링 장비의 사용은 산부인과 진료의 중요한 요소가 되고 있습니다. 임신을 복잡하게 만드는 고혈압이나 당뇨병과 같은 기저질환을 앓고 있는 여성이 증가함에 따라 지속적 이고 정확한 분만 중 모니터링에 대한 수요도 증가하고 있습니다. 또한 보다 개인화된 환자 중심적 치료에 대한 선호도가 높아지면서 출산 경험 전반을 개선할 수 있는 혁신적인 모니터링 기술의 채택이 증가하고 있습니다. 분만 중 합병증 예방에 대한 조기 발견과 개입의 중요성이 널리 인식됨에 따라 분만 모니터링 기기에 대한 수요는 더욱 확대될 것으로 예상됩니다.

분만 모니터링 기기 시장의 성장을 가속하는 요인은 무엇인가?

분만 모니터링 기기 시장의 성장은 기술 발전, 고위험 임신 발생률 증가, 임산부 및 신생아 건강에 대한 관심 증가와 관련된 몇 가지 요인에 의해 촉진됩니다. 주요 촉진요인 중 하나는 보다 진보된 비침습적 모니터링 기술의 개발로 분만 중 모니터링의 정확성, 안전성 및 편안함을 향상시키고 있습니다. 산모의 고령화 및 기왕증과 같은 요인으로 인한 고위험 임신 증가도 시장 성장을 가속하고 있으며, 이러한 임신은 좋은 결과를 보장하기 위해 보다 집중적인 모니터링이 필요합니다. 또한 산모와 태아의 건강 증진을 위한 가이드라인과 프로토콜에 대한 인식과 시행이 높아지면서 분만 모니터링 기기의 사용이 증가하고 있습니다. 이러한 추세는 헬스케어의 전망을 지속적으로 형성하고 있으며, 시장 상황은 지속적인 성장을 이룰 것으로 예상됩니다.

조사 대상 기업의 예(총 38건)

  • Analogic Corporation
  • CooperSurgical, Inc.
  • GE Healthcare
  • Koninklijke Philips NV
  • Medtronic PLC
  • Olympus Corporation
  • Stryker Corporation

목차

제1장 조사 방법

제2장 개요

  • 시장 개요
  • 주요 기업
  • 시장 동향과 촉진요인
  • 세계 시장의 전망

제3장 시장 분석

  • 미국
  • 캐나다
  • 일본
  • 중국
  • 유럽
  • 프랑스
  • 독일
  • 이탈리아
  • 영국
  • 기타 유럽
  • 아시아태평양
  • 기타 지역

제4장 경쟁

KSA 24.09.04

Global Intrapartum Monitoring Devices Market to Reach US$4.5 Billion by 2030

The global market for Intrapartum Monitoring Devices estimated at US$3.0 Billion in the year 2023, is expected to reach US$4.5 Billion by 2030, growing at a CAGR of 5.9% over the analysis period 2023-2030. Electrodes, one of the segments analyzed in the report, is expected to record a 5.4% CAGR and reach US$2.7 Billion by the end of the analysis period. Growth in the Monitors segment is estimated at 6.7% CAGR over the analysis period.

The U.S. Market is Estimated at US$824.2 Million While China is Forecast to Grow at 5.6% CAGR

The Intrapartum Monitoring Devices market in the U.S. is estimated at US$824.2 Million in the year 2023. China, the world's second largest economy, is forecast to reach a projected market size of US$708.2 Million by the year 2030 trailing a CAGR of 5.6% over the analysis period 2023-2030. Among the other noteworthy geographic markets are Japan and Canada, each forecast to grow at a CAGR of 5.5% and 4.8% respectively over the analysis period. Within Europe, Germany is forecast to grow at approximately 5.0% CAGR.

Global Intrapartum Monitoring Devices Market - Key Trends & Drivers Summarized

What Are Intrapartum Monitoring Devices and Why Are They Vital in Labor and Delivery?

Intrapartum monitoring devices are medical tools used to continuously assess the health and well-being of the mother and fetus during labor and delivery. These devices, which include fetal heart rate monitors, uterine contraction monitors, and maternal vital signs monitors, are vital for detecting any signs of distress in the fetus or complications in the mother. By providing real-time data, these devices enable healthcare providers to make timely decisions that can significantly impact the outcomes of the delivery process. As the focus on maternal and neonatal health continues to grow, the demand for advanced intrapartum monitoring devices is increasing, making them essential tools in modern obstetric care.

How Are Technological Advancements Shaping the Intrapartum Monitoring Devices Market?

Technological advancements are significantly shaping the intrapartum monitoring devices market, particularly through the development of more sophisticated, non-invasive, and wireless monitoring solutions. Innovations such as advanced fetal monitoring systems with improved accuracy, wearable devices for continuous maternal monitoring, and integration with electronic health records (EHRs) are enhancing the capabilities of these devices. Additionally, the use of AI and machine learning in analyzing monitoring data is helping to identify patterns and predict potential complications, allowing for earlier interventions. These technological advancements are improving the safety, accuracy, and comfort of intrapartum monitoring, leading to wider adoption in hospitals and birthing centers.

Why Is There an Increasing Demand for Intrapartum Monitoring Devices in Obstetric Care?

The demand for intrapartum monitoring devices is increasing in obstetric care due to the growing emphasis on improving maternal and fetal outcomes and the rising prevalence of high-risk pregnancies. As healthcare providers strive to reduce the rates of adverse outcomes during labor and delivery, the use of advanced monitoring devices has become a critical component of obstetric care. The increasing number of women with underlying health conditions, such as hypertension and diabetes, which can complicate pregnancies, is also driving demand for continuous and accurate intrapartum monitoring. Furthermore, the growing preference for more personalized and patient-centered care is encouraging the adoption of innovative monitoring technologies that enhance the overall childbirth experience. As the importance of early detection and intervention in preventing complications during childbirth becomes more widely recognized, the demand for intrapartum monitoring devices is expected to grow.

What Factors Are Driving the Growth in the Intrapartum Monitoring Devices Market?

The growth in the intrapartum monitoring devices market is driven by several factors related to technological advancements, the rising incidence of high-risk pregnancies, and the increasing focus on maternal and neonatal health. One of the primary drivers is the development of more advanced and non-invasive monitoring technologies, which have improved the accuracy, safety, and comfort of intrapartum monitoring. The rising prevalence of high-risk pregnancies, often due to factors such as advanced maternal age and pre-existing health conditions, is also fueling market growth, as these pregnancies require more intensive monitoring to ensure positive outcomes. Additionally, the increasing awareness and implementation of guidelines and protocols aimed at improving maternal and fetal health are encouraging the use of intrapartum monitoring devices. As these trends continue to shape the healthcare landscape, the intrapartum monitoring devices market is expected to experience sustained growth, driven by the need for more reliable, accurate, and patient-friendly monitoring solutions during labor and delivery.

Select Competitors (Total 38 Featured) -

  • Analogic Corporation
  • CooperSurgical, Inc.
  • GE Healthcare
  • Koninklijke Philips NV
  • Medtronic PLC
  • Olympus Corporation
  • Stryker Corporation

TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. METHODOLOGY

II. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

  • 1. MARKET OVERVIEW
    • Influencer Market Insights
    • World Market Trajectories
    • Intrapartum Monitoring Devices - Global Key Competitors Percentage Market Share in 2024 (E)
    • Competitive Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial for Players Worldwide in 2024 (E)
    • Global Economic Update
  • 2. FOCUS ON SELECT PLAYERS
  • 3. MARKET TRENDS & DRIVERS
    • Growing Focus on Maternal and Fetal Health Spurs Adoption of Intrapartum Monitoring Devices
    • Advancements in Monitoring Technology Propel Innovation in Intrapartum Care
    • Shift Towards Real-Time Monitoring Expands Market Opportunities
    • AI and Machine Learning Enhance the Accuracy of Fetal Monitoring
    • Increasing Use of Non-Invasive Monitoring Techniques in Labor and Delivery
    • Role of Intrapartum Monitoring in Reducing Perinatal Mortality
    • Growing Importance of Continuous Monitoring in High-Risk Pregnancies
    • Advancements in Wireless and Portable Monitoring Devices Propel Market Growth
    • Expansion of Maternity and Neonatal Care Facilities Drives Demand
  • 4. GLOBAL MARKET PERSPECTIVE
    • TABLE 1: World Intrapartum Monitoring Devices Market Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2030
    • TABLE 2: World Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Intrapartum Monitoring Devices by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2023 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 3: World Historic Review for Intrapartum Monitoring Devices by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2022 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 4: World 16-Year Perspective for Intrapartum Monitoring Devices by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World Markets for Years 2014, 2024 & 2030
    • TABLE 5: World Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Electrodes by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2023 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 6: World Historic Review for Electrodes by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2022 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 7: World 16-Year Perspective for Electrodes by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World for Years 2014, 2024 & 2030
    • TABLE 8: World Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Monitors by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2023 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 9: World Historic Review for Monitors by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2022 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 10: World 16-Year Perspective for Monitors by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World for Years 2014, 2024 & 2030

III. MARKET ANALYSIS

  • UNITED STATES
    • Intrapartum Monitoring Devices Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in the United States for 2024 (E)
    • TABLE 11: USA Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Intrapartum Monitoring Devices by Product - Electrodes and Monitors - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2023 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 12: USA Historic Review for Intrapartum Monitoring Devices by Product - Electrodes and Monitors Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2022 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 13: USA 16-Year Perspective for Intrapartum Monitoring Devices by Product - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Electrodes and Monitors for the Years 2014, 2024 & 2030
  • CANADA
    • TABLE 14: Canada Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Intrapartum Monitoring Devices by Product - Electrodes and Monitors - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2023 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 15: Canada Historic Review for Intrapartum Monitoring Devices by Product - Electrodes and Monitors Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2022 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 16: Canada 16-Year Perspective for Intrapartum Monitoring Devices by Product - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Electrodes and Monitors for the Years 2014, 2024 & 2030
  • JAPAN
    • Intrapartum Monitoring Devices Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in Japan for 2024 (E)
    • TABLE 17: Japan Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Intrapartum Monitoring Devices by Product - Electrodes and Monitors - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2023 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 18: Japan Historic Review for Intrapartum Monitoring Devices by Product - Electrodes and Monitors Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2022 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 19: Japan 16-Year Perspective for Intrapartum Monitoring Devices by Product - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Electrodes and Monitors for the Years 2014, 2024 & 2030
  • CHINA
    • Intrapartum Monitoring Devices Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in China for 2024 (E)
    • TABLE 20: China Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Intrapartum Monitoring Devices by Product - Electrodes and Monitors - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2023 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 21: China Historic Review for Intrapartum Monitoring Devices by Product - Electrodes and Monitors Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2022 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 22: China 16-Year Perspective for Intrapartum Monitoring Devices by Product - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Electrodes and Monitors for the Years 2014, 2024 & 2030
  • EUROPE
    • Intrapartum Monitoring Devices Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in Europe for 2024 (E)
    • TABLE 23: Europe Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Intrapartum Monitoring Devices by Geographic Region - France, Germany, Italy, UK and Rest of Europe Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2023 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 24: Europe Historic Review for Intrapartum Monitoring Devices by Geographic Region - France, Germany, Italy, UK and Rest of Europe Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2022 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 25: Europe 16-Year Perspective for Intrapartum Monitoring Devices by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for France, Germany, Italy, UK and Rest of Europe Markets for Years 2014, 2024 & 2030
    • TABLE 26: Europe Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Intrapartum Monitoring Devices by Product - Electrodes and Monitors - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2023 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 27: Europe Historic Review for Intrapartum Monitoring Devices by Product - Electrodes and Monitors Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2022 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 28: Europe 16-Year Perspective for Intrapartum Monitoring Devices by Product - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Electrodes and Monitors for the Years 2014, 2024 & 2030
  • FRANCE
    • Intrapartum Monitoring Devices Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in France for 2024 (E)
    • TABLE 29: France Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Intrapartum Monitoring Devices by Product - Electrodes and Monitors - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2023 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 30: France Historic Review for Intrapartum Monitoring Devices by Product - Electrodes and Monitors Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2022 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 31: France 16-Year Perspective for Intrapartum Monitoring Devices by Product - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Electrodes and Monitors for the Years 2014, 2024 & 2030
  • GERMANY
    • Intrapartum Monitoring Devices Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in Germany for 2024 (E)
    • TABLE 32: Germany Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Intrapartum Monitoring Devices by Product - Electrodes and Monitors - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2023 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 33: Germany Historic Review for Intrapartum Monitoring Devices by Product - Electrodes and Monitors Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2022 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 34: Germany 16-Year Perspective for Intrapartum Monitoring Devices by Product - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Electrodes and Monitors for the Years 2014, 2024 & 2030
  • ITALY
    • TABLE 35: Italy Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Intrapartum Monitoring Devices by Product - Electrodes and Monitors - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2023 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 36: Italy Historic Review for Intrapartum Monitoring Devices by Product - Electrodes and Monitors Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2022 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 37: Italy 16-Year Perspective for Intrapartum Monitoring Devices by Product - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Electrodes and Monitors for the Years 2014, 2024 & 2030
  • UNITED KINGDOM
    • Intrapartum Monitoring Devices Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in the United Kingdom for 2024 (E)
    • TABLE 38: UK Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Intrapartum Monitoring Devices by Product - Electrodes and Monitors - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2023 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 39: UK Historic Review for Intrapartum Monitoring Devices by Product - Electrodes and Monitors Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2022 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 40: UK 16-Year Perspective for Intrapartum Monitoring Devices by Product - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Electrodes and Monitors for the Years 2014, 2024 & 2030
  • REST OF EUROPE
    • TABLE 41: Rest of Europe Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Intrapartum Monitoring Devices by Product - Electrodes and Monitors - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2023 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 42: Rest of Europe Historic Review for Intrapartum Monitoring Devices by Product - Electrodes and Monitors Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2022 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 43: Rest of Europe 16-Year Perspective for Intrapartum Monitoring Devices by Product - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Electrodes and Monitors for the Years 2014, 2024 & 2030
  • ASIA-PACIFIC
    • Intrapartum Monitoring Devices Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in Asia-Pacific for 2024 (E)
    • TABLE 44: Asia-Pacific Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Intrapartum Monitoring Devices by Product - Electrodes and Monitors - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2023 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 45: Asia-Pacific Historic Review for Intrapartum Monitoring Devices by Product - Electrodes and Monitors Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2022 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 46: Asia-Pacific 16-Year Perspective for Intrapartum Monitoring Devices by Product - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Electrodes and Monitors for the Years 2014, 2024 & 2030
  • REST OF WORLD
    • TABLE 47: Rest of World Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Intrapartum Monitoring Devices by Product - Electrodes and Monitors - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2023 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 48: Rest of World Historic Review for Intrapartum Monitoring Devices by Product - Electrodes and Monitors Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2022 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 49: Rest of World 16-Year Perspective for Intrapartum Monitoring Devices by Product - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Electrodes and Monitors for the Years 2014, 2024 & 2030

IV. COMPETITION

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