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시장보고서
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1758826

하드우드 시장

Hardwood
발행일: | 리서치사: Market Glass, Inc. (Formerly Global Industry Analysts, Inc.) | 페이지 정보: 영문 279 Pages | 배송안내 : 1-2일 (영업일 기준)

    
    
    



※ 본 상품은 영문 자료로 한글과 영문 목차에 불일치하는 내용이 있을 경우 영문을 우선합니다. 정확한 검토를 위해 영문 목차를 참고해주시기 바랍니다.

하드우드 세계 시장은 2030년까지 461억 달러에 이를 전망

2024년에 390억 달러로 추정되는 하드우드 세계 시장은 2024-2030년간 CAGR 2.8%로 성장하여 2030년에는 461억 달러에 이를 것으로 예측됩니다. 본 보고서에서 분석한 부문 중 하나인 애쉬 하드우드는 CAGR 3.2%를 나타내고, 분석 기간 종료시에는 167억 달러에 이를 것으로 예측됩니다. 체리 하드우드 부문의 성장률은 분석 기간중 CAGR 1.9%로 추정됩니다.

미국 시장은 106억 달러로 추정, 중국은 CAGR 5.4%로 성장 예측

미국의 하드우드 시장은 2024년 106억 달러에 이른 것으로 추정됩니다. 세계 2위 경제대국인 중국은 2030년까지 90억 달러 규모에 이를 것으로 예측되며, 분석 기간인 2024-2030년 CAGR은 5.4%를 보일 전망입니다. 기타 주목해야 할 지역별 시장으로서는 일본과 캐나다가 있으며, 분석 기간중 CAGR은 각각 1.1%와 2.2%를 보일 것으로 예측됩니다. 유럽에서는 독일이 CAGR 1.6%로 성장할 것으로 예측됩니다.

세계의 하드우드 시장 - 주요 동향과 성장요인 정리

현대 건축과 디자인에서 나무가 시대를 초월해 계속 선택받는 이유는 무엇일까?

세계 경재 시장은 건축, 가구, 인테리어 디자인에서 독보적인 내구성, 미적 매력, 그리고 지속적인 문화적 연관성에 힘입어 강력한 모멘텀을 유지하고 있습니다. 인공 목재와 합성 목재의 부상에도 불구하고, 천연 소재인 경재는 강도와 외관이 모두 요구되는 용도에서 고급 재료로 계속 선택되고 있습니다. 오크, 메이플, 티크, 월넛과 같은 경재는 나뭇결, 내구성, 세월의 변화를 즐길 수 있다는 점에서 소비자와 건축가 모두에게 사랑받고 있습니다. 바닥재와 캐비닛, 맞춤형 가구와 구조용 빔에 이르기까지 경재는 다양한 용도로 사용되어 고급 주택, 상업시설, 공공 인프라 프로젝트에 없어서는 안 될 재료로 자리 잡았습니다. 신흥국에서는 가처분 소득 증가와 중산층의 확대가 지위와 영속성의 상징으로서 목재 제품 수요를 견인하고 있습니다. 한편, 성숙한 시장에서는 유산 복원 및 고급 리노베이션이 목재에 대한 관심을 지속시키는 요인으로 작용하고 있습니다.

지속가능성과 인증은 시장 행동에 어떤 영향을 미치고 있는가?

환경 문제와 삼림 벌채에 대한 인식은 원목 산업에 지속가능성을 가져왔습니다. 정부, 인증기관 및 최종 소비자는 책임감 있는 산림경영을 통해 조달된 목재를 요구하고 있으며, FSC(산림관리협의회) 및 PEFC(산림인증프로그램)와 같은 인증제도는 원목 공급망의 지속가능성을 증명하는 데 매우 중요한 역할을 하고 있습니다. 매우 중요해지고 있습니다. 이러한 인증은 활엽수가 생물다양성을 보존하고, 불법 벌채를 방지하며, 지역사회의 삶을 지원하는 방식으로 벌채되었음을 보장합니다. 또한, 탄소 발자국 계산 및 수명주기 평가는 대규모 건축 및 가구 제작의 표준 절차가 되었으며, 구매자들은 인증된 제품을 선호하고 있습니다. 이러한 지속가능성에 대한 요구는 재조림 프로그램, 공급망 투명성, 블록체인 태그 및 산림 활동의 위성 모니터링과 같은 추적성 기술에 대한 투자를 촉진하고 있습니다. 이러한 변화는 환경 윤리의 진화를 반영할 뿐만 아니라, 기업의 ESG 목표와 세계 각국의 정부 규제와도 일치합니다.

수요 형성에 있어 지역 시장과 문화적 취향의 역할은?

문화적, 기후적, 건축적 취향은 각 지역의 목재 소비 패턴에 큰 영향을 미칩니다. 북미와 유럽에서는 목재 바닥재, 캐비닛, 전통 건축물 복원의 전통이 수요를 형성하고 있습니다. 이 지역에서는 화이트오크, 히코리, 체리 등의 수종이 특히 선호됩니다. 한편, 아시아태평양에서는 급속한 도시화, 고급 부동산 증가, 목공예와 사원 건축의 강한 전통으로 인해 목재 수요가 급증하고 있다(특히 중국, 인도, 베트남 등). 티크, 마호가니, 로즈우드와 같은 열대 활엽수는 내수성과 풍부한 색조로 선호됩니다. 라틴아메리카와 아프리카의 일부 지역도 소비자와 수출국이라는 이중적 역할을 담당하고 있으며, 국내 사용은 현지 건축 양식과 연계되어 있는 반면, 수출 수입은 국가의 경제적 이익을 견인하고 있습니다. 이러한 지역적 역학은 지속 불가능한 목재 수출을 규제하고 지역의 부가가치 향상을 촉진하기 위한 무역 정책, 관세 및 국제 조약의 영향을 더욱 받고 있습니다.

오늘날 세계 경재 시장 성장의 원동력은?

원목 시장의 성장은 몇 가지 요인에 의해 이루어지고 있습니다. 특히 고급 주택과 상업용 건물에서 신축과 개축 모두에서 고급스럽고 내구성이 뛰어난 소재에 대한 수요가 증가하고 있는 것이 주요 요인입니다. 신흥국의 도시화가 진행됨에 따라 바닥재, 판넬, 고급 인테리어에 대한 목재 수요가 증가하고 있습니다. 인증된 친환경 소재에 대한 전 세계적인 인식과 선호도가 높아지면서 지속 가능한 방식으로 조달된 원목 제품 구매를 촉진하고 있습니다. 제재, 가마 건조 및 마감 기술의 발전으로 원목은 더욱 균일하고 내구성이 뛰어나며 쉽게 구할 수 있게 되어 그 용도가 확대되고 있습니다. 소비자의 선호도도 더 오래 지속되고 미적 감각이 뛰어난 재료로 변화하고 있으며, 고가 용도의 경우 합성 소재보다 경재를 선호하고 있습니다. 마지막으로, 정부의 인프라 계획, 특히 전통 건축과 지역적 영향을 받은 건축은 전 세계 공공 건축, 교육 기관 및 복원 프로젝트에서 목재의 사용을 강화하고 있습니다.

부문

유형(애쉬 하드우드, 체리 하드우드, 메이플 하드우드, 오크 하드우드, 바치 하드우드), 용도(바닥재 용도, 가구 용도, 기타 용도)

조사 대상 기업 예(총 36개사)

  • Arauco
  • BASF
  • Boise Cascade
  • Canfor
  • Chamberlain Group
  • Domtar
  • Duratex
  • Franklin Lumber Company
  • Georgia-Pacific
  • Green Timber
  • Haworth
  • Interfor
  • Jeld-Wen
  • Lumber Liquidators
  • Masonite
  • Mondi
  • Norbord
  • Pella Corporation
  • Plywood Supply
  • Ralph Wilson Plastics
  • Sierra Pacific Industries
  • Stora Enso
  • Swedish Wood
  • UFP Industries
  • West Fraser Timber
  • Weyerhaeuser

AI 통합

우리는 유효한 전문가 컨텐츠와 AI툴에 의해서, 시장 정보와 경쟁 정보를 변혁합니다.

Global Industry Analysts는 LLM나 업계 고유 SLM를 조회하는 일반적인 규범에 따르는 대신에, 비디오 기록, 블로그, 검색 엔진 조사, 방대한 양의 기업, 제품/서비스, 시장 데이터 등, 전 세계 전문가로부터 수집한 컨텐츠 리포지토리를 구축했습니다.

관세 영향 계수

Global Industry Analysts는 본사의 국가, 제조거점, 수출입(완제품 및 OEM)을 기반으로 기업의 경쟁력 변화를 예측했습니다. 이러한 복잡하고 다면적인 시장 역학은 수익원가(COGS) 증가, 수익성 감소, 공급망 재편 등 미시적 및 거시적 시장 역학 중에서도 특히 경쟁사들에게 영향을 미칠 것으로 예측됩니다.

목차

제1장 조사 방법

제2장 주요 요약

  • 시장 개요
  • 주요 기업
  • 시장 동향과 촉진요인
  • 세계 시장 전망

제3장 시장 분석

  • 미국
  • 캐나다
  • 일본
  • 중국
  • 유럽
  • 프랑스
  • 독일
  • 이탈리아
  • 영국
  • 스페인
  • 러시아
  • 기타 유럽
  • 아시아태평양
  • 호주
  • 인도
  • 한국
  • 기타 아시아태평양
  • 라틴아메리카
  • 아르헨티나
  • 브라질
  • 멕시코
  • 기타 라틴아메리카
  • 중동
  • 이란
  • 이스라엘
  • 사우디아라비아
  • 아랍에미리트(UAE)
  • 기타 중동
  • 아프리카

제4장 경쟁

LSH 25.07.09

Global Hardwood Market to Reach US$46.1 Billion by 2030

The global market for Hardwood estimated at US$39.0 Billion in the year 2024, is expected to reach US$46.1 Billion by 2030, growing at a CAGR of 2.8% over the analysis period 2024-2030. Ash Hardwood, one of the segments analyzed in the report, is expected to record a 3.2% CAGR and reach US$16.7 Billion by the end of the analysis period. Growth in the Cherry Hardwood segment is estimated at 1.9% CAGR over the analysis period.

The U.S. Market is Estimated at US$10.6 Billion While China is Forecast to Grow at 5.4% CAGR

The Hardwood market in the U.S. is estimated at US$10.6 Billion in the year 2024. China, the world's second largest economy, is forecast to reach a projected market size of US$9.0 Billion by the year 2030 trailing a CAGR of 5.4% over the analysis period 2024-2030. Among the other noteworthy geographic markets are Japan and Canada, each forecast to grow at a CAGR of 1.1% and 2.2% respectively over the analysis period. Within Europe, Germany is forecast to grow at approximately 1.6% CAGR.

Global Hardwood Market - Key Trends & Drivers Summarized

Why Is Hardwood Still a Timeless Choice in Modern Construction and Design?

The global hardwood market continues to maintain strong momentum, buoyed by its unmatched durability, aesthetic appeal, and enduring cultural relevance in construction, furniture, and interior design. Despite the rise of engineered wood and synthetic alternatives, natural hardwood remains a premium material choice for applications that demand both strength and visual richness. Consumers and architects alike favor hardwoods like oak, maple, teak, and walnut for their grain patterns, longevity, and ability to age gracefully. From hardwood flooring and cabinetry to bespoke furniture and structural beams, the material’s versatility makes it integral to high-end residential, commercial, and public infrastructure projects. In emerging economies, rising disposable incomes and the expanding middle class are driving demand for hardwood products as symbols of status and permanence. Meanwhile, in mature markets, heritage restorations and luxury renovations are also contributing to sustained interest in hardwood.

How Are Sustainability and Certification Influencing Market Behavior?

Environmental concerns and deforestation awareness have brought sustainability to the forefront of the hardwood industry. Governments, certifying bodies, and end consumers are increasingly demanding timber sourced through responsible forestry practices. Certification systems like FSC (Forest Stewardship Council) and PEFC (Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification) have become crucial in validating the sustainability of hardwood supply chains. These certifications ensure that hardwoods are harvested in ways that preserve biodiversity, prevent illegal logging, and support community livelihoods. Furthermore, carbon footprint calculations and lifecycle assessments are now standard procedures for large-scale construction and furniture procurement, leading buyers to favor certified products. This sustainability imperative is driving investment in reforestation programs, supply chain transparency, and traceability technologies such as blockchain tagging and satellite monitoring of forest activities. These shifts not only reflect evolving environmental ethics but also align with corporate ESG goals and governmental regulations globally.

What Role Do Regional Markets and Cultural Preferences Play in Shaping Demand?

Cultural, climatic, and architectural preferences significantly influence hardwood consumption patterns across different regions. In North America and Europe, demand is shaped by a long-standing tradition of hardwood flooring, cabinetry, and heritage building restoration. Species like white oak, hickory, and cherry are particularly favored in these regions. Meanwhile, in the Asia-Pacific region, hardwood demand is surging due to rapid urbanization, luxury real estate growth, and strong traditions in woodcraft and temple construction-especially in countries like China, India, and Vietnam. Tropical hardwoods such as teak, mahogany, and rosewood are preferred for their water resistance and rich hues. Latin America and parts of Africa also serve dual roles as both consumers and exporters, where domestic usage is tied to local architectural styles while export revenues drive national economic interests. These regional dynamics are further influenced by trade policies, tariffs, and international treaties aimed at controlling unsustainable timber exports and promoting local value addition.

What Is Driving Growth in the Global Hardwood Market Today?

The growth in the hardwood market is driven by several factors. A key driver is the ongoing demand for premium, durable materials in both new construction and renovation projects, especially in luxury residential and commercial segments. Increasing urbanization in developing countries is creating a robust demand for hardwood in flooring, paneling, and upscale interiors. Rising global awareness and preference for certified, eco-friendly materials are promoting the purchase of sustainably sourced hardwood products. Technological improvements in sawmilling, kiln drying, and finishing have made hardwood more uniform, durable, and accessible, thereby expanding its usability. Consumer preferences are also shifting toward longer-lasting and aesthetically superior materials, pushing hardwood over synthetic options in high-value applications. Finally, government infrastructure initiatives, especially those incorporating traditional or regionally inspired architecture, are reinforcing hardwood usage in public buildings, educational institutions, and restoration projects worldwide.

SCOPE OF STUDY:

The report analyzes the Hardwood market in terms of units by the following Segments, and Geographic Regions/Countries:

Segments:

Type (Ash Hardwood, Cherry Hardwood, Maple Hardwood, Oak Hardwood, Birch Hardwood); Application (Flooring Application, Furniture Application, Other Applications)

Geographic Regions/Countries:

World; United States; Canada; Japan; China; Europe (France; Germany; Italy; United Kingdom; Spain; Russia; and Rest of Europe); Asia-Pacific (Australia; India; South Korea; and Rest of Asia-Pacific); Latin America (Argentina; Brazil; Mexico; and Rest of Latin America); Middle East (Iran; Israel; Saudi Arabia; United Arab Emirates; and Rest of Middle East); and Africa.

Select Competitors (Total 36 Featured) -

  • Arauco
  • BASF
  • Boise Cascade
  • Canfor
  • Chamberlain Group
  • Domtar
  • Duratex
  • Franklin Lumber Company
  • Georgia-Pacific
  • Green Timber
  • Haworth
  • Interfor
  • Jeld-Wen
  • Lumber Liquidators
  • Masonite
  • Mondi
  • Norbord
  • Pella Corporation
  • Plywood Supply
  • Ralph Wilson Plastics
  • Sierra Pacific Industries
  • Stora Enso
  • Swedish Wood
  • UFP Industries
  • West Fraser Timber
  • Weyerhaeuser

AI INTEGRATIONS

We're transforming market and competitive intelligence with validated expert content and AI tools.

Instead of following the general norm of querying LLMs and Industry-specific SLMs, we built repositories of content curated from domain experts worldwide including video transcripts, blogs, search engines research, and massive amounts of enterprise, product/service, and market data.

TARIFF IMPACT FACTOR

Our new release incorporates impact of tariffs on geographical markets as we predict a shift in competitiveness of companies based on HQ country, manufacturing base, exports and imports (finished goods and OEM). This intricate and multifaceted market reality will impact competitors by increasing the Cost of Goods Sold (COGS), reducing profitability, reconfiguring supply chains, amongst other micro and macro market dynamics.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. METHODOLOGY

II. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

  • 1. MARKET OVERVIEW
    • Influencer Market Insights
    • World Market Trajectories
    • Tariff Impact on Global Supply Chain Patterns
    • Hardwood - Global Key Competitors Percentage Market Share in 2025 (E)
    • Competitive Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial for Players Worldwide in 2025 (E)
  • 2. FOCUS ON SELECT PLAYERS
  • 3. MARKET TRENDS & DRIVERS
    • Rising Consumer Preference for Natural Materials Spurs Demand for Hardwood Products
    • Growth in Residential Construction and Remodeling Projects Drives Flooring Demand
    • Increased Interest in Premium Interior Design Expands Market for Exotic Hardwoods
    • Shift Toward Sustainable and FSC-Certified Products Strengthens Business Case for Eco-Friendly Wood
    • Expansion of Urban Housing and Mixed-Use Developments Propels Use of Engineered Hardwood
    • Growth in Hospitality and Luxury Retail Sectors Drives Adoption of Aesthetic Wood Finishes
    • Rising DIY Renovation Trends Fuel Retail Sales of Hardwood Panels and Flooring
    • Technological Advancements in Wood Treatment Enhance Durability and Moisture Resistance
    • Restoration of Historical Buildings and Heritage Sites Throws Spotlight on Authentic Hardwood
    • Fluctuations in Timber Supply Chain and Regulations Create Market Volatility
    • Increasing Popularity of Biophilic Design Sustains Demand for Natural Wood Textures
  • 4. GLOBAL MARKET PERSPECTIVE
    • TABLE 1: World Hardwood Market Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2030
    • TABLE 2: World Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Hardwood by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 3: World Historic Review for Hardwood by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 4: World 16-Year Perspective for Hardwood by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa Markets for Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 5: World Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Ash Hardwood by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 6: World Historic Review for Ash Hardwood by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 7: World 16-Year Perspective for Ash Hardwood by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa for Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 8: World Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Cherry Hardwood by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 9: World Historic Review for Cherry Hardwood by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 10: World 16-Year Perspective for Cherry Hardwood by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa for Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 11: World Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Maple Hardwood by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 12: World Historic Review for Maple Hardwood by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 13: World 16-Year Perspective for Maple Hardwood by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa for Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 14: World Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Oak Hardwood by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 15: World Historic Review for Oak Hardwood by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 16: World 16-Year Perspective for Oak Hardwood by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa for Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 17: World Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Birch Hardwood by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 18: World Historic Review for Birch Hardwood by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 19: World 16-Year Perspective for Birch Hardwood by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa for Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 20: World Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Flooring Application by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 21: World Historic Review for Flooring Application by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 22: World 16-Year Perspective for Flooring Application by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa for Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 23: World Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Furniture Application by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 24: World Historic Review for Furniture Application by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 25: World 16-Year Perspective for Furniture Application by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa for Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 26: World Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Other Applications by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 27: World Historic Review for Other Applications by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 28: World 16-Year Perspective for Other Applications by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa for Years 2014, 2025 & 2030

III. MARKET ANALYSIS

  • UNITED STATES
    • Hardwood Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in the United States for 2025 (E)
    • TABLE 29: USA Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Hardwood by Type - Ash Hardwood, Cherry Hardwood, Maple Hardwood, Oak Hardwood and Birch Hardwood - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 30: USA Historic Review for Hardwood by Type - Ash Hardwood, Cherry Hardwood, Maple Hardwood, Oak Hardwood and Birch Hardwood Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 31: USA 16-Year Perspective for Hardwood by Type - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Ash Hardwood, Cherry Hardwood, Maple Hardwood, Oak Hardwood and Birch Hardwood for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 32: USA Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Hardwood by Application - Flooring Application, Furniture Application and Other Applications - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 33: USA Historic Review for Hardwood by Application - Flooring Application, Furniture Application and Other Applications Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 34: USA 16-Year Perspective for Hardwood by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Flooring Application, Furniture Application and Other Applications for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
  • CANADA
    • TABLE 35: Canada Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Hardwood by Type - Ash Hardwood, Cherry Hardwood, Maple Hardwood, Oak Hardwood and Birch Hardwood - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 36: Canada Historic Review for Hardwood by Type - Ash Hardwood, Cherry Hardwood, Maple Hardwood, Oak Hardwood and Birch Hardwood Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 37: Canada 16-Year Perspective for Hardwood by Type - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Ash Hardwood, Cherry Hardwood, Maple Hardwood, Oak Hardwood and Birch Hardwood for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 38: Canada Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Hardwood by Application - Flooring Application, Furniture Application and Other Applications - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 39: Canada Historic Review for Hardwood by Application - Flooring Application, Furniture Application and Other Applications Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 40: Canada 16-Year Perspective for Hardwood by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Flooring Application, Furniture Application and Other Applications for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
  • JAPAN
    • Hardwood Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in Japan for 2025 (E)
    • TABLE 41: Japan Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Hardwood by Type - Ash Hardwood, Cherry Hardwood, Maple Hardwood, Oak Hardwood and Birch Hardwood - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 42: Japan Historic Review for Hardwood by Type - Ash Hardwood, Cherry Hardwood, Maple Hardwood, Oak Hardwood and Birch Hardwood Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 43: Japan 16-Year Perspective for Hardwood by Type - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Ash Hardwood, Cherry Hardwood, Maple Hardwood, Oak Hardwood and Birch Hardwood for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 44: Japan Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Hardwood by Application - Flooring Application, Furniture Application and Other Applications - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 45: Japan Historic Review for Hardwood by Application - Flooring Application, Furniture Application and Other Applications Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 46: Japan 16-Year Perspective for Hardwood by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Flooring Application, Furniture Application and Other Applications for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
  • CHINA
    • Hardwood Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in China for 2025 (E)
    • TABLE 47: China Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Hardwood by Type - Ash Hardwood, Cherry Hardwood, Maple Hardwood, Oak Hardwood and Birch Hardwood - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 48: China Historic Review for Hardwood by Type - Ash Hardwood, Cherry Hardwood, Maple Hardwood, Oak Hardwood and Birch Hardwood Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 49: China 16-Year Perspective for Hardwood by Type - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Ash Hardwood, Cherry Hardwood, Maple Hardwood, Oak Hardwood and Birch Hardwood for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 50: China Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Hardwood by Application - Flooring Application, Furniture Application and Other Applications - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 51: China Historic Review for Hardwood by Application - Flooring Application, Furniture Application and Other Applications Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 52: China 16-Year Perspective for Hardwood by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Flooring Application, Furniture Application and Other Applications for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
  • EUROPE
    • Hardwood Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in Europe for 2025 (E)
    • TABLE 53: Europe Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Hardwood by Geographic Region - France, Germany, Italy, UK, Spain, Russia and Rest of Europe Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 54: Europe Historic Review for Hardwood by Geographic Region - France, Germany, Italy, UK, Spain, Russia and Rest of Europe Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 55: Europe 16-Year Perspective for Hardwood by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for France, Germany, Italy, UK, Spain, Russia and Rest of Europe Markets for Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 56: Europe Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Hardwood by Type - Ash Hardwood, Cherry Hardwood, Maple Hardwood, Oak Hardwood and Birch Hardwood - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 57: Europe Historic Review for Hardwood by Type - Ash Hardwood, Cherry Hardwood, Maple Hardwood, Oak Hardwood and Birch Hardwood Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 58: Europe 16-Year Perspective for Hardwood by Type - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Ash Hardwood, Cherry Hardwood, Maple Hardwood, Oak Hardwood and Birch Hardwood for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 59: Europe Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Hardwood by Application - Flooring Application, Furniture Application and Other Applications - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 60: Europe Historic Review for Hardwood by Application - Flooring Application, Furniture Application and Other Applications Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 61: Europe 16-Year Perspective for Hardwood by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Flooring Application, Furniture Application and Other Applications for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
  • FRANCE
    • Hardwood Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in France for 2025 (E)
    • TABLE 62: France Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Hardwood by Type - Ash Hardwood, Cherry Hardwood, Maple Hardwood, Oak Hardwood and Birch Hardwood - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 63: France Historic Review for Hardwood by Type - Ash Hardwood, Cherry Hardwood, Maple Hardwood, Oak Hardwood and Birch Hardwood Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 64: France 16-Year Perspective for Hardwood by Type - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Ash Hardwood, Cherry Hardwood, Maple Hardwood, Oak Hardwood and Birch Hardwood for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 65: France Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Hardwood by Application - Flooring Application, Furniture Application and Other Applications - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 66: France Historic Review for Hardwood by Application - Flooring Application, Furniture Application and Other Applications Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 67: France 16-Year Perspective for Hardwood by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Flooring Application, Furniture Application and Other Applications for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
  • GERMANY
    • Hardwood Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in Germany for 2025 (E)
    • TABLE 68: Germany Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Hardwood by Type - Ash Hardwood, Cherry Hardwood, Maple Hardwood, Oak Hardwood and Birch Hardwood - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 69: Germany Historic Review for Hardwood by Type - Ash Hardwood, Cherry Hardwood, Maple Hardwood, Oak Hardwood and Birch Hardwood Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 70: Germany 16-Year Perspective for Hardwood by Type - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Ash Hardwood, Cherry Hardwood, Maple Hardwood, Oak Hardwood and Birch Hardwood for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 71: Germany Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Hardwood by Application - Flooring Application, Furniture Application and Other Applications - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 72: Germany Historic Review for Hardwood by Application - Flooring Application, Furniture Application and Other Applications Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 73: Germany 16-Year Perspective for Hardwood by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Flooring Application, Furniture Application and Other Applications for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
  • ITALY
    • TABLE 74: Italy Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Hardwood by Type - Ash Hardwood, Cherry Hardwood, Maple Hardwood, Oak Hardwood and Birch Hardwood - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 75: Italy Historic Review for Hardwood by Type - Ash Hardwood, Cherry Hardwood, Maple Hardwood, Oak Hardwood and Birch Hardwood Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 76: Italy 16-Year Perspective for Hardwood by Type - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Ash Hardwood, Cherry Hardwood, Maple Hardwood, Oak Hardwood and Birch Hardwood for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 77: Italy Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Hardwood by Application - Flooring Application, Furniture Application and Other Applications - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 78: Italy Historic Review for Hardwood by Application - Flooring Application, Furniture Application and Other Applications Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 79: Italy 16-Year Perspective for Hardwood by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Flooring Application, Furniture Application and Other Applications for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
  • UNITED KINGDOM
    • Hardwood Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in the United Kingdom for 2025 (E)
    • TABLE 80: UK Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Hardwood by Type - Ash Hardwood, Cherry Hardwood, Maple Hardwood, Oak Hardwood and Birch Hardwood - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 81: UK Historic Review for Hardwood by Type - Ash Hardwood, Cherry Hardwood, Maple Hardwood, Oak Hardwood and Birch Hardwood Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 82: UK 16-Year Perspective for Hardwood by Type - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Ash Hardwood, Cherry Hardwood, Maple Hardwood, Oak Hardwood and Birch Hardwood for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 83: UK Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Hardwood by Application - Flooring Application, Furniture Application and Other Applications - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 84: UK Historic Review for Hardwood by Application - Flooring Application, Furniture Application and Other Applications Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 85: UK 16-Year Perspective for Hardwood by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Flooring Application, Furniture Application and Other Applications for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
  • SPAIN
    • TABLE 86: Spain Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Hardwood by Type - Ash Hardwood, Cherry Hardwood, Maple Hardwood, Oak Hardwood and Birch Hardwood - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 87: Spain Historic Review for Hardwood by Type - Ash Hardwood, Cherry Hardwood, Maple Hardwood, Oak Hardwood and Birch Hardwood Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 88: Spain 16-Year Perspective for Hardwood by Type - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Ash Hardwood, Cherry Hardwood, Maple Hardwood, Oak Hardwood and Birch Hardwood for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 89: Spain Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Hardwood by Application - Flooring Application, Furniture Application and Other Applications - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 90: Spain Historic Review for Hardwood by Application - Flooring Application, Furniture Application and Other Applications Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 91: Spain 16-Year Perspective for Hardwood by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Flooring Application, Furniture Application and Other Applications for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
  • RUSSIA
    • TABLE 92: Russia Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Hardwood by Type - Ash Hardwood, Cherry Hardwood, Maple Hardwood, Oak Hardwood and Birch Hardwood - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 93: Russia Historic Review for Hardwood by Type - Ash Hardwood, Cherry Hardwood, Maple Hardwood, Oak Hardwood and Birch Hardwood Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 94: Russia 16-Year Perspective for Hardwood by Type - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Ash Hardwood, Cherry Hardwood, Maple Hardwood, Oak Hardwood and Birch Hardwood for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 95: Russia Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Hardwood by Application - Flooring Application, Furniture Application and Other Applications - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 96: Russia Historic Review for Hardwood by Application - Flooring Application, Furniture Application and Other Applications Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 97: Russia 16-Year Perspective for Hardwood by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Flooring Application, Furniture Application and Other Applications for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
  • REST OF EUROPE
    • TABLE 98: Rest of Europe Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Hardwood by Type - Ash Hardwood, Cherry Hardwood, Maple Hardwood, Oak Hardwood and Birch Hardwood - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 99: Rest of Europe Historic Review for Hardwood by Type - Ash Hardwood, Cherry Hardwood, Maple Hardwood, Oak Hardwood and Birch Hardwood Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 100: Rest of Europe 16-Year Perspective for Hardwood by Type - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Ash Hardwood, Cherry Hardwood, Maple Hardwood, Oak Hardwood and Birch Hardwood for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 101: Rest of Europe Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Hardwood by Application - Flooring Application, Furniture Application and Other Applications - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 102: Rest of Europe Historic Review for Hardwood by Application - Flooring Application, Furniture Application and Other Applications Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 103: Rest of Europe 16-Year Perspective for Hardwood by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Flooring Application, Furniture Application and Other Applications for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
  • ASIA-PACIFIC
    • Hardwood Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in Asia-Pacific for 2025 (E)
    • TABLE 104: Asia-Pacific Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Hardwood by Geographic Region - Australia, India, South Korea and Rest of Asia-Pacific Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 105: Asia-Pacific Historic Review for Hardwood by Geographic Region - Australia, India, South Korea and Rest of Asia-Pacific Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 106: Asia-Pacific 16-Year Perspective for Hardwood by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Australia, India, South Korea and Rest of Asia-Pacific Markets for Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 107: Asia-Pacific Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Hardwood by Type - Ash Hardwood, Cherry Hardwood, Maple Hardwood, Oak Hardwood and Birch Hardwood - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 108: Asia-Pacific Historic Review for Hardwood by Type - Ash Hardwood, Cherry Hardwood, Maple Hardwood, Oak Hardwood and Birch Hardwood Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 109: Asia-Pacific 16-Year Perspective for Hardwood by Type - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Ash Hardwood, Cherry Hardwood, Maple Hardwood, Oak Hardwood and Birch Hardwood for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 110: Asia-Pacific Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Hardwood by Application - Flooring Application, Furniture Application and Other Applications - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 111: Asia-Pacific Historic Review for Hardwood by Application - Flooring Application, Furniture Application and Other Applications Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 112: Asia-Pacific 16-Year Perspective for Hardwood by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Flooring Application, Furniture Application and Other Applications for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
  • AUSTRALIA
    • Hardwood Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in Australia for 2025 (E)
    • TABLE 113: Australia Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Hardwood by Type - Ash Hardwood, Cherry Hardwood, Maple Hardwood, Oak Hardwood and Birch Hardwood - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 114: Australia Historic Review for Hardwood by Type - Ash Hardwood, Cherry Hardwood, Maple Hardwood, Oak Hardwood and Birch Hardwood Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 115: Australia 16-Year Perspective for Hardwood by Type - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Ash Hardwood, Cherry Hardwood, Maple Hardwood, Oak Hardwood and Birch Hardwood for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 116: Australia Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Hardwood by Application - Flooring Application, Furniture Application and Other Applications - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 117: Australia Historic Review for Hardwood by Application - Flooring Application, Furniture Application and Other Applications Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 118: Australia 16-Year Perspective for Hardwood by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Flooring Application, Furniture Application and Other Applications for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
  • INDIA
    • Hardwood Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in India for 2025 (E)
    • TABLE 119: India Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Hardwood by Type - Ash Hardwood, Cherry Hardwood, Maple Hardwood, Oak Hardwood and Birch Hardwood - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 120: India Historic Review for Hardwood by Type - Ash Hardwood, Cherry Hardwood, Maple Hardwood, Oak Hardwood and Birch Hardwood Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 121: India 16-Year Perspective for Hardwood by Type - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Ash Hardwood, Cherry Hardwood, Maple Hardwood, Oak Hardwood and Birch Hardwood for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 122: India Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Hardwood by Application - Flooring Application, Furniture Application and Other Applications - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 123: India Historic Review for Hardwood by Application - Flooring Application, Furniture Application and Other Applications Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 124: India 16-Year Perspective for Hardwood by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Flooring Application, Furniture Application and Other Applications for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
  • SOUTH KOREA
    • TABLE 125: South Korea Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Hardwood by Type - Ash Hardwood, Cherry Hardwood, Maple Hardwood, Oak Hardwood and Birch Hardwood - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 126: South Korea Historic Review for Hardwood by Type - Ash Hardwood, Cherry Hardwood, Maple Hardwood, Oak Hardwood and Birch Hardwood Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 127: South Korea 16-Year Perspective for Hardwood by Type - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Ash Hardwood, Cherry Hardwood, Maple Hardwood, Oak Hardwood and Birch Hardwood for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 128: South Korea Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Hardwood by Application - Flooring Application, Furniture Application and Other Applications - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 129: South Korea Historic Review for Hardwood by Application - Flooring Application, Furniture Application and Other Applications Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 130: South Korea 16-Year Perspective for Hardwood by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Flooring Application, Furniture Application and Other Applications for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
  • REST OF ASIA-PACIFIC
    • TABLE 131: Rest of Asia-Pacific Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Hardwood by Type - Ash Hardwood, Cherry Hardwood, Maple Hardwood, Oak Hardwood and Birch Hardwood - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 132: Rest of Asia-Pacific Historic Review for Hardwood by Type - Ash Hardwood, Cherry Hardwood, Maple Hardwood, Oak Hardwood and Birch Hardwood Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 133: Rest of Asia-Pacific 16-Year Perspective for Hardwood by Type - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Ash Hardwood, Cherry Hardwood, Maple Hardwood, Oak Hardwood and Birch Hardwood for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 134: Rest of Asia-Pacific Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Hardwood by Application - Flooring Application, Furniture Application and Other Applications - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 135: Rest of Asia-Pacific Historic Review for Hardwood by Application - Flooring Application, Furniture Application and Other Applications Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 136: Rest of Asia-Pacific 16-Year Perspective for Hardwood by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Flooring Application, Furniture Application and Other Applications for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
  • LATIN AMERICA
    • Hardwood Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in Latin America for 2025 (E)
    • TABLE 137: Latin America Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Hardwood by Geographic Region - Argentina, Brazil, Mexico and Rest of Latin America Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 138: Latin America Historic Review for Hardwood by Geographic Region - Argentina, Brazil, Mexico and Rest of Latin America Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 139: Latin America 16-Year Perspective for Hardwood by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Argentina, Brazil, Mexico and Rest of Latin America Markets for Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 140: Latin America Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Hardwood by Type - Ash Hardwood, Cherry Hardwood, Maple Hardwood, Oak Hardwood and Birch Hardwood - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 141: Latin America Historic Review for Hardwood by Type - Ash Hardwood, Cherry Hardwood, Maple Hardwood, Oak Hardwood and Birch Hardwood Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 142: Latin America 16-Year Perspective for Hardwood by Type - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Ash Hardwood, Cherry Hardwood, Maple Hardwood, Oak Hardwood and Birch Hardwood for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 143: Latin America Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Hardwood by Application - Flooring Application, Furniture Application and Other Applications - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 144: Latin America Historic Review for Hardwood by Application - Flooring Application, Furniture Application and Other Applications Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 145: Latin America 16-Year Perspective for Hardwood by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Flooring Application, Furniture Application and Other Applications for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
  • ARGENTINA
    • TABLE 146: Argentina Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Hardwood by Type - Ash Hardwood, Cherry Hardwood, Maple Hardwood, Oak Hardwood and Birch Hardwood - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 147: Argentina Historic Review for Hardwood by Type - Ash Hardwood, Cherry Hardwood, Maple Hardwood, Oak Hardwood and Birch Hardwood Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 148: Argentina 16-Year Perspective for Hardwood by Type - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Ash Hardwood, Cherry Hardwood, Maple Hardwood, Oak Hardwood and Birch Hardwood for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 149: Argentina Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Hardwood by Application - Flooring Application, Furniture Application and Other Applications - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 150: Argentina Historic Review for Hardwood by Application - Flooring Application, Furniture Application and Other Applications Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 151: Argentina 16-Year Perspective for Hardwood by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Flooring Application, Furniture Application and Other Applications for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
  • BRAZIL
    • TABLE 152: Brazil Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Hardwood by Type - Ash Hardwood, Cherry Hardwood, Maple Hardwood, Oak Hardwood and Birch Hardwood - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 153: Brazil Historic Review for Hardwood by Type - Ash Hardwood, Cherry Hardwood, Maple Hardwood, Oak Hardwood and Birch Hardwood Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 154: Brazil 16-Year Perspective for Hardwood by Type - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Ash Hardwood, Cherry Hardwood, Maple Hardwood, Oak Hardwood and Birch Hardwood for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 155: Brazil Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Hardwood by Application - Flooring Application, Furniture Application and Other Applications - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 156: Brazil Historic Review for Hardwood by Application - Flooring Application, Furniture Application and Other Applications Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 157: Brazil 16-Year Perspective for Hardwood by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Flooring Application, Furniture Application and Other Applications for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
  • MEXICO
    • TABLE 158: Mexico Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Hardwood by Type - Ash Hardwood, Cherry Hardwood, Maple Hardwood, Oak Hardwood and Birch Hardwood - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 159: Mexico Historic Review for Hardwood by Type - Ash Hardwood, Cherry Hardwood, Maple Hardwood, Oak Hardwood and Birch Hardwood Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 160: Mexico 16-Year Perspective for Hardwood by Type - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Ash Hardwood, Cherry Hardwood, Maple Hardwood, Oak Hardwood and Birch Hardwood for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 161: Mexico Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Hardwood by Application - Flooring Application, Furniture Application and Other Applications - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 162: Mexico Historic Review for Hardwood by Application - Flooring Application, Furniture Application and Other Applications Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 163: Mexico 16-Year Perspective for Hardwood by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Flooring Application, Furniture Application and Other Applications for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
  • REST OF LATIN AMERICA
    • TABLE 164: Rest of Latin America Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Hardwood by Type - Ash Hardwood, Cherry Hardwood, Maple Hardwood, Oak Hardwood and Birch Hardwood - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 165: Rest of Latin America Historic Review for Hardwood by Type - Ash Hardwood, Cherry Hardwood, Maple Hardwood, Oak Hardwood and Birch Hardwood Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 166: Rest of Latin America 16-Year Perspective for Hardwood by Type - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Ash Hardwood, Cherry Hardwood, Maple Hardwood, Oak Hardwood and Birch Hardwood for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 167: Rest of Latin America Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Hardwood by Application - Flooring Application, Furniture Application and Other Applications - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 168: Rest of Latin America Historic Review for Hardwood by Application - Flooring Application, Furniture Application and Other Applications Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 169: Rest of Latin America 16-Year Perspective for Hardwood by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Flooring Application, Furniture Application and Other Applications for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
  • MIDDLE EAST
    • Hardwood Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in Middle East for 2025 (E)
    • TABLE 170: Middle East Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Hardwood by Geographic Region - Iran, Israel, Saudi Arabia, UAE and Rest of Middle East Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 171: Middle East Historic Review for Hardwood by Geographic Region - Iran, Israel, Saudi Arabia, UAE and Rest of Middle East Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 172: Middle East 16-Year Perspective for Hardwood by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Iran, Israel, Saudi Arabia, UAE and Rest of Middle East Markets for Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 173: Middle East Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Hardwood by Type - Ash Hardwood, Cherry Hardwood, Maple Hardwood, Oak Hardwood and Birch Hardwood - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 174: Middle East Historic Review for Hardwood by Type - Ash Hardwood, Cherry Hardwood, Maple Hardwood, Oak Hardwood and Birch Hardwood Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 175: Middle East 16-Year Perspective for Hardwood by Type - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Ash Hardwood, Cherry Hardwood, Maple Hardwood, Oak Hardwood and Birch Hardwood for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 176: Middle East Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Hardwood by Application - Flooring Application, Furniture Application and Other Applications - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 177: Middle East Historic Review for Hardwood by Application - Flooring Application, Furniture Application and Other Applications Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 178: Middle East 16-Year Perspective for Hardwood by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Flooring Application, Furniture Application and Other Applications for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
  • IRAN
    • TABLE 179: Iran Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Hardwood by Type - Ash Hardwood, Cherry Hardwood, Maple Hardwood, Oak Hardwood and Birch Hardwood - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 180: Iran Historic Review for Hardwood by Type - Ash Hardwood, Cherry Hardwood, Maple Hardwood, Oak Hardwood and Birch Hardwood Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 181: Iran 16-Year Perspective for Hardwood by Type - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Ash Hardwood, Cherry Hardwood, Maple Hardwood, Oak Hardwood and Birch Hardwood for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 182: Iran Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Hardwood by Application - Flooring Application, Furniture Application and Other Applications - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 183: Iran Historic Review for Hardwood by Application - Flooring Application, Furniture Application and Other Applications Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 184: Iran 16-Year Perspective for Hardwood by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Flooring Application, Furniture Application and Other Applications for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
  • ISRAEL
    • TABLE 185: Israel Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Hardwood by Type - Ash Hardwood, Cherry Hardwood, Maple Hardwood, Oak Hardwood and Birch Hardwood - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 186: Israel Historic Review for Hardwood by Type - Ash Hardwood, Cherry Hardwood, Maple Hardwood, Oak Hardwood and Birch Hardwood Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 187: Israel 16-Year Perspective for Hardwood by Type - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Ash Hardwood, Cherry Hardwood, Maple Hardwood, Oak Hardwood and Birch Hardwood for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 188: Israel Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Hardwood by Application - Flooring Application, Furniture Application and Other Applications - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 189: Israel Historic Review for Hardwood by Application - Flooring Application, Furniture Application and Other Applications Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 190: Israel 16-Year Perspective for Hardwood by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Flooring Application, Furniture Application and Other Applications for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
  • SAUDI ARABIA
    • TABLE 191: Saudi Arabia Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Hardwood by Type - Ash Hardwood, Cherry Hardwood, Maple Hardwood, Oak Hardwood and Birch Hardwood - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 192: Saudi Arabia Historic Review for Hardwood by Type - Ash Hardwood, Cherry Hardwood, Maple Hardwood, Oak Hardwood and Birch Hardwood Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 193: Saudi Arabia 16-Year Perspective for Hardwood by Type - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Ash Hardwood, Cherry Hardwood, Maple Hardwood, Oak Hardwood and Birch Hardwood for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 194: Saudi Arabia Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Hardwood by Application - Flooring Application, Furniture Application and Other Applications - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 195: Saudi Arabia Historic Review for Hardwood by Application - Flooring Application, Furniture Application and Other Applications Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 196: Saudi Arabia 16-Year Perspective for Hardwood by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Flooring Application, Furniture Application and Other Applications for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
  • UNITED ARAB EMIRATES
    • TABLE 197: UAE Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Hardwood by Type - Ash Hardwood, Cherry Hardwood, Maple Hardwood, Oak Hardwood and Birch Hardwood - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 198: UAE Historic Review for Hardwood by Type - Ash Hardwood, Cherry Hardwood, Maple Hardwood, Oak Hardwood and Birch Hardwood Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 199: UAE 16-Year Perspective for Hardwood by Type - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Ash Hardwood, Cherry Hardwood, Maple Hardwood, Oak Hardwood and Birch Hardwood for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 200: UAE Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Hardwood by Application - Flooring Application, Furniture Application and Other Applications - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 201: UAE Historic Review for Hardwood by Application - Flooring Application, Furniture Application and Other Applications Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 202: UAE 16-Year Perspective for Hardwood by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Flooring Application, Furniture Application and Other Applications for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
  • REST OF MIDDLE EAST
    • TABLE 203: Rest of Middle East Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Hardwood by Type - Ash Hardwood, Cherry Hardwood, Maple Hardwood, Oak Hardwood and Birch Hardwood - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 204: Rest of Middle East Historic Review for Hardwood by Type - Ash Hardwood, Cherry Hardwood, Maple Hardwood, Oak Hardwood and Birch Hardwood Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 205: Rest of Middle East 16-Year Perspective for Hardwood by Type - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Ash Hardwood, Cherry Hardwood, Maple Hardwood, Oak Hardwood and Birch Hardwood for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 206: Rest of Middle East Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Hardwood by Application - Flooring Application, Furniture Application and Other Applications - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 207: Rest of Middle East Historic Review for Hardwood by Application - Flooring Application, Furniture Application and Other Applications Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 208: Rest of Middle East 16-Year Perspective for Hardwood by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Flooring Application, Furniture Application and Other Applications for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
  • AFRICA
    • Hardwood Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in Africa for 2025 (E)
    • TABLE 209: Africa Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Hardwood by Type - Ash Hardwood, Cherry Hardwood, Maple Hardwood, Oak Hardwood and Birch Hardwood - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 210: Africa Historic Review for Hardwood by Type - Ash Hardwood, Cherry Hardwood, Maple Hardwood, Oak Hardwood and Birch Hardwood Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 211: Africa 16-Year Perspective for Hardwood by Type - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Ash Hardwood, Cherry Hardwood, Maple Hardwood, Oak Hardwood and Birch Hardwood for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 212: Africa Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Hardwood by Application - Flooring Application, Furniture Application and Other Applications - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 213: Africa Historic Review for Hardwood by Application - Flooring Application, Furniture Application and Other Applications Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 214: Africa 16-Year Perspective for Hardwood by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Flooring Application, Furniture Application and Other Applications for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030

IV. COMPETITION

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