시장보고서
상품코드
1857880

유로퓸 시장 : 제품 유형, 용도, 순도 등급, 최종사용자 산업, 유통 채널별 - 세계 예측(2025-2032년)

Europium Market by Product Type, Application, Purity Grade, End User Industry, Distribution Channel - Global Forecast 2025-2032

발행일: | 리서치사: 360iResearch | 페이지 정보: 영문 182 Pages | 배송안내 : 1-2일 (영업일 기준)

    
    
    




■ 보고서에 따라 최신 정보로 업데이트하여 보내드립니다. 배송일정은 문의해 주시기 바랍니다.

유로퓸 시장은 2032년까지 CAGR 6.10%로 4억 6,509만 달러로 성장할 것으로 예측됩니다.

주요 시장 통계
기준연도 2024 2억 8,955만 달러
추정연도 2025 3억 692만 달러
예측연도 2032 4억 6,509만 달러
CAGR(%) 6.10%

첨단 기술, 공급망, 전략적 의사결정에서 유로퓸의 중요한 역할을 설명하는 권위있는 소개

유로퓸은 재료과학, 첨단 제조업, 핵심 기술 공급망의 교차점에서 명확한 전략적 위치를 차지하고 있습니다. 독특한 발광 특성과 자기 특성을 가진 희토류 원소인 유로퓸은 현대 전자, 조명, 방위 시스템을 지원하는 제품에 필수적인 요소입니다. 이 소개에서는 재료의 특성과 최종사용자 수요 및 규제 역학을 연결하는 집중적인 분석의 무대를 마련합니다.

독자들은 아래 섹션을 통해 산업계의 채택 패턴, 변화하는 순도 요구 사항, 유통 선택이 조달 전략을 형성하는 방식에 대한 맥락에 따른 인사이트를 얻을 수 있습니다. 소개에서는 유로퓸을 필수적으로 만드는 원소 특성을 강조하는 동시에 기업이 극복해야 할 사업 운영과 지정학적 힘에 초점을 맞추었습니다. 기술 대체의 압력, 인광체 및 영구 자석의 응용 프로파일의 진화, 공급망 강인성의 중요성 증가 등 핵심 테마를 파악하여 후속 분석을 구성합니다.

이 보고서는 이러한 주제들을 서두에서 명확히 함으로써, 상업적 및 기술적 의사결정권자들이 실행 가능한 결과를 염두에 두고 다운스트림 조사 결과를 해석할 수 있도록 준비합니다. 이 보고서는 조달 전략, 제품 사양 조정, 부문 간 협력 등 공급 중단에 대한 노출을 관리하고 고성장 용도 전반에서 가치를 창출하기 위해 동원할 수 있는 운영상의 수단을 강조하고 있습니다.

유로퓸 수요 패턴과 운영 리스크 프로파일을 재구성하는 기술, 정책, 공급 혁신에 대한 심층적인 리뷰

기술 도입, 정책 대응, 공급 측면의 혁신에 힘입어 유로퓸의 상황은 변화하고 있습니다. 조명 및 디스플레이의 신기술은 형광체 배합을 지속적으로 개선하고 있으며, 영구 자석 재료의 발전은 수요 벡터에 영향을 미치고 있습니다. 이러한 기술적 전환은 공급망에 따른 가치 포착을 변화시키는 가공 루트의 고도화를 동반하고 있습니다.

동시에 정책 및 무역의 발전은 기업이 조달 발자국과 재고 전략을 재검토하도록 촉구하고 있습니다. 각국 정부는 중요 소재의 국내 복원력을 우선시하고 재활용, 정제 능력, 대체 가공 인프라에 대한 투자를 장려하고 있습니다. 민간 부문은 공급업체 패널의 다양화, 소재 대체 연구에 대한 투자, 특수 정제업체와의 장기적인 계약 관계 구축 등을 통해 이에 대응하고 있습니다.

비즈니스 측면에서는 다운스트림 제조업체들이 제품 설계를 재평가하고, 제약적인 투입 원료에 대한 의존도를 낮추거나 재활용성을 개선하고 있습니다. 이와 함께 신규 진출기업은 제품수명주기와 애프터마켓 서비스 모델을 변화시킬 수 있는 틈새 화학물질과 새로운 합금화 기술을 도입하려 하고 있습니다. R&D와 조달 전략을 일치시키는 기업은 프리미엄 용도를 획득하고 집중적인 공급원에 대한 노출을 줄이기 위해 더 유리한 위치에 서게 될 것입니다.

2025년 관세 환경이 유로퓸의 밸류체인 전반에 걸쳐 조달 역학, 비용 구조 및 전략적 공급업체 배치에 어떤 변화를 가져왔는지를 중점적으로 분석

주요 소비국이 시행한 관세 변경은 특히 가공 희토류 제품 및 중간 투입물에 적용될 경우, 유로퓸 공급망에 복합적인 영향을 미칠 수 있습니다. 2025년에 도입된 누적 관세 조치는 특정 수입 자재에 대한 비용을 상승시키고, 수입업체들에게 계약의 재가격 책정, 물류 재구성, 대체 조달 전략의 검토를 촉구했습니다. 이러한 조치는 육상 가공에 대한 유인을 강화하고 중요 부품의 재고 버퍼를 늘리는 것을 고려하게 만들었습니다.

많은 다운스트림 제조업체의 경우, 가장 직접적인 영향은 조달 워크플로우와 상륙 비용 계산에 영향을 미쳤습니다. 지금까지 적시 납품에 의존하던 기업은 지불 조건을 조정하고, 관세 분류에 관한 조항을 재협상하고, 2차 공급업체를 더 빨리 인증할 수 있도록 했습니다. 관세 환경은 자본 배분 결정에도 영향을 미쳐 일부 기업은 대외 무역 마찰로부터 경영을 보호하기 위해 국내 정제 및 재활용 능력에 대한 투자를 가속화했습니다.

관세는 직접적인 비용에 대한 영향뿐만 아니라, 공급업체와의 협상과 장기 계약에서의 상행위에도 영향을 미쳤습니다. 수입 비용 상승에 직면한 기업은 원자재 사용량을 최적화하기 위해 제품 사양을 개선하고, 경쟁력을 유지하기 위해 공급업체와 공동으로 비용 분담 협정을 맺었습니다. 규제의 발전은 전체 밸류체인의 총소유비용에 대한 재평가를 촉진하고, 시나리오 계획, 다양한 물류, 공급업체와의 파트너십에 대한 전략적 접근의 필요성을 강조하고 있습니다.

제품 유형, 용도, 순도 계층, 최종사용자 산업, 유통 채널이 조달 및 개발 우선순위를 결정하는 방법, 종합적인 세분화 인사이트 제공

부문별 인사이트는 제품 유형, 적용 경로, 순도 계층, 최종사용자 산업, 유통 전략에 대한 심층적인 조사를 통해 도출됩니다. 제품 유형에 따라 시장은 합금, 화합물, 금속, 산화물에 대해 조사되었으며, 각각 개별 가공 요구 사항과 공급업체의 역량에 따라 조사되었습니다. 합금의 야금 루트는 자석 및 전자 제품 제조와의 호환성을 요구하며, 산화물 및 화합물 형태는 형광체 및 발광 재료의 제조와 밀접한 관련이 있습니다. 이러한 자재관리의 차이에 따라 취급, 보관, 표준 시험에 차이가 생깁니다.

목차

제1장 서문

제2장 조사 방법

제3장 개요

제4장 시장 개요

제5장 시장 인사이트

제6장 미국 관세의 누적 영향 2025

제7장 AI의 누적 영향 2025

제8장 유로퓸 시장 : 제품 유형별

  • 합금
  • 화합물
  • 금속
  • 산화물

제9장 유로퓸 시장 : 용도별

  • 촉매
  • 발광재료
  • 영구자석
    • 네오디뮴철붕소 자석
    • 사마륨 코발트 자석
  • 형광체
    • 청색 형광체
    • 녹색 형광체
    • 적색 형광체
      • 유로퓸 도프 산화 이트륨
      • 유로퓸 도프 이트륨 바나데이트

제10장 유로퓸 시장 : 순도 등급별

  • 일렉트로닉스 등급
  • 고순도
  • 산업 등급

제11장 유로퓸 시장 : 최종사용자 산업별

  • 자동차
  • 일렉트로닉스
    • CE(Consumer Electronics)
    • 산업용 일렉트로닉스
  • 에너지
  • 헬스케어
  • 조명

제12장 유로퓸 시장 : 유통 채널별

  • 직접 판매
  • 판매 파트너

제13장 유로퓸 시장 : 지역별

  • 아메리카
    • 북미
    • 라틴아메리카
  • 유럽, 중동 및 아프리카
    • 유럽
    • 중동
    • 아프리카
  • 아시아태평양

제14장 유로퓸 시장 : 그룹별

  • ASEAN
  • GCC
  • EU
  • BRICS
  • G7
  • NATO

제15장 유로퓸 시장 : 국가별

  • 미국
  • 캐나다
  • 멕시코
  • 브라질
  • 영국
  • 독일
  • 프랑스
  • 러시아
  • 이탈리아
  • 스페인
  • 중국
  • 인도
  • 일본
  • 호주
  • 한국

제16장 경쟁 구도

  • 시장 점유율 분석, 2024
  • FPNV 포지셔닝 매트릭스, 2024
  • 경쟁 분석
    • Shenghe Resources Holding Co., Ltd.
    • Lynas Rare Earths Limited
    • MP Materials Corp.
    • Arafura Resources Limited
    • Alkane Resources Limited
    • Rainbow Rare Earths Ltd.
    • Greenland Minerals & Energy Ltd.
    • Australian Strategic Materials Limited
KSA 25.11.13

The Europium Market is projected to grow by USD 465.09 million at a CAGR of 6.10% by 2032.

KEY MARKET STATISTICS
Base Year [2024] USD 289.55 million
Estimated Year [2025] USD 306.92 million
Forecast Year [2032] USD 465.09 million
CAGR (%) 6.10%

An authoritative introduction explaining europium's critical material role in advanced technologies, supply chain considerations, and strategic decision framing

Europium occupies a distinct strategic position at the intersection of materials science, advanced manufacturing, and critical technology supply chains. As a rare earth element with unique luminescent and magnetic properties, europium is integral to products that underpin contemporary electronics, lighting, and defense systems. This introduction sets the scene for a focused analysis that bridges material characteristics with end user demands and regulatory dynamics.

Across the following sections, readers will find contextualized insights into how industrial adoption patterns, changing purity requirements, and distribution choices are shaping procurement strategies. The introduction emphasizes the elemental characteristics that make europium essential while also highlighting the operational and geopolitical forces that companies must navigate. It frames the subsequent analysis by identifying core themes: technology substitution pressures, evolving application profiles in phosphors and permanent magnets, and the growing importance of supply chain resilience.

By clarifying these themes at the outset, the report prepares commercial and technical decision-makers to interpret downstream findings with an eye toward actionable consequence. The narrative foregrounds operational levers-such as sourcing strategies, product specification alignment, and cross-sector collaboration-that can be mobilized to manage exposure to supply disruptions and to capture value across high-growth applications.

An in-depth review of the technological, policy, and supply innovations reshaping europium demand patterns and operational risk profiles

The landscape for europium is undergoing transformative shifts driven by technology adoption, policy responses, and supply-side innovation. Emerging lighting and display technologies continue to refine phosphor formulations, while advances in permanent magnet materials influence demand vectors. These technological transitions are accompanied by increasingly sophisticated processing routes that change the value capture along the supply chain.

At the same time, policy and trade developments are prompting companies to reassess sourcing footprints and inventory strategies. Governments are prioritizing domestic resilience for critical materials, prompting investment in recycling, refining capacity, and alternative processing infrastructure. Private sector actors respond by diversifying supplier panels, investing in material substitution research, and building longer-term contractual arrangements with specialty refiners.

Operationally, downstream manufacturers are re-evaluating product designs to reduce reliance on constrained inputs or to improve recyclability. Parallel to this, new entrants are bringing niche chemistries and novel alloying techniques that can alter product lifecycles and after-market service models. Taken together, these shifts create both risk and opportunity: firms that align R&D and procurement strategies will be better positioned to capture premium applications and to mitigate exposure to concentrated supply sources.

A focused analysis of how the 2025 tariff environment has reshaped procurement dynamics, cost structures, and strategic supplier arrangements across europium value chains

Tariff changes implemented by major consuming economies can have a compounding effect on europium supply chains, particularly when applied to processed rare-earth products or intermediate inputs. Cumulative tariff measures introduced in 2025 increased the cost of certain imported materials and prompted importers to reprice contracts, reconfigure logistics, and examine alternate sourcing strategies. These actions amplified the incentive to onshore processing and to consider higher inventory buffers for critical components.

For many downstream manufacturers, the most immediate impact has been on procurement workflows and landed cost calculations. Companies that had previously relied on just-in-time delivery adjusted payment terms, renegotiated clauses related to customs classification, and accelerated qualification of secondary suppliers. The tariff environment also affected capital allocation decisions, with some firms accelerating investment in domestic refining or recycling capabilities to insulate operations from external trade friction.

Beyond direct cost implications, tariffs altered commercial behavior in supplier negotiations and in long-term contracting. Firms facing increased import costs refined product specifications to optimize material usage and engaged in collaborative cost-sharing arrangements with suppliers to preserve competitiveness. Regulatory developments spurred a reassessment of total cost of ownership across the value chain, emphasizing the need for scenario planning, diversified logistics, and a strategic approach to supplier partnerships.

Comprehensive segmentation insights clarifying how product types, applications, purity tiers, end-user industries, and distribution channels dictate procurement and development priorities

Segment insights are derived from a granular examination of product typologies, application pathways, purity tiers, end user verticals, and distribution strategies. Based on Product Type, market is studied across Alloy, Compound, Metal, and Oxide, each corresponding to distinct processing requirements and supplier capabilities. Metallurgical routes for alloys demand compatibility with magnet and electronics manufacturing, while oxide and compound forms are closely linked to phosphor and luminescent material production. These material distinctions drive differences in handling, storage, and specification testing.

Based on Application, market is studied across Catalysts, Luminescent Materials, Permanent Magnets, and Phosphors. The Permanent Magnets is further studied across Neodymium Iron Boron Magnet and Samarium Cobalt Magnet. The Phosphors is further studied across Blue Phosphor, Green Phosphor, and Red Phosphor. The Red Phosphor is further studied across Europium Doped Yttrium Oxide and Europium Doped Yttrium Vanadate. Application segmentation highlights how downstream formulation complexity and end-use performance requirements translate into differentiated procurement cycles and technical support needs.

Based on Purity Grade, market is studied across Electronics Grade, High Purity, and Industrial Grade, and these grades have implications for refining processes, analytical quality control, and pricing stratification. Based on End User Industry, market is studied across Automotive, Electronics, Energy, Healthcare, and Lighting. The Electronics is further studied across Consumer Electronics and Industrial Electronics, reflecting divergent reliability, lifecycle, and certification imperatives. Based on Distribution Channel, market is studied across Direct Sales and Distribution Partners, which affect lead times, contractual flexibility, and service levels. Each segmentation axis informs targeted commercial strategies, risk assessments, and R&D priorities for materials and application developers.

Regional dynamics and strategic priorities across the Americas, Europe Middle East & Africa, and Asia-Pacific that are redefining sourcing, processing, and compliance approaches

Regional dynamics for europium reflect overlapping commercial, regulatory, and technological factors that shape sourcing, processing, and end-use adoption. In the Americas, industrial policy initiatives emphasize supply chain resilience and domestic processing capability, leading stakeholders to prioritize recycling, secondary sourcing, and strategic partnerships with specialty refiners. Regional manufacturing hubs in the Americas are also aligning product specifications to support sectors such as automotive electronics and defense systems, which demand high reliability and traceable provenance.

The Europe, Middle East & Africa region exhibits a strong regulatory focus on critical materials, circularity, and environmental compliance. Policymakers and industry consortia are advancing standards for material stewardship, and investment flows are increasingly directed toward sustainable processing and closed-loop recovery technologies. This regulatory orientation influences procurement criteria and elevates the importance of certifications and lifecycle documentation for europium-containing inputs.

In Asia-Pacific, supply chain density and proximity to processing capabilities underpin a dominant role in refined material availability and technology commercialization. Regional industrial ecosystems in Asia-Pacific continue to lead in phosphor and magnet manufacturing innovation, with deep specialization in component assembly and downstream integration. Across all regions, companies are adapting through localized sourcing strategies, multi-jurisdictional supplier networks, and differentiated inventory management approaches to balance continuity, cost, and compliance.

Strategic corporate behavior and competitive differentiation among refiners, material producers, and OEMs that is shaping value capture and sustainability credentials

Key corporate actors across the europium ecosystem span specialty refiners, chemical manufacturers, materials science firms, and technology OEMs, each playing a distinct role in value creation. Leading refiners are focusing on process efficiency and impurity control to deliver higher-purity intermediates that meet stringent electronics and optics specifications. Chemical manufacturers are investing in formulation capabilities to support next-generation phosphors and luminescent compounds with improved energy efficiency and color rendition.

Materials science firms and alloy producers are concentrating on integration with magnet and electronics supply chains, offering co-development arrangements and extended technical support to accelerate qualification cycles. Meanwhile, OEMs in consumer electronics, automotive, and lighting are increasingly integrating supply chain requirements earlier in product development, seeking long-term supply agreements and collaborative recycling initiatives. Across corporate types, there is a shared emphasis on traceability, environmental compliance, and supply assurance, driving strategic partnerships and vertical collaboration.

Competitive differentiation is emerging through investments in proprietary processing technologies, closed-loop recovery systems, and certification-driven quality programs. Firms that can combine technical excellence with demonstrable sustainability credentials are positioning themselves favorably with procurement officers and regulatory stakeholders, reinforcing the importance of innovation and operational transparency in commercial strategies.

Actionable strategic and operational recommendations for leaders to strengthen supply resilience, advance circularity, and secure competitive differentiation in europium value chains

Industry leaders should prioritize a set of actionable levers to manage supply risk while capturing growth in high-value applications. First, integrate material provenance and quality requirements into procurement frameworks so that supplier contracts include traceability, certification, and contingency provisions. Parallel investments in long-term partnerships with suppliers and co-development agreements will reduce qualification timelines and create secure channels for high-purity inputs. These contractual approaches should be paired with scenario-based supply chain stress testing to quantify exposure and guide inventory policy.

Second, accelerate investments in circularity by expanding recycling and recovery programs that reclaim europium from end-of-life products and manufacturing scrap. Such initiatives reduce dependence on primary feedstocks and align with tightening environmental standards. Third, align R&D portfolios with substitution and efficiency targets: pursue alternative formulations that lower europium intensity without degrading performance and prioritize process improvements that increase yield and reduce impurities.

Finally, adopt a proactive regulatory engagement strategy to anticipate policy changes and to shape standards for material handling and certification. Combine this with the refinement of internal governance structures to ensure cross-functional coordination across procurement, engineering, and sustainability teams. By operationalizing these levers, industry participants can build resilience, protect margins, and sustain competitive positioning in evolving application areas.

A robust multi-method research approach combining primary stakeholder interviews, technical literature synthesis, and supply chain analysis to underpin the executive insights

The research behind this executive summary is grounded in a multi-method approach that combines primary interviews, technical literature review, and supply chain analysis. Primary interviews were conducted with a cross-section of stakeholders, including materials scientists, procurement leaders, manufacturing engineers, and policy advisors, to capture both technical nuance and commercial behavior. These qualitative inputs were triangulated with technical papers and industry standards to validate material property considerations and application requirements.

Supply chain analysis evaluated processing routes, trade flows, and logistics characteristics using publicly available customs data and industry reports, supplemented by expert interpretation to identify structural constraints and potential bottlenecks. Purity and specification assessments relied on laboratory method references and vendor datasheets to ensure accurate differentiation between electronics grade, high purity, and industrial grade materials. Regional insights were developed through comparative policy analysis and review of regional investment announcements.

Throughout, attention was paid to data integrity and source triangulation to reduce bias and to present a balanced perspective. Where definitive data were unavailable, the methodology emphasizes scenario-based analysis and clearly flags assumptions to support transparent decision-making. This approach enables stakeholders to understand both empirical findings and the context that shapes those findings.

A decisive conclusion emphasizing the strategic importance of coordinated procurement, R&D, and sustainability action to manage risk and capture value in europium applications

In closing, europium stands as a strategically important material whose future trajectory will be shaped by technological innovation, policy action, and commercial responses to supply chain vulnerabilities. The compound's centrality to phosphors, luminescent materials, and select magnet applications makes its stewardship a cross-cutting concern for manufacturers, materials suppliers, and policymakers. Effective management will require coordinated action across procurement, R&D, and sustainability functions to ensure performance continuity and regulatory compliance.

Decision-makers should view the current environment as an inflection point that rewards pre-emptive strategy: investments in recycling, purity control, and supplier partnerships will create durable advantages. Meanwhile, monitoring policy developments and tariff regimes remains essential to anticipate cost and logistics implications. Ultimately, organizations that combine technical rigor with adaptive commercial models will be best positioned to capture the upside in advanced applications while minimizing exposure to supply shocks.

The conclusion underscores the need for strategic foresight, disciplined execution, and cross-functional collaboration as the keys to navigating the evolving europium landscape and to unlocking long-term value from this critical material.

Table of Contents

1. Preface

  • 1.1. Objectives of the Study
  • 1.2. Market Segmentation & Coverage
  • 1.3. Years Considered for the Study
  • 1.4. Currency & Pricing
  • 1.5. Language
  • 1.6. Stakeholders

2. Research Methodology

3. Executive Summary

4. Market Overview

5. Market Insights

  • 5.1. Rising demand for europium-doped phosphors in next-generation display and LED lighting applications
  • 5.2. Supply chain vulnerabilities stemming from export restrictions and geopolitical tensions in China
  • 5.3. Growing emphasis on recycling and recovery of europium from end-of-life fluorescent lamps and electronics
  • 5.4. Price volatility in the europium market driven by export quotas and speculative trading activities
  • 5.5. Advancements in europium-based luminescent materials for biomedical imaging and security tagging technologies

6. Cumulative Impact of United States Tariffs 2025

7. Cumulative Impact of Artificial Intelligence 2025

8. Europium Market, by Product Type

  • 8.1. Alloy
  • 8.2. Compound
  • 8.3. Metal
  • 8.4. Oxide

9. Europium Market, by Application

  • 9.1. Catalysts
  • 9.2. Luminescent Materials
  • 9.3. Permanent Magnets
    • 9.3.1. Neodymium Iron Boron Magnet
    • 9.3.2. Samarium Cobalt Magnet
  • 9.4. Phosphors
    • 9.4.1. Blue Phosphor
    • 9.4.2. Green Phosphor
    • 9.4.3. Red Phosphor
      • 9.4.3.1. Europium Doped Yttrium Oxide
      • 9.4.3.2. Europium Doped Yttrium Vanadate

10. Europium Market, by Purity Grade

  • 10.1. Electronics Grade
  • 10.2. High Purity
  • 10.3. Industrial Grade

11. Europium Market, by End User Industry

  • 11.1. Automotive
  • 11.2. Electronics
    • 11.2.1. Consumer Electronics
    • 11.2.2. Industrial Electronics
  • 11.3. Energy
  • 11.4. Healthcare
  • 11.5. Lighting

12. Europium Market, by Distribution Channel

  • 12.1. Direct Sales
  • 12.2. Distribution Partners

13. Europium Market, by Region

  • 13.1. Americas
    • 13.1.1. North America
    • 13.1.2. Latin America
  • 13.2. Europe, Middle East & Africa
    • 13.2.1. Europe
    • 13.2.2. Middle East
    • 13.2.3. Africa
  • 13.3. Asia-Pacific

14. Europium Market, by Group

  • 14.1. ASEAN
  • 14.2. GCC
  • 14.3. European Union
  • 14.4. BRICS
  • 14.5. G7
  • 14.6. NATO

15. Europium Market, by Country

  • 15.1. United States
  • 15.2. Canada
  • 15.3. Mexico
  • 15.4. Brazil
  • 15.5. United Kingdom
  • 15.6. Germany
  • 15.7. France
  • 15.8. Russia
  • 15.9. Italy
  • 15.10. Spain
  • 15.11. China
  • 15.12. India
  • 15.13. Japan
  • 15.14. Australia
  • 15.15. South Korea

16. Competitive Landscape

  • 16.1. Market Share Analysis, 2024
  • 16.2. FPNV Positioning Matrix, 2024
  • 16.3. Competitive Analysis
    • 16.3.1. Shenghe Resources Holding Co., Ltd.
    • 16.3.2. Lynas Rare Earths Limited
    • 16.3.3. MP Materials Corp.
    • 16.3.4. Arafura Resources Limited
    • 16.3.5. Alkane Resources Limited
    • 16.3.6. Rainbow Rare Earths Ltd.
    • 16.3.7. Greenland Minerals & Energy Ltd.
    • 16.3.8. Australian Strategic Materials Limited
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