세계의 엔지니어링 수지용 난연제 시장 : 유형별, 용도별, 최종 이용 산업별, 지역별 - 예측(-2030년)

The flame retardants for engineering resins market is poised for significant growth, with a projected value of USD 3.2 billion by 2030 from the estimated USD 2.2 billion in 2025, exhibiting a robust CAGR of 7.79%.

The superior properties of flame retardants for engineering resins, such as thermal stability, enhanced fire resistance, and the ability to effectively reduce flammability and slow the spread of flames, are fueling the adoption of flame retardants for engineering resins. Innovations in electrical devices, application methods, and materials have significantly enhanced the performance, functionality, and flexibility of flame retardants for engineering resins. These factors are propelling the demand for flame retardants for engineering resins in various end-use industries.

"Brominated flame retardant segment to account for largest market share in 2025"

The brominated flame retardants segment accounts for the largest share of the overall flame retardants for engineering resins market due to their established efficacy and wide availability. Despite growing environmental concerns, their proven ability to effectively reduce flammability and their relatively lower cost compared to alternatives sustained their dominance. Additionally, their compatibility with various engineering resin formulations and stringent industry standards further solidified their leading position in the market segment.

"Polyamide to be largest application of flame retardants for engineering resins in 2025"

The polyamide segment is the largest application of flame retardants for engineering resins market, primarily due to its compatibility with a broad range of flame retardant additives. Polyamide resins offer flexibility in formulation, allowing manufacturers to incorporate various flame retardant agents while maintaining desirable mechanical and thermal properties. This versatility makes polyamide-based engineering resins a preferred choice for applications where both flame resistance and material performance are critical.

"Electrical & electronics to be largest end-use industry of flame retardants for engineering resins market in 2025"

The electrical & electronics sector asserts its dominance as the leading end user of flame retardants for engineering resins. The ubiquitous integration of electronic components across various sectors necessitated flame-retardant materials for enhanced safety and regulatory compliance. Moreover, the global surge in demand for electronic devices, coupled with technological advancements, fueled the requirement for engineering resins with superior fire resistance properties. Stringent industry standards and regulations mandated the incorporation of flame-retardant additives in engineering resin formulations, solidifying its position as the largest end-use industry.

"Asia Pacific to be fastest-growing flame retardants for engineering resins market during forecast period"

Asia Pacific is projected to be the fastest-growing market for flame retardants for engineering resins. The region's expanding automotive, electronics, and construction sectors are driving escalated demand for flame-retardant materials integrated into engineering resins. Robust industrialization and urbanization across Asia Pacific are fostering infrastructure development, thereby intensifying the requirement for flame retardants for engineering resins in construction applications.

In the process of determining and verifying market sizes for multiple segments and subsegments, extensive primary interviews were conducted. A breakdown of the profiles of the primary interviewees is as follows:

• By Company Type: Tier 1 - 69%, Tier 2 - 23%, and Tier 3 - 8%
• By Designation: - Director Level - 27%, C-Level - 25%, and Others - 48%
• By Region: North America - 32%, Europe - 28%, Asia Pacific - 21%, South America - 12%, and Middle East & Africa - 7%

The key market players profiled in the report include Albemarle Corporation (US), LANXESS AG (Germany), BASF SE (Germany), Israel Chemicals Ltd. (Israel), Huber Engineered Materials (US), Clariant AG (Switzerland), Nabaltec AG (Germany), Italmatch Chemicals S.p.A (Italy), RTP Company (US), and Chemische Fabrik Budenheim KG (Germany).

Research Coverage

This report segments the market for flame retardants for engineering resins based on type, application, end-use industry, and region, and provides estimations for the overall value (USD million) of the market across various regions. A detailed analysis of key industry players has been conducted to provide insights into their business overviews, products & services, key strategies, new product launches, expansions, and mergers & acquisitions associated with the market for flame retardants for engineering resins.

Reasons to Buy this Report

This research report is focused on various levels of analysis-industry analysis (industry trends), market ranking analysis of top players, and company profiles, which together provide an overall view of the competitive landscape; emerging and high-growth segments of the flame retardants for engineering resins; high-growth regions; and market drivers, restraints, opportunities, and challenges.

The report provides insights on the following pointers:

• Analysis of key drivers (Global rise in fire incidents, Stringent fire safety regulations, Increasing demand for engineering plastics in various industries), restraints (High loading levels of mineral-based flame retardants, Harmful chemicals used in flame retardants, Fluctuation in raw materials cost), opportunities (Introduction of more effective synergist compounds, Rising demand in consumer electronics), and challenges (Emphasis on environmental protection, Health risks associated with flame retardant chemicals)
• Market Penetration: Comprehensive information on the flame retardants for engineering resins offered by top players in the global flame retardants for engineering resins market
• Product Development/Innovation: Detailed insights on upcoming technologies, research & development activities, and new product launches in the flame retardants for engineering resins market.
• Market Development: Comprehensive information about lucrative emerging markets-the report analyzes the markets for flame retardants for engineering resins across regions
• Market Diversification: Exhaustive information about new products, untapped regions, and recent developments in the global flame retardants for engineering resins market
• Competitive Assessment: In-depth assessment of market shares, strategies, products, and manufacturing capabilities of leading players in the flame retardants for engineering resins market
• Impact of recession on the flame retardants for engineering resins market

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 INTRODUCTION

• 1.1 STUDY OBJECTIVES
• 1.2 MARKET DEFINITION
• 1.3 STUDY SCOPE
  • 1.3.1 MARKETS COVERED AND REGIONAL SCOPE
  • 1.3.2 INCLUSIONS AND EXCLUSIONS
  • 1.3.3 YEARS CONSIDERED
  • 1.3.4 CURRENCY CONSIDERED
  • 1.3.5 UNIT CONSIDERED
• 1.4 STAKEHOLDERS
• 1.5 SUMMARY OF CHANGES

2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

• 2.1 RESEARCH DATA
  • 2.1.1 SECONDARY DATA
    • 2.1.1.1 Key data from secondary sources
  • 2.1.2 PRIMARY DATA
    • 2.1.2.1 Key data from primary sources
    • 2.1.2.2 Key primary interview participants
    • 2.1.2.3 Key industry insights
    • 2.1.2.4 Breakdown of primary interviews
• 2.2 MARKET SIZE ESTIMATION
  • 2.2.1 BOTTOM-UP APPROACH
  • 2.2.2 TOP-DOWN APPROACH
• 2.3 DATA TRIANGULATION
• 2.4 GROWTH FORECAST
  • 2.4.1 SUPPLY-SIDE ANALYSIS
  • 2.4.2 DEMAND-SIDE ANALYSIS
• 2.5 RESEARCH ASSUMPTIONS
• 2.6 RESEARCH LIMITATIONS
• 2.7 RISK ASSESSMENT

3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

4 PREMIUM INSIGHTS

• 4.1 ATTRACTIVE OPPORTUNITIES FOR PLAYERS IN FLAME RETARDANTS FOR ENGINEERING RESINS MARKET
• 4.2 FLAME RETARDANTS FOR ENGINEERING RESINS MARKET, BY REGION
• 4.3 NORTH AMERICA FLAME RETARDANTS FOR ENGINEERING RESINS MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY AND COUNTRY
• 4.4 REGIONAL FLAME RETARDANTS FOR ENGINEERING RESINS MARKET, BY TYPE
• 4.5 FLAME RETARDANTS FOR ENGINEERING RESINS MARKET, BY COUNTRY

5 MARKET OVERVIEW

• 5.1 INTRODUCTION
• 5.2 MARKET DYNAMICS
  • 5.2.1 DRIVERS
    • 5.2.1.1 High rate of fire incidents worldwide
    • 5.2.1.2 Implementation of stringent fire safety standards and regulations
    • 5.2.1.3 Increasing demand for engineering plastics in various industries
  • 5.2.2 RESTRAINTS
    • 5.2.2.1 High loading levels of mineral-based flame retardants
    • 5.2.2.2 Use of harmful chemicals in flame retardants
    • 5.2.2.3 Fluctuation of raw materials costs
  • 5.2.3 OPPORTUNITIES
    • 5.2.3.1 Introduction of synergist compounds with high efficacy
    • 5.2.3.2 Rising demand for consumer electronics
  • 5.2.4 CHALLENGES
    • 5.2.4.1 Emphasis on environmental protection
    • 5.2.4.2 Health risks associated with flame retardant chemicals
• 5.3 PORTER'S FIVE FORCES ANALYSIS
  • 5.3.1 THREAT OF NEW ENTRANTS
  • 5.3.2 THREAT OF SUBSTITUTES
  • 5.3.3 BARGAINING POWER OF SUPPLIERS
  • 5.3.4 BARGAINING POWER OF BUYERS
  • 5.3.5 INTENSITY OF COMPETITIVE RIVALRY
• 5.4 KEY STAKEHOLDERS AND BUYING CRITERIA
  • 5.4.1 KEY STAKEHOLDERS IN BUYING PROCESS
  • 5.4.2 BUYING CRITERIA
• 5.5 MACROECONOMIC INDICATORS
  • 5.5.1 GDP TRENDS AND FORECAST FOR MAJOR ECONOMIES

6 INDUSTRY TRENDS

• 6.1 SUPPLY CHAIN ANALYSIS
• 6.2 PRICING ANALYSIS
  • 6.2.1 AVERAGE SELLING PRICE, BY KEY PLAYERS, 2024
  • 6.2.2 AVERAGE SELLING PRICE TREND OF FLAME RETARDANTS FOR ENGINEERING RESINS, BY REGION, 2022-2030
• 6.3 TRENDS/DISRUPTIONS IMPACTING CUSTOMER BUSINESS
• 6.4 ECOSYSTEM ANALYSIS
• 6.5 CASE STUDY ANALYSIS
  • 6.5.1 ENHANCING SAFETY AND DURABILITY IN FLUID LEVEL MONITORING WITH RTP COMPANY'S FLAME RETARDANT COMPOUND
  • 6.5.2 SUSTAINABLE FLAME RETARDANCY IN POLYOLEFIN FILM AND SHEET PRODUCTION WITH CLARIANT AG'S ADDWORKS LXR 920
• 6.6 TECHNOLOGY ANALYSIS
  • 6.6.1 KEY TECHNOLOGIES
    • 6.6.1.1 Halogenated flame retardants (HFRs)
    • 6.6.1.2 Phosphorus-based flame retardants for engineering resins
  • 6.6.2 COMPLIMENTARY TECHNOLOGIES
    • 6.6.2.1 Synergists
• 6.7 TRADE ANALYSIS
  • 6.7.1 IMPORT SCENARIO (HS CODE 382490)
  • 6.7.2 EXPORT SCENARIO (HS CODE 382490)
• 6.8 REGULATORY LANDSCAPE
  • 6.8.1 REGULATORY BODIES, GOVERNMENT AGENCIES, AND OTHER ORGANIZATIONS
  • 6.8.2 REGULATORY FRAMEWORK
    • 6.8.2.1 ISO 16000-31:2010
    • 6.8.2.2 EU Regulation (EU) No 2019/1021 - Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)
• 6.9 KEY CONFERENCES AND EVENTS
• 6.10 INVESTMENT AND FUNDING SCENARIO
• 6.11 PATENT ANALYSIS
  • 6.11.1 APPROACH
  • 6.11.2 DOCUMENT TYPES
  • 6.11.3 TOP APPLICANTS
  • 6.11.4 JURISDICTION ANALYSIS
• 6.12 IMPACT OF 2025 US TARIFF - OVERVIEW
  • 6.12.1 INTRODUCTION
  • 6.12.2 KEY TARIFF RATES
  • 6.12.3 PRICE IMPACT ANALYSIS
  • 6.12.4 IMPACT ON COUNTRIES/REGIONS
    • 6.12.4.1 US
    • 6.12.4.2 Europe
    • 6.12.4.3 Asia Pacific
  • 6.12.5 IMPACT ON END-USE INDUSTRIES
• 6.13 IMPACT OF AI/GEN AI ON FLAME RETARDANTS FOR ENGINEERING RESINS MARKET

7 FLAME RETARDANTS FOR ENGINEERING RESINS MARKET, BY TYPE

• 7.1 INTRODUCTION
• 7.2 BROMINATED FLAME RETARDANTS
  • 7.2.1 WIDE ADOPTION IN VARIOUS APPLICATIONS FUELING MARKET GROWTH
  • 7.2.2 BROMINATED EPOXY OLIGOMER
  • 7.2.3 TETRABROMOBISPHENOL A
  • 7.2.4 BROMINATED CARBONATE OLIGOMERS
  • 7.2.5 1,2-BIS (2,4,6-TRIBROMOPHENOXY) ETHANE
  • 7.2.6 DECABROMODIPHENYL ETHANE (DBDPE)
  • 7.2.7 DECABROMODIPHENYL ETHER
  • 7.2.8 TETRADECABROMODIPHENYL OXIDE
  • 7.2.9 TETRADECABROMODIPHENOXY BENZENE
  • 7.2.10 POLYDIBROMOSTYRENE (PDBS)
  • 7.2.11 2,4,6 TRIS(2,4,6 TRIBROMOPHONXY)1,3,5 TRIAZINE
  • 7.2.12 ETHYLENE BIS (TETRABROMOPHTHALTMIDE)
• 7.3 PHOSPHORUS FLAME RETARDANTS
  • 7.3.1 HIGH THERMAL STABILITY AND LOW TOXICITY FUELING INCREASED ADOPTION
  • 7.3.2 PHOSPHATE
  • 7.3.3 PHOSPHINATE
  • 7.3.4 RED PHOSPHORUS
  • 7.3.5 PHOSPHITE
  • 7.3.6 PHOSPHONATE
• 7.4 OTHER FLAME RETARDANTS
  • 7.4.1 ANTIMONY OXIDE
  • 7.4.2 CHLORINATED FLAME RETARDANTS
  • 7.4.3 OTHERS

8 FLAME RETARDANTS FOR ENGINEERING RESINS MARKET, BY APPLICATION

• 8.1 INTRODUCTION
• 8.2 POLYAMIDE
  • 8.2.1 GROWING DEMAND FROM TRANSPORTATION SECTOR TO DRIVE MARKET
• 8.3 ABS
  • 8.3.1 VERSATILITY OF ABS FUELING ADOPTION IN VARIOUS END-USE INDUSTRIES
• 8.4 PET & PBT
  • 8.4.1 HIGH STABILITY AND EXCELLENT PROCESSING CHARACTERISTICS TO DRIVE DEMAND IN AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY
• 8.5 POLYCARBONATE
  • 8.5.1 EXPANSION OF MEDICAL AND AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRIES TO DRIVE DEMAND
• 8.6 PC/ABS BLENDS
  • 8.6.1 GOOD MISCIBILITY AND HEAT-RESISTANT PROPERTIES TO DRIVE SEGMENTAL GROWTH
• 8.7 OTHER APPLICATIONS

9 FLAME RETARDANTS FOR ENGINEERING RESINS MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY

• 9.1 INTRODUCTION
• 9.2 ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS
  • 9.2.1 GROWING USE OF PLASTIC PARTS TO DRIVE DEMAND DURING FORECAST PERIOD
• 9.3 AUTOMOTIVE & TRANSPORTATION
  • 9.3.1 INCREASING FOCUS ON LIGHTWEIGHT AND FIRE-SAFE COMPONENTS TO BOOST DEMAND
• 9.4 OTHER END-USE INDUSTRIES

10 FLAME RETARDANTS FOR ENGINEERING RESINS MARKET, BY REGION

• 10.1 INTRODUCTION
• 10.2 ASIA PACIFIC
  • 10.2.1 CHINA
    • 10.2.1.1 Large presence of local manufacturers and distributors catering to growing international demand to drive market
  • 10.2.2 JAPAN
    • 10.2.2.1 Rising demand from automotive sector to support market growth
  • 10.2.3 INDIA
    • 10.2.3.1 Rising industrialization to drive demand
  • 10.2.4 SOUTH KOREA
    • 10.2.4.1 Growth of automotive industry to drive market
• 10.3 NORTH AMERICA
  • 10.3.1 US
    • 10.3.1.1 Presence of dynamic electronics industry to support market growth
  • 10.3.2 CANADA
    • 10.3.2.1 Increased automotive sales to drive demand
  • 10.3.3 MEXICO
    • 10.3.3.1 Rising industrialization to drive market growth
• 10.4 EUROPE
  • 10.4.1 GERMANY
    • 10.4.1.1 Rising government expenditure on manufacturing sector to drive market
  • 10.4.2 FRANCE
    • 10.4.2.1 Expansion of electronics industry to be key driver for market growth
  • 10.4.3 UK
    • 10.4.3.1 Growth in automotive and construction industries to drive demand
  • 10.4.4 ITALY
    • 10.4.4.1 Strong automotive industry to drive market growth
  • 10.4.5 RUSSIA
    • 10.4.5.1 Rising demand from automotive sector to drive market
• 10.5 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA
  • 10.5.1 GCC
    • 10.5.1.1 Saudi Arabia
      • 10.5.1.1.1 Government investments in infrastructure development to drive market
• 10.6 SOUTH AMERICA
  • 10.6.1 BRAZIL
    • 10.6.1.1 Increase in domestic automotive sales to drive demand

11 COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE

• 11.1 INTRODUCTION
• 11.2 KEY PLAYERS' STRATEGIES
• 11.3 MARKET SHARE ANALYSIS
• 11.4 REVENUE ANALYSIS
• 11.5 COMPANY EVALUATION MATRIX: KEY PLAYERS, 2024
  • 11.5.1 STARS
  • 11.5.2 EMERGING LEADERS
  • 11.5.3 PERVASIVE PLAYERS
  • 11.5.4 PARTICIPANTS
  • 11.5.5 COMPANY FOOTPRINT: KEY PLAYERS, 2024
    • 11.5.5.1 Company footprint
    • 11.5.5.2 Region footprint
    • 11.5.5.3 Type footprint
    • 11.5.5.4 Application footprint
    • 11.5.5.5 End-use industry footprint
• 11.6 COMPANY EVALUATION MATRIX: STARTUP/SMES, 2024
  • 11.6.1 PROGRESSIVE COMPANIES
  • 11.6.2 RESPONSIVE COMPANIES
  • 11.6.3 DYNAMIC COMPANIES
  • 11.6.4 STARTING BLOCKS
  • 11.6.5 COMPETITIVE BENCHMARKING: STARTUPS/SMES, 2024
    • 11.6.5.1 Detailed list of key startups/SMES
    • 11.6.5.2 Competitive benchmarking of key startups/SMEs
• 11.7 COMPANY VALUATION AND FINANCIAL METRICS
• 11.8 BRAND/PRODUCT COMPARISON
• 11.9 COMPETITIVE SCENARIO
  • 11.9.1 PRODUCT LAUNCHES
  • 11.9.2 DEALS
  • 11.9.3 EXPANSIONS

12 COMPANY PROFILES

• 12.1 KEY PLAYERS
  • 12.1.1 ALBEMARLE CORPORATION
    • 12.1.1.1 Business overview
    • 12.1.1.2 Products/Solutions/Services offered
    • 12.1.1.3 MnM view
      • 12.1.1.3.1 Key strengths
      • 12.1.1.3.2 Strategic choices
      • 12.1.1.3.3 Weaknesses and competitive threats
  • 12.1.2 CLARIANT AG
    • 12.1.2.1 Business overview
    • 12.1.2.2 Products/Solutions/Services offered
    • 12.1.2.3 Recent developments
      • 12.1.2.3.1 Expansions
    • 12.1.2.4 MnM view
      • 12.1.2.4.1 Key strengths
      • 12.1.2.4.2 Strategic choices
      • 12.1.2.4.3 Weaknesses and competitive threats
  • 12.1.3 LANXESS AG
    • 12.1.3.1 Business overview
    • 12.1.3.2 Products/Solutions/Services offered
    • 12.1.3.3 Recent developments
      • 12.1.3.3.1 Deals
    • 12.1.3.4 MnM view
      • 12.1.3.4.1 Key strengths
      • 12.1.3.4.2 Strategic choices
      • 12.1.3.4.3 Weaknesses and competitive threats
  • 12.1.4 BASF SE
    • 12.1.4.1 Business overview
    • 12.1.4.2 Products/Solutions/Services offered
    • 12.1.4.3 Recent developments
      • 12.1.4.3.1 Product launches
      • 12.1.4.3.2 Deals
    • 12.1.4.4 MnM View
      • 12.1.4.4.1 Key strengths
      • 12.1.4.4.2 Strategic choices
      • 12.1.4.4.3 Weaknesses and competitive threats
  • 12.1.5 ISRAEL CHEMICALS LTD.
    • 12.1.5.1 Business overview
    • 12.1.5.2 Products/Solutions/Services offered
    • 12.1.5.3 MnM view
      • 12.1.5.3.1 Key strengths
      • 12.1.5.3.2 Strategic choices
      • 12.1.5.3.3 Weaknesses and competitive threats
  • 12.1.6 NABALTEC AG
    • 12.1.6.1 Business overview
    • 12.1.6.2 Products/Solutions/Services offered
    • 12.1.6.3 Recent developments
      • 12.1.6.3.1 Expansions
    • 12.1.6.4 MnM view
      • 12.1.6.4.1 Key strengths
      • 12.1.6.4.2 Strategic choices
      • 12.1.6.4.3 Weaknesses and competitive threats
  • 12.1.7 HUBER ENGINEERED MATERIALS
    • 12.1.7.1 Business overview
    • 12.1.7.2 Products/Solutions/Services offered
    • 12.1.7.3 Recent developments
      • 12.1.7.3.1 Deals
    • 12.1.7.4 MnM view
      • 12.1.7.4.1 Key strengths
      • 12.1.7.4.2 Strategic choices
      • 12.1.7.4.3 Weaknesses and competitive threats
  • 12.1.8 ITALMATCH CHEMICALS S.P.A.
    • 12.1.8.1 Business overview
    • 12.1.8.2 Products/Solutions/Services offered
    • 12.1.8.3 Recent developments
      • 12.1.8.3.1 Expansions
  • 12.1.9 RTP COMPANY
    • 12.1.9.1 Business overview
    • 12.1.9.2 Products/Solutions/Services offered
    • 12.1.9.3 Recent developments
      • 12.1.9.3.1 Expansions
  • 12.1.10 CHEMISCHE FABRIK BUDENHEIM KG
    • 12.1.10.1 Business overview
    • 12.1.10.2 Products/Solutions/Services offered
  • 12.1.11 ARKEMA S.A.
    • 12.1.11.1 Business overview
    • 12.1.11.2 Products/Solutions/Services offered
    • 12.1.11.3 Recent developments
      • 12.1.11.3.1 Deals
• 12.2 OTHER PLAYERS
  • 12.2.1 GREENCHEMICALS SRL
  • 12.2.2 STAHL HOLDINGS B.V.
  • 12.2.3 GULEC CHEMICALS GMBH
  • 12.2.4 FRX POLYMERS, INC.
  • 12.2.5 CELANESE CORPORATION
  • 12.2.6 AMFINE CHEMICAL CORPORATION
  • 12.2.7 THOR GROUP LTD.
  • 12.2.8 AXIPOLYMER INC.
  • 12.2.9 DONGYING JINGDONG CHEMICAL CO., LTD.
  • 12.2.10 OTSUKA CHEMICAL CO., LTD.
  • 12.2.11 POLYPLASTICS CO., LTD.
  • 12.2.12 CENTURY MULTECH, INC.
  • 12.2.13 PRESAFER (QINGYUAN) PHOSPHOR CHEMICAL CO., LTD.
  • 12.2.14 QINGDAO FUNDCHEM CO., LTD.

13 ADJACENT & RELATED MARKETS

• 13.1 INTRODUCTION
• 13.2 LIMITATION
• 13.3 FLAME RETARDANTS MARKET
  • 13.3.1 MARKET DEFINITION
  • 13.3.2 MARKET OVERVIEW
• 13.4 FLAME RETARDANTS MARKET, BY REGION
  • 13.4.1 ASIA PACIFIC
  • 13.4.2 NORTH AMERICA
  • 13.4.3 WESTERN EUROPE
  • 13.4.4 CENTRAL & EASTERN EUROPE
  • 13.4.5 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA
  • 13.4.6 SOUTH AMERICA

14 APPENDIX

• 14.1 DISCUSSION GUIDE
• 14.2 KNOWLEDGESTORE: MARKETSANDMARKETS' SUBSCRIPTION PORTAL
• 14.3 CUSTOMIZATION OPTIONS
• 14.4 RELATED REPORTS
• 14.5 AUTHOR DETAILS