The global colorants market size is expected to reach USD 79.47 billion by 2034, according to a new study by Polaris Market Research. The report "Colorants Market Size, Share, Trends, Industry Analysis Report: By Color (Natural Color and Synthetic Color), Form, Composition, Industry, and Region (North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America, and Middle East & Africa) - Market Forecast, 2025-2034" gives a detailed insight into current market dynamics and provides analysis on future market growth.
The colorants market growth is propelled by increasing demand across various industries such as packaging, automotive, textiles, and consumer goods. Other key drivers include the rising need for visually appealing products, advancements in sustainable and eco-friendly colorant technologies, and growing regulatory pressures for nontoxic, biodegradable solutions.
The rising focus on the development of bio-based and natural colorants, especially in the food & cosmetics sectors, and the growing trend toward customization and digital color matching are expected to offer lucrative colorants market opportunities during the forecast period. The market is also benefiting from expanding industrialization in emerging regions such as Asia Pacific, where demand for colorants in textiles, packaging, and coatings is on the rise.
Colorants Market Report Highlights
The synthetic colors segment, based on color, dominates the colorants market revenue share due to their cost-effectiveness, vibrant hues, and wide application range. However, the natural colors segment is witnessing rapid growth driven by the increasing consumer preference for eco-friendly and sustainable solutions.
By form, the pigments segment holds the largest market share due to their superior stability and wide usage in industries such as automotive and coatings. The color concentrates and master batches segments are gaining momentum due to their ease of application and high efficiency in manufacturing.
By composition, the inorganic segment leads the colorants market demand, particularly in the automotive, coatings, and construction sectors, due to their durability and color stability. The organic segment is growing rapidly, driven by their versatility and demand in textiles and packaging.
The packaging segment, in terms of industry, holds the largest share, driven by the demand for aesthetically appealing and sustainable packaging solutions. However, the textiles segment is registering the highest growth rate, fueled by the increasing demand for fashion and performance fabrics.
Asia Pacific dominates the colorants market share, driven by large-scale manufacturing and growing demand across sectors such as textiles and packaging. The region is also the highest growing, especially due to rising industrialization in countries such as China and India.
Polaris Market Research has segmented the colorants market report on the basis of color, form, composition, industry, and region:
By Color Outlook (Revenue - USD Billion, 2020-2034)
- Natural Color
- Synthetic Color
By Form Outlook (Revenue - USD Billion, 2020-2034)
- Pigments
- Dyes
- Color Concentrate
- Master Batches
By Composition Outlook (Revenue - USD Billion, 2020-2034)
By Industry Outlook (Revenue - USD Billion, 2020-2034)
- Packaging
- Paper & Printing
- Textiles
- Building & Construction
- Automotive
- Consumer Goods
- Others
By Regional Outlook (Revenue - USD Billion, 2020-2034)
- North America
- US
- Canada
- Europe
- Germany
- France
- UK
- Italy
- Spain
- Netherlands
- Russia
- Rest of Europe
- Asia Pacific
- China
- Japan
- India
- Malaysia
- South Korea
- Indonesia
- Australia
- Vietnam
- Rest of Asia Pacific
- Middle East & Africa
- Saudi Arabia
- UAE
- Israel
- South Africa
- Rest of Middle East & Africa
- Latin America
- Mexico
- Brazil
- Argentina
- Rest of Latin America
Table of Contents
1. Introduction
- 1.1. Report Description
- 1.1.1. Objectives of the Study
- 1.1.2. Market Scope
- 1.1.3. Assumptions
- 1.2. Stakeholders
2. Executive Summary
3. Research Methodology
- 3.1. Overview
- 3.2. Data Source
- 3.2.1. Primary Source
- 3.2.2. Secondary Source
4. Global Colorants Market Insights
- 4.1. Colorants Market - Market Snapshot
- 4.2. Colorants Market Dynamics
- 4.2.1. Drivers and Opportunities
- 4.2.1.1. Shift Toward Eco-Friendly and Sustainable Colorants
- 4.2.1.2. Technological Advancements in Colorant Manufacturing
- 4.2.1.3. Rising Demand in Emerging Markets
- 4.2.2. Restraints and Challenges
- 4.2.2.1. Strict production norms
- 4.3. Porter's Five Forces Analysis
- 4.3.1. Bargaining Power of Suppliers (Moderate)
- 4.3.2. Threats of New Entrants: (Low)
- 4.3.3. Bargaining Power of Buyers (Moderate)
- 4.3.4. Threat of Substitute (Moderate)
- 4.3.5. Rivalry among existing firms (High)
- 4.4. PESTEL Analysis
- 4.5. Colorants Market Trends
- 4.6. Value Chain Analysis
- 4.7. COVID-19 Impact Analysis
5. Global Colorants Market, by Color
- 5.1. Key Findings
- 5.2. Introduction
- 5.2.1. Global Colorants Market, by Color, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 5.3. Natural Color
- 5.3.1. Global Colorants Market, by Natural Color, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 5.4. Synthetic Color
- 5.4.1. Global Colorants Market, by Synthetic Color, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
6. Global Colorants Market, by Form
- 6.1. Key Findings
- 6.2. Introduction
- 6.2.1. Global Colorants Market, by Form, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 6.3. Pigments
- 6.3.1. Global Colorants Market, by Pigments, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 6.4. Dyes
- 6.4.1. Global Colorants Market, by Dyes, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 6.5. Color Concentrate
- 6.5.1. Global Colorants Market, by Color Concentrate, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 6.6. Master Batches
- 6.6.1. Global Colorants Market, by Master Batches, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
7. Global Colorants Market, by Composition
- 7.1. Key Findings
- 7.2. Introduction
- 7.2.1. Global Colorants Market, by Composition, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 7.3. Organic
- 7.3.1. Global Colorants Market, by Organic, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 7.4. Inorganic
- 7.4.1. Global Colorants Market, by Inorganic, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
8. Global Colorants Market, by Industry
- 8.1. Key Findings
- 8.2. Introduction
- 8.2.1. Global Colorants Market, by Industry, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.3. Packaging
- 8.3.1. Global Colorants Market, by Packaging, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.4. Paper & Printing
- 8.4.1. Global Colorants Market, by Paper & Printing, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.5. Textiles
- 8.5.1. Global Colorants Market, by Textiles, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.6. Building & Construction
- 8.6.1. Global Colorants Market, by Building & Construction, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.7. Automotive
- 8.7.1. Global Colorants Market, by Automotive, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.8. Consumer Goods
- 8.8.1. Global Colorants Market, by Consumer Goods, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.9. Others
- 8.9.1. Global Colorants Market, by Others, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
9. Global Colorants Market, by Geography
- 9.1. Key Findings
- 9.2. Introduction
- 9.2.1. Colorants Market Assessment, By Geography, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 9.3. Colorants Market - North America
- 9.3.1. North America: Colorants Market, by Color, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 9.3.2. North America: Colorants Market, by Form, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 9.3.3. North America: Colorants Market, by Composition, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 9.3.4. North America: Colorants Market, by Industry, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 9.3.5. Colorants Market - US
- 9.3.5.1. US: Colorants Market, by Color, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 9.3.5.2. US: Colorants Market, by Form, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 9.3.5.3. US: Colorants Market, by Composition, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 9.3.5.4. US: Colorants Market, by Industry, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 9.3.6. Colorants Market - Canada
- 9.3.6.1. Canada: Colorants Market, by Color, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 9.3.6.2. Canada: Colorants Market, by Form, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 9.3.6.3. Canada: Colorants Market, by Composition, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 9.3.6.4. Canada: Colorants Market, by Industry, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 9.4. Colorants Market - Europe
- 9.4.1. Europe: Colorants Market, by Color, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 9.4.2. Europe: Colorants Market, by Form, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 9.4.3. Europe: Colorants Market, by Composition, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 9.4.4. Europe: Colorants Market, by Industry, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 9.4.5. Colorants Market - UK
- 9.4.5.1. UK: Colorants Market, by Color, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 9.4.5.2. UK: Colorants Market, by Form, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 9.4.5.3. UK: Colorants Market, by Composition, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 9.4.5.4. UK: Colorants Market, by Industry, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 9.4.6. Colorants Market - France
- 9.4.6.1. France: Colorants Market, by Color, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 9.4.6.2. France: Colorants Market, by Form, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 9.4.6.3. France: Colorants Market, by Composition, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 9.4.6.4. France: Colorants Market, by Industry, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 9.4.7. Colorants Market - Germany
- 9.4.7.1. Germany: Colorants Market, by Color, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 9.4.7.2. Germany: Colorants Market, by Form, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 9.4.7.3. Germany: Colorants Market, by Composition, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 9.4.7.4. Germany: Colorants Market, by Industry, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 9.4.8. Colorants Market - Italy
- 9.4.8.1. Italy: Colorants Market, by Color, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 9.4.8.2. Italy: Colorants Market, by Form, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 9.4.8.3. Italy: Colorants Market, by Composition, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 9.4.8.4. Italy: Colorants Market, by Industry, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 9.4.9. Colorants Market - Spain
- 9.4.9.1. Spain: Colorants Market, by Color, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 9.4.9.2. Spain: Colorants Market, by Form, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 9.4.9.3. Spain: Colorants Market, by Composition, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 9.4.9.4. Spain: Colorants Market, by Industry, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 9.4.10. Colorants Market - Netherlands
- 9.4.10.1. Netherlands: Colorants Market, by Color, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 9.4.10.2. Netherlands: Colorants Market, by Form, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 9.4.10.3. Netherlands: Colorants Market, by Composition, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 9.4.10.4. Netherlands: Colorants Market, by Industry, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 9.4.11. Colorants Market - Russia
- 9.4.11.1. Russia: Colorants Market, by Color, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 9.4.11.2. Russia: Colorants Market, by Form, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 9.4.11.3. Russia: Colorants Market, by Composition, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 9.4.11.4. Russia: Colorants Market, by Industry, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 9.4.12. Colorants Market - Rest of Europe
- 9.4.12.1. Rest of Europe: Colorants Market, by Color, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 9.4.12.2. Rest of Europe: Colorants Market, by Form, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 9.4.12.3. Rest of Europe: Colorants Market, by Composition, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 9.4.12.4. Rest of Europe: Colorants Market, by Industry, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 9.5. Colorants Market - Asia Pacific
- 9.5.1. Asia Pacific: Colorants Market, by Color, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 9.5.2. Asia Pacific: Colorants Market, by Form, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 9.5.3. Asia Pacific: Colorants Market, by Composition, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 9.5.4. Asia Pacific: Colorants Market, by Industry, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 9.5.5. Colorants Market - China
- 9.5.5.1. China: Colorants Market, by Color, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 9.5.5.2. China: Colorants Market, by Form, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 9.5.5.3. China: Colorants Market, by Composition, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 9.5.5.4. China: Colorants Market, by Industry, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 9.5.6. Colorants Market - India
- 9.5.6.1. India: Colorants Market, by Color, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 9.5.6.2. India: Colorants Market, by Form, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 9.5.6.3. India: Colorants Market, by Composition, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 9.5.6.4. India: Colorants Market, by Industry, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 9.5.7. Colorants Market - Malaysia
- 9.5.7.1. Malaysia: Colorants Market, by Color, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 9.5.7.2. Malaysia: Colorants Market, by Form, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 9.5.7.3. Malaysia: Colorants Market, by Composition, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 9.5.7.4. Malaysia: Colorants Market, by Industry, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 9.5.8. Colorants Market - Japan
- 9.5.8.1. Japan: Colorants Market, by Color, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 9.5.8.2. Japan: Colorants Market, by Form, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 9.5.8.3. Japan: Colorants Market, by Composition, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 9.5.8.4. Japan: Colorants Market, by Industry, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 9.5.9. Colorants Market - Indonesia
- 9.5.9.1. Indonesia: Colorants Market, by Color, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 9.5.9.2. Indonesia: Colorants Market, by Form, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 9.5.9.3. Indonesia: Colorants Market, by Composition, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 9.5.9.4. Indonesia: Colorants Market, by Industry, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 9.5.10. Colorants Market - South Korea
- 9.5.10.1. South Korea: Colorants Market, by Color, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 9.5.10.2. South Korea: Colorants Market, by Form, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 9.5.10.3. South Korea: Colorants Market, by Composition, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 9.5.10.4. South Korea: Colorants Market, by Industry, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 9.5.11. Colorants Market - Australia
- 9.5.11.1. Australia: Colorants Market, by Color, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 9.5.11.2. Australia: Colorants Market, by Form, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 9.5.11.3. Australia: Colorants Market, by Composition, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 9.5.11.4. Australia: Colorants Market, by Industry, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 9.5.12. Colorants Market - Rest of Asia Pacific
- 9.5.12.1. Rest of Asia Pacific: Colorants Market, by Color, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 9.5.12.2. Rest of Asia Pacific: Colorants Market, by Form, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 9.5.12.3. Rest of Asia Pacific: Colorants Market, by Composition, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 9.5.12.4. Rest of Asia Pacific: Colorants Market, by Industry, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 9.6. Colorants Market - Middle East & Africa
- 9.6.1. Middle East & Africa: Colorants Market, by Color, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 9.6.2. Middle East & Africa: Colorants Market, by Form, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 9.6.3. Middle East & Africa: Colorants Market, by Composition, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 9.6.4. Middle East & Africa: Colorants Market, by Industry, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 9.6.5. Colorants Market - Saudi Arabia
- 9.6.5.1. Saudi Arabia: Colorants Market, by Color, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 9.6.5.2. Saudi Arabia: Colorants Market, by Form, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 9.6.5.3. Saudi Arabia: Colorants Market, by Composition, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 9.6.5.4. Saudi Arabia: Colorants Market, by Industry, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 9.6.6. Colorants Market - UAE
- 9.6.6.1. UAE: Colorants Market, by Color, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 9.6.6.2. UAE: Colorants Market, by Form, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 9.6.6.3. UAE: Colorants Market, by Composition, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 9.6.6.4. UAE: Colorants Market, by Industry, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 9.6.7. Colorants Market - Israel
- 9.6.7.1. Israel: Colorants Market, by Color, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 9.6.7.2. Israel: Colorants Market, by Form, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 9.6.7.3. Israel: Colorants Market, by Composition, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 9.6.7.4. Israel: Colorants Market, by Industry, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 9.6.8. Colorants Market - South Africa
- 9.6.8.1. South Africa: Colorants Market, by Color, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 9.6.8.2. South Africa: Colorants Market, by Form, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 9.6.8.3. South Africa: Colorants Market, by Composition, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 9.6.8.4. South Africa: Colorants Market, by Industry, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 9.6.9. Colorants Market - Rest of Middle East & Africa
- 9.6.9.1. Rest of Middle East & Africa: Colorants Market, by Color, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 9.6.9.2. Rest of Middle East & Africa: Colorants Market, by Form, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 9.6.9.3. Rest of Middle East & Africa: Colorants Market, by Composition, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 9.6.9.4. Rest of Middle East & Africa: Colorants Market, by Industry, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 9.7. Colorants Market - Latin America
- 9.7.1. Latin America: Colorants Market, by Color, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 9.7.2. Latin America: Colorants Market, by Form, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 9.7.3. Latin America: Colorants Market, by Composition, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 9.7.4. Latin America: Colorants Market, by Industry, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 9.7.5. Colorants Market - Mexico
- 9.7.5.1. Mexico: Colorants Market, by Color, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 9.7.5.2. Mexico: Colorants Market, by Form, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 9.7.5.3. Mexico: Colorants Market, by Composition, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 9.7.5.4. Mexico: Colorants Market, by Industry, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 9.7.6. Colorants Market - Brazil
- 9.7.6.1. Brazil: Colorants Market, by Color, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 9.7.6.2. Brazil: Colorants Market, by Form, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 9.7.6.3. Brazil: Colorants Market, by Composition, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 9.7.6.4. Brazil: Colorants Market, by Industry, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 9.7.7. Colorants Market - Argentina
- 9.7.7.1. Argentina: Colorants Market, by Color, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 9.7.7.2. Argentina: Colorants Market, by Form, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 9.7.7.3. Argentina: Colorants Market, by Composition, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 9.7.7.4. Argentina: Colorants Market, by Industry, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 9.7.8. Colorants Market - Rest of Latin America
- 9.7.8.1. Rest of Latin America: Colorants Market, by Color, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 9.7.8.2. Rest of Latin America: Colorants Market, by Form, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 9.7.8.3. Rest of Latin America: Colorants Market, by Composition, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 9.7.8.4. Rest of Latin America: Colorants Market, by Industry, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
10. Competitive Landscape
- 10.1. Expansion and Acquisition Analysis
- 10.1.1. Expansion
- 10.1.2. Acquisitions
- 10.2. Partnerships/Collaborations/Agreements/Exhibitions
11. Company Profiles
- 11.1. BASF
- 11.1.1. Company Overview
- 11.1.2. Financial Performance
- 11.1.3. Product Benchmarking
- 11.1.4. Recent Development
- 11.2. Clariant
- 11.2.1. Company Overview
- 11.2.2. Financial Performance
- 11.2.3. Product Benchmarking
- 11.2.4. Recent Development
- 11.3. Huntsman International
- 11.3.1. Company Overview
- 11.3.2. Financial Performance
- 11.3.3. Product Benchmarking
- 11.3.4. Recent Development
- 11.4. DuPont
- 11.4.1. Company Overview
- 11.4.2. Financial Performance
- 11.4.3. Product Benchmarking
- 11.4.4. Recent Development
- 11.5. DIC Corporation
- 11.5.1. Company Overview
- 11.5.2. Financial Performance
- 11.5.3. Product Benchmarking
- 11.5.4. Recent Development
- 11.6. Lanxess
- 11.6.1. Company Overview
- 11.6.2. Financial Performance
- 11.6.3. Product Benchmarking
- 11.6.4. Recent Development
- 11.7. Cabot Corporation
- 11.7.1. Company Overview
- 11.7.2. Financial Performance
- 11.7.3. Product Benchmarking
- 11.7.4. Recent Development
- 11.8. Chromaflo Technologies
- 11.8.1. Company Overview
- 11.8.2. Financial Performance
- 11.8.3. Product Benchmarking
- 11.8.4. Recent Development
- 11.9. Solvay
- 11.9.1. Company Overview
- 11.9.2. Financial Performance
- 11.9.3. Product Benchmarking
- 11.9.4. Recent Development
- 11.10. Toyo Ink
- 11.10.1. Company Overview
- 11.10.2. Financial Performance
- 11.10.3. Product Benchmarking
- 11.10.4. Recent Development
- 11.11. Sudarshan Chemical Industries
- 11.11.1. Company Overview
- 11.11.2. Financial Performance
- 11.11.3. Product Benchmarking
- 11.11.4. Recent Development
- 11.12. Eastman Chemical Company
- 11.12.1. Company Overview
- 11.12.2. Financial Performance
- 11.12.3. Product Benchmarking
- 11.12.4. Recent Development
- 11.13. AkzoNobel
- 11.13.1. Company Overview
- 11.13.2. Financial Performance
- 11.13.3. Product Benchmarking
- 11.13.4. Recent Development
- 11.14. Dow
- 11.14.1. Company Overview
- 11.14.2. Financial Performance
- 11.14.3. Product Benchmarking
- 11.14.4. Recent Development
- 11.15. Evonik
- 11.15.1. Company Overview
- 11.15.2. Financial Performance
- 11.15.3. Product Benchmarking
- 11.15.4. Recent Development