승용차용 지능형 스티어링 산업(2025-2026년)

Intelligent steering research: Rear-wheel steering prices drop to RMB200,000-250,000

1. Rear-wheel steering installations increased by 36.5% year-on-year.

From January to October 2025, the number of vehicles equipped with rear-wheel steering reached 106,000, representing a year-on-year increase of 36.5%. IM alone held a 45.4% market share in rear-wheel steering.

The starting price for the rear-wheel steering configuration is as low as RMB219,900. The starting price for the 2025 IM L6 with rear-wheel steering (steering angle: +-9°) is RMB219,900. In addition, the starting price of the 2026 IM LS6 with rear-wheel steering is as low as RMB224,900, meaning that rear-wheel steering is no longer an exclusive feature of high-end models.

The main advantages of rear-wheel steering: 1. In low-speed scenarios, by deflecting in the opposite direction to the front wheels, the "virtual wheelbase" is shortened, reducing the turning radius. This is suitable for scenarios such as parking and U-turns on narrow roads, and is especially effective for long-wheelbase or large vehicles; 2. In high-speed scenarios, the rear wheels rotate in the same direction as the front wheels, increasing the "virtual wheelbase" and improving vehicle driving stability. In addition to the traditional advantages mentioned above, some brands combine rear-wheel steering with autonomous driving and rain/snow driving modes to improve driving performance.

Denza: "Toe-in" Driving Mode in Rain and Snow, 15° Crab-like Angle

The Denza N8L, equipped with rear-wheel steering and based on the e3 platform, offers an "toe-in" driving mode in rain and snow. This means that the two rear wheels can be turned inward, similar to skiing, where the feet are kept in an toe-in position to maintain body stability and achieve deceleration.

The Denza Z9GT, which also uses the e3 platform, has its front and rear wheels rotating in the same direction, allowing the vehicle to move diagonally and achieve a crab-like motion, which can increase the vehicle's flexibility in narrow spaces. Its rear wheel steering angle is 10°, but with the integrated dual-motor differential control, it can achieve a maximum crab angle of 15°.

Maextro: Rear-Wheel Steering with Pavement Pre-Emption and 16° Crab Angle

The Maextro S800, which uses the Huawei Touring Dragon Platform, features +-12° rear-wheel steering. The Touring Dragon Platform is deeply integrated with the fusion perception and prediction network based on HUAWEI ADS to achieve pavement pre-emption and chassis control. The rear wheel steering is combined with pavement pre-emption to enable cornering pre-emptive steering and improve cornering speed. In addition, the Maextro S800 features rear-wheel steering and differential torque control, enabling a 16° crab-like driving mode.

2. New national steering standards have been released, removing the mandatory requirement for mechanical steering connections, thus providing a standard for steer-by-wire

On December 2, 2025, the national certification standard GB17675-2025 "Basic Requirements for Automotive Steering Systems" was officially released. The new standard will completely replace the previous "GB17675-2021" standard from July 1, 2026. One of the most significant revisions to the new standard is the removal of mandatory requirements for mechanical connections to address emerging technologies such as steer-by-wire (SBW) and electric power steering (EPS).

In addition, this revision adds requirements for failure, alarm and functional safety of steer-by-wire systems, defines the safety boundaries of steer-by-wire, and revises the functional safety requirements for transmission steering systems and rear wheel steering, guiding the iterative development of steering technology in China. The standard was drafted by several OEMs, including domestic and joint venture brands such as NIO, Li Auto, XPeng, BYD, Geely, Xiaomi, Huawei, Toyota, and Mercedes-Benz.

Several OEMs have already planned to equip their vehicles with steer-by-wire products, and it is expected that steer-by-wire will be widely adopted in vehicles in 2026-2027.

3. 48V Steer-by-Wire is popular

To meet the demand for higher power and dynamic response, 48V steer-by-wire has entered the market. Currently, companies such as Bosch Huayu, Xiaomi Group, Tuopu Group, DECO Automotive, and Jingwei Hirain have launched or deployed 48V steer-by-wire systems.

Bosch Huayu: 48V Direct-Drive Steer-by-Wire

In December 2025, Bosch Huayu showcased its 48V direct-drive steer-by-wire at its technology day. A representative stated that "the 48V architecture reduces current and heat dissipation while meeting the demand for high power output." In scenarios requiring high power output, such as emergency avoidance and automated parking, the advantages of steering performance influenced by the 48V architecture will be more significant, and the driver can intuitively perceive the faster steering response brought about by the increase in engine speed. It is reported that Bosch Huayu's 48V steer-by-wire product is expected to enter mass production as early as 2027.

Tuopu Group: 48V Steer-by-Wire

In June 2025, Tuopu Group showcased its innovative 48V steer-by-wire system and 48V dual-pinion electric power steering system for the first time at the 2025 Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area International Auto Show. The 48V steer-by-wire system includes a feel simulator and a front wheel steering actuator. Compared to traditional electric power steering systems, the steer-by-wire system removes the intermediate shaft connection structure and controls the steering feel simulator and front wheel steering actuator through redundant electrical signals, achieving precise, efficient and adjustable steering control. It has advantages such as easy installation, redundancy and reliability, and high efficiency.

Table of Contents

1 Intelligent Steering Overview and Industry Development Trends

Summary of Vehicle Models Equipped with SBW

Summary of Planned Models/Platforms Equipped With SBW

Summary of OEMs' Intelligent Steering Layout

Summary of Current Foreign SBW Suppliers and Products

Summary of Current Domestic SBW Suppliers and Products

Industry Summary 1: EPS Structure Upgrade

Industry Summary 2: Redundant EPS Becomes a Key Technology for the Development of Level 3 Autonomous Driving Before Widespread Application of SBW

Industry Summary 3: Rear-Wheel Steering (RWS) Accelerates its Popularization in High-End Models

Industry Summary 4-10

2 Overview of the Passenger Car Intelligent Steering Industry

Passenger Car Steering Development History

Definition of Automotive Steering Systems

Classification of Automotive Steering Systems

Steering System Development Stage 1: Mechanical Steering (MS)

Steering System Development Stage 2: Hydraulic Power Steering (HPS)

Steering System Development Stage 2: Electro-Hydraulic Power Steering (EHPS)

Steering System Development Stage 3: Electric Power Steering (EPS)

Steering System Development Stage 4: Steer-by-Wire (SBW)

• 2.1 Passenger Car EPS System
• EPS Components
• Comparison between Different Types of EPS (1-2)
• Comparison between Traditional Steering Systems and Redundant Steering Systems
• Redundant Steering System Architecture and Technical Roadmap
• Redundant EPS Technical Solutions (1-2)
• Key Technologies of Redundant EPS (1-3)
• Advantages of EPS Compared to Traditional Steering
• EPS Industry Chain
• Stimulating Factors for EPS Development
• 2.2 Passenger Car SBW System
• Basic Structure of SBW
• How SBW Works
• Typical SBW Layout (1-2)
• Actuation & Control Strategy of SBW
• Comparison between Different Intelligent Steering Technologies
• Advantages and Difficulties of SBW System
• Influence of SBW on OEMs and End Consumers
• Stimulating Factors for SBW Development
• SBW Market Size Forecast
• Installation of RWS
• RWS Installation: by Price Range and Brand
• RWS Installation: by Level
• Passenger Car Intelligent Steering Policies/Standards (1-3)
• Development Direction of Passenger Car Intelligent Steering
• Development Path of Passenger Car Intelligent Steering System
• Key SBW Technologies
• Key Technical Indicators of Passenger Car Intelligent Steering
• Passenger Car Intelligent Chassis Roadmap - SBW
• SBW Goals (2025-2030)
• SBW Requirements for L2~L4+ Autonomous Driving Systems
• Development Goals of Key Components and System Safety of SBW
• Experiential Development Goals and Innovative Action Planning of SBW

3 Automotive Intelligent Steering Layout of Domestic and Foreign Passenger Car OEMs

• 3.1 Infiniti
• 3.2 Toyota
• SBW Technology Patents
• Block Diagram of SBW System
• Safety and Interaction Logic Design of SBW System
• Latest Solutions for SBW System
• Models Equipped with SBW System (1)
• Models Equipped with SBW System (2)
• 3.3 Tesla
• SBW Technology Patents
• SBW System Solutions (1-2)
• Solutions for Key Components of SBW System (1)
• Solutions for Key Components of SBW System (2)
• Models Equipped with SBW System
• 3.4 Audi
• 3.5 Great Wall Motor
• 3.6 Geely
• 3.7 BYD
• SBW Layout of Subsidiaries
• SBW Solutions
• e4 Technology Can Achieve Steering Redundancy
• Models Equipped with e4 Technology
• Models Equipped with RWS
• Models Equipped with SBW
• 3.8 Hongqi
• 3.9 Dongfeng Motor
• 3.10 NIO
• 3.11 IM
• 3.12 Others
• BAIC
• Lotus
• Mercedes-Benz

4 Foreign Passenger Car Intelligent Steering System Integrators

• 4.1 Bosch
• Overall Layout of Intelligent Steering Solutions
• Development History of Automotive Steering System
• Intelligent Steering System Solutions (1-5)
• SBW System Solutions: SBW (1-3)
• SBW Cooperation Cases
• Key Components of Steering System
• Future Steering System Planning
• Steering System Layout in China: Bosch Huayu Steering Systems
• Bosch Huayu's Intelligent Steering System Solution 1: EPS (1-2)
• Bosch Huayu's Intelligent Steering System Solution 2: HE Platform (1-3)
• Bosch Huayu's SBW Layout and Winter Test
• Bosch Huayu's Intelligent Steering System Project Was Put Into Production
• Production of Bosch Huayu's Key Steering System Parts
• Bosch Huayu's Patents Related to SBW-generated Road Feel Feedback
• 4.2 Nexteer Automotive
• Customers by Product (1)
• Main Production Projects in H1 2025
• Main Production Projects in August 2024
• Main Supporting Projects in 2023 (1-2)
• Main Supporting Projects in 2022 (1-2)
• Steering Product Layout and Capacity
• Intelligent Steering System Solutions: EPS (1-3)
• Intelligent Steering System Solutions: Modular Solutions
• SBW System Solutions: SBW
• Solutions for Key Components of Steering System
• RWS
• SBW-generated Hand Feel Simulator
• 4.3 Schaeffler
• Overall Layout of Intelligent Steering Solutions
• Enterprises Profile
• Steering Product Layout
• SBW R&D Planning
• SBW System Solutions (1-4)
• SBW System Force Feedback Control Methods (1-5)
• Solutions for Key Components of Steering System
• SBW Cooperation Cases
• SBW Application Cases
• 4.4 ZF
• Overall Layout of Intelligent Steering Solutions
• Intelligent Steering System Solutions: EPS
• SBW System Solution 1: AKC (1)
• SBW System Solution 1: AKC 2.0 (2)
• SBW System Solution 2: SBW (1)
• SBW System Solution 2: SBW (2)
• 4.5 Mando
• 4.6 NSK
• 4.7 JTEKT
• Overall Layout of Intelligent Steering Solutions
• Intelligent Steering System Configuration: Taking DP-EPS as an Example
• Intelligent Steering System Solutions: EPS (1-3)
• SBW System Solutions: SBW (1-3)
• Redundancy Mechanism of J-EPICS
• EEA Design of J-EPICS (1-2)
• Pairdriver(TM) Steering Collaborative Control for Automated Driving
• SBW Product Application
• 4.8 ThyssenKrupp
• 4.9 Astemo
• SBW Product Roadmap
• Overall Layout of Intelligent Steering Solutions
• Intelligent Steering System Solutions: EPS (1-2)
• SBWS System Solutions: SBW (1-3)
• SBW System Solutions without Traditional Steering Wheels (1-4)
• Comparison between two SBW Systems
• 4.10 KYB
• Overall Layout of Intelligent Steering Solutions
• Intelligent Steering System Solutions: EPS
• Solutions for Key Components of SBW System and Application Cases

5 Domestic Passenger Car Intelligent Steering System Integrators

• 5.1 Trinova
• Overall Layout of Intelligent Steering Solutions
• Profile and Financing
• Intelligent Steering System Solutions (1-2)
• Intelligent Steering System Redundancy Solutions (1-2)
• SBW Solutions: T-SBW (1-2)
• SBW Electrical Architecture: T-SBW
• SBW Algorithm Architecture: T-SBW
• Key SBW Technology: T-SBW
• Intelligent Steering System Planning
• 5.2 NASN
• 5.3 Tuopu Group
• 5.4 DECO Automotive
• 5.5 DIAS
• 5.6 Zhejiang Shibao
• 5.7 Wuhu Bethel Automotive Safety Systems
• 5.8 Tongyu Automobile
• 5.9 HYCET
• 5.10 TSING AUTO Intelligent Chassis
• 5.11 Henglong Group
• 5.12 eCDAG
• 5.13 Yubei Steering System (Xinxiang)
• 5.14 Zhuzhou Elite
• 5.15 Jingwei Hirain
• 5.16 Change Technology
• 5.17 BYD's 15th Business Unit

6 Passenger Car Steering System Supply Chain

• 6.1 Steering Motors
• Overview
• Status Quo
• 6.1.1 Nidec
• Steering Motor Solutions (1-3)
• 6.1.2 Bosch
• Overall Layout of Steering Motor Solutions
• Steering Motor Solutions (1-3)
• 6.1.3 Johnson Electric
• Product Layout
• Steering Motor Solution 1 (1-2)
• Steering Motor Solution 2
• Steering Motor Solution 3
• Steering Motor Solution 4
• 6.1.4 Ningbo Dechang Electric Machinery Manufacturing
• Motor Layout
• EPS Business Layout and Designation
• Core EPS Technology and Mass Production Scale
• Steering Motor Solutions of DCTech (Subsidiary)
• 6.1.5 Fuxin Dare Automotive
• Steering Products and Capacity
• Steering Motor Solutions
• 6.1.6 Welling
• Product Layout
• Steering Motor Solution 1: EPS Motor
• Steering Motor Solution 2: Hand Feel Simulation Steering Motor
• 6.1.7 Others
• Dongguan Country Dream Motor's JAB8643-02 DC Brushless Motor for EPS System
• EPS Motors of Hubei Domain Control Intelligent Drive
• Nexteer's Steering Motor Solutions
• Steering Motor Solutions of Dongxingchang Technology
• 6.2 Steering Sensors
• Steering Sensor Overview
• Main Types and Development Trends of Torque Sensors
• Layout of Steering Sensor Vendors
• 6.2.1 Hella
• Overall Layout of Steering Sensor Solutions
• Release of Latest Steering Sensors
• Steering Sensor Solutions (1-6)
• Other Steering Solutions
• 6.2.2 Baolong Automotive
• Overall Layout of Steering Sensor Solutions
• Steering Sensor Layout
• Steering Sensor Solution 1: Motor Position Sensors
• Steering Sensor Solution 2: Steering Wheel Angle Sensors
• Steering Sensor Solution 3 and Designated Projects: Wheel Speed Sensors
• 6.2.3 Bosch
• Steering Sensor Solution 1: Steering Wheel Angle Sensors
• Steering Sensor Solution 2: Wheel Speed Sensors
• 6.2.4 TE Connectivity
• Steering Sensor Solutions: Torque Sensors
• Steering Sensor Solutions: Position Sensors
• 6.2.5 Others
• Electronic Steering Sensor Solutions of Methode Electronics: Torque Sensors
• Electronic Steering Sensor Solutions of FUTEK: Steering Wheel Torque Sensors
• Steering Sensor Solutions of DECO Automotive
• Steering Torque Sensors of Honeywell
• 6.3 Steering System ECUs
• Overview
• Status Quo
• Overview of Steering System MCUs and Layout of Vendors
• 6.3.1 NXP
• EPS Framework Diagram
• Steering MCU Solution 1 (1-5)
• Steering MCU Solution 2: S32E
• Steering MCU Solution 2: S32E2 (1-3)
• 6.3.2 Infineon
• EPS Framework Diagram
• MCU Series
• Development History of AURIX(TM) (1-2)
• AURIX(TM) TC2x
• AURIX(TM) TC3x
• Steering MCU Solution 1: TC33xLP
• Steering MCU Solution 2: TC36xDP
• AURIX(TM) TC4x family
• 6.3.3 Renesas
• 6.3.4 STMicroelectronics
• 6.3.5 Yuntu
• 6.3.6 Tongxin Microelectronics

7 Passenger Car Corner Module

• Definition
• Development history
• Standards and Regulations
• 7.1 Corner Module Vendors
• Mass Production Planning
• Summary of Suppliers' Technologies
• Technical Solutions of Suppliers: Huawei
• Technical Solutions of Suppliers: Tsingshan Industrial
• Technical Solutions of Suppliers: Schaeffler
• Technical Solutions of Suppliers: REE
• Technical Solutions of Suppliers: Protean (1-5)
• Technical Solutions of Suppliers: AUMOVIO
• Technical Solutions of Suppliers: Hyundai Mobis
• Technical Solutions of Suppliers: Zhejiang Asia-Pacific Mechanical & Electronic
• Technical Solutions of Suppliers: Zhida Technology
• Technical Solutions of Suppliers: Ackermann Matrix (1-2)