<2024> 리튬이차전지 Si-Anode 기술 현황 및 주요 업체 개발 동향

The anode material for lithium-ion batteries has predominantly been carbon-based to date. In the early stages, amorphous carbon materials were widely used, but presently, natural and synthetic graphite are the primary choices. Recently, there has been active consideration of new anode materials, particularly those centered around silicon (Si), to overcome the theoretical capacity limits of graphite materials and develop materials with excellent electrochemical reaction potential and extended lifespan. The demand for high-capacity anode materials has been increasing, particularly in the market for large-scale batteries used in electric vehicles and energy storage systems. While carbon and graphite-based anode materials were traditionally prevalent, there is a growing focus, especially within the industry, on silicon-based anode materials, which are metal composites. The competition to secure these materials has intensified as the need for high-capacity anode rises. In this context, there is a continual increase in new entrants developing and manufacturing silicon-based anode materials.

As of early 2020, silicon-based high-capacity materials were primarily developed by only 10-20 companies. However, the current landscape shows that over 60 companies are actively engaged in the development and preparation for mass production of silicon-based materials. Silicon-based materials are essential for the development of high-capacity batteries to address the range limitations of electric vehicles and meet the demand for fast-charging capabilities. Electric vehicle OEMs and battery companies anticipate a projected annual growth rate of 30% for silicon anode materials until 2035. The market share of silicon anode materials in the overall anode material market is expected to expand from 1% in 2019 to 7% in 2030 and further to 10% by 2035.

In addition to carbon-based and graphite-based materials, Si-C composite, Si-alloy, and SiOx are representative high-capacity anode materials for lithium-ion batteries. Among these, SiOx and Si-alloy are the closest to commercialization, with some battery manufacturers actively developing high-capacity batteries by incorporating them. However, challenges such as lifespan and volume expansion (swelling) persist, prompting ongoing efforts to address these issues. In the realm of silicon (Si)-based anodes, recent announcements of related technological developments have been made by both industry and academia. Anode material companies are also concentrating on new technology development, fostering expectations for imminent commercialization.

This report serves as a technical document focusing on recent developments in the anode material market for lithium-ion batteries used in xEV (electric vehicles), ESS (energy storage systems), and IT applications. Specifically, it delves into the technological advancements and performance enhancements in Si-based anode development for high-capacity batteries. The report provides an overview of the latest developments in Si-based high-capacity anode materials (Si-alloy, SiOx, Si-C composite) by both industry and academia. It also examines the current status and challenges associated with batteries incorporating these materials, aiming to offer insights and potential solutions for future developments in high-capacity/high-output battery technologies.

Strong Point of this report:

• 1. Overall market share and technological status of anode materials for lithium-ion batteries. (including graphite-based and silicon-based materials.)
• 2. Technical issues and key technological factors related to high-capacity silicon-based anode materials.
• 3. Recent technological developments in silicon-based anode materials by battery manufacturers.
• 4. Applications and commercialization prospects for future silicon-based anode materials.
• 5. Technological trends and product introductions from over 70 global silicon-based anode material companies.

Table of Contents

Report Overview

Chapter I. Overview of LIBs

• 1.1. History of LIBs
• 1.2. Types and Characteristics of LIBs
• 1.3. Principle of LIBs
  • 1.3.1. Charging / Discharging Reactions
  • 1.3.2. Voltage
  • 1.3.3. Movement of Charge and Ions
  • 1.3.4. Theoretical Capacity
• 1.4. Components of LIBs
  • 1.4.1. Cathode active materials
  • 1.4.2. Anode active materials
  • 1.4.3. Seperator
  • 1.4.4. Electrolyte
• 1.5. Application areas of LIBs
• 1.6. Technology Status and Development Trend of Anode Materials

Chapter II. Types and Characteristics of LIB Anode Materials

• 2.1. Required Characteristics and Types of LIB Anode Materials
• 2.2. Characteristics of Carbon-based Anode Materials
  • 2.2.1. Graphite-based Anode Materials
  • 2.2.2. Amorphous Carbon-based Anode Materials
  • 2.2.3. Carbon-based Anode Materials / Electrolyte Interfacial Reaction
• 2.3. Characteristics of Metal-based Anode Materials
  • 2.3.1. Lithium Metal Anode Materials
  • 2.3.2. Alloy-based Anode Materials
• 2.4. Characteristics of Compound-Based Anode Materials
  • 2.4.1. Oxide-Based Anode Materials
  • 2.4.2. Nitride-Based Anode Materials

Chapter III. Current Status of Technological Development for High-Capacity Si-Based Anode Materials for Lithium-ion Batteries

• 3.1. Development History and Direction of High-Capacity Lithium-ion Batteries
• 3.2. Basic Characteristics of High-Capacity Si-based Anode Materials
  • 3.2.1. Lithium Insertion/Extraction Reactions of Si-based Anode Materials
  • 3.2.2. Issues of Si-based Anode Materials and Degradation Mechanisms
  • 3.2.3. Volume Expansion Control of Si-based Anode Materials
• 3.3. Problems and Solutions for Alloy-based Anode Materials
  • 3.3.1. Representative Problems
  • 3.3.2. Metal Composite-based Anode Materials
  • 3.3.3. Metal-Carbon Composite-based Anode Materials
• 3.3. Trends in the Technological Development of High-Capacity Si Anode Materials
  • 3.3.1. SiOx Anode Materials
    • Structural Characteristics
    • Electrochemical Properties
    • Manufacturing Methods
    • Application of Prelithiation Process
  • 3.3.2. Si-C Composite Anode Materials
  • 3.3.3. Si-M Alloy Anode Materials
  • 3.3.4. Practical Application Research of Si Anode Materials
    • Differences of Electrochemical Behavior
    • Si Single Electrode and Si/Graphite Hybrid Electrode
  • 3.3.5. Various Nanostructures of Si-based Anode Materials
    • Si nanostructure
    • Porous Si structure
    • Nano-Si/C structure
    • Nano-Si/metal or polymer structure
  • 3.3.6. Binders for Si-based Anode Materials
  • 3.3.7. Current Collectors for Si-based Anode Materials
  • 3.3.8. Comprehensive Review of Research Trends in Si-based Anodes and Future Research Directions
  • 3.3.9. Examples of Si-based Anode Material Developments in Academic/Industries
  • 3.3.10. Key Technology Roadmap for Si-Based Anode Materials

Chapter IV. Current Status of High-Output Si-Based Anode Material Technology Development

• 4.1. Overview of High-Output Anode Materials
• 4.2. Anode Materials for High-Output Fast Charging
  • 4.2.1. Intercalation Materials
  • 4.2.2. Alloy-based Materials / Transition Materials
  • 4.2.3. Nano-Structured Micro-Sized Particles (Nano-structured micro-sized particles)
  • 4.2.4. Si-Graphite Hybrid Materials (SEAG)
  • 4.2.5. Graphene-SiO2 Materials (Graphene Ball)
• 4.3. Fast Charging from Anode Perspective
  • 4.3.1. Factors Influencing Anode Materials (Active Materials)
  • 4.3.2. Factors Influencing Electrodes
  • 4.3.3. Design of Fast Charging Technology by Major Battery Companies
  • 4.4.4. Summary and Future Outlook

Chapter V. Trends and Outlook in the LIB Anode Material Market

• 5.1. Current Status of LIB Anode Material Market
  • 5.1.1. Demand for Anode Materials by Country
  • 5.1.2. Demand for Anode Materials by Material Type
  • 5.1.3. Market Status by Supplier
  • 5.1.4. Demand for Anode Materials by LIB Companies
    • SDI/LGES/SKon/Panasonic/CATL/ATL/BYD/Lishen/Guoxuan/AESC/CALB
• 5.2. Supply Outlook for LIB Anode Materials
  • 5.2.1. Outlook of Anode Material Production Capacity
  • 5.2.2. Status and Outlook of Anode Material Shipments
  • 5.2.3. Supply Outlook for Anode Materials
• 5.3. Price Outlook for LIB Anode Materials
  • 5.3.1. Anode Material Price Structure
    • NG/AG/Si-based
  • 5.3.2. Anode Material Price Trends
    • NG/AG/Si-based
  • 5.3.3. Price Status of Different Types of Graphite
  • 5.3.4. Price Status of Needle Coke and Pitch
  • 5.3.5. Price Outlook by Anode Material Suppliers

Chapter VI. Current Status of LIB Anode Material Manufacturers

• 6.1. Summary of LIB Anode Material Companies
• 6.2. Current Status of LIB Anode Material Manufacturers

Graphite/Carbon-Based Anode Material Manufacturers

• 1. BTR
• 2. Shanshan
• 3. Zichen
• 4. Shinzoom(Changsha Xingcheng)
• 5. Kaijin
• 6. XFH(XiangFengHua)
• 7. Hitachi Chemical(Resonac)
• 8. Mitsubishi Chemical
• 9. JFE Chemical
• 10. POSCO FutureM
• 11. Aekyung Chemical

Si-based Anode Material Manufacturers (Korean/Asian)

• 12. Daejoo Electronic Materials
• 13. Shin-Etsu
• 14. MK Electronics
• 15. Il-jin Electric
• 16. EG
• 17. Hansol Chemical
• 18. Innox Eco Chemical
• 19. FIC Advanced Materials
• 20. LPN
• 21. Osaka Titan
• 22. POSCO Silicon Solution
• 23. TCK((TOKAI CARBON KOREA)
• 24. NM Tech(Acquired by Truewin)
• 25. KBG
• 26. Neo Battery Materials
• 27. Korea Metal Silicon
• 28. EN PLUS
• 29. Lotte Energy Materials
• 30. Dong-jin Semichem
• 31. SJ Advanced Materials
• 32. IEL Science
• 33. S Materials
• 34. HNS
• 35. Y-Fine Tech
• 36. Hana Materials

Si-Based Anode Material Manufacturers (Chinese)

• 37. Haoxin Tech
• 38. Longtime Tech
• 39. Gotion
• 40. Shinghwa
• 41. Tianmulake
• 42. Chengdu Guibao
• 43. Jereh
• 44. Huawei
• 45. Xinan
• 46. Kingi

Si-based Anode Material Manufacturers (North America, Europe)

• 47. Group14 (With SK Materials)
• 48. NEXEON (With SKC)
• 49. Sila Nano Technologies
• 50. Enovix
• 51. Enervate
• 52. EO Cell
• 53. Amprius Technologies
• 54. Nanotek' Instrument
• 55. One D
• 56. Nanograf
• 57. LeydenJar
• 58. ADVANO
• 59. Targray
• 60. StoreDot
• 61. Trion Battery
• 62. Black Diamond Structures
• 63. Nanospan

Chapter VII. References