세계의 프라이빗 LTE 및 5G 네트워크 에코시스템(2025-2030년) - 기회, 과제, 전략, 업계, 예측

Historically a niche segment of the wider wireless telecommunications industry, private cellular networks - also referred to as NPNs (Non-Public Networks) in 3GPP terminology - have rapidly gained popularity in recent years due to privacy, security, reliability, and performance advantages over public mobile networks and competing wireless technologies as well as their potential to replace hardwired connections with non-obstructive wireless links. With the 3GPP-led standardization of features such as MCX (Mission-Critical PTT, Video & Data), URLLC (Ultra-Reliable, Low-Latency Communications), TSC (Time-Sensitive Communications), RedCap (Reduced Capability) for IIoT (Industrial IoT), NTN (Non-Terrestrial Network) connectivity, SNPNs (Standalone NPNs), PNI-NPNs (Public Network-Integrated NPNs), and network slicing, private networks based on LTE and 5G technologies have gained recognition as an all-inclusive connectivity platform for critical communications, Industry 4.0, and enterprise transformation-related applications. Traditionally, these sectors have been dominated by LMR (Land Mobile Radio), Wi-Fi, industrial Ethernet, fiber, and other disparate networks.

The liberalization of spectrum is another factor that is accelerating the adoption of private LTE and 5G networks. National regulators across the globe have released or are in the process of granting access to shared and local area licensed spectrum. Examples include the three-tiered CBRS (Citizens Broadband Radio Service) spectrum sharing scheme in the United States, Canada's NCLL (Non-Competitive Local Licensing) framework, Germany's 3.7-3.8 GHz and 28 GHz licenses for 5G campus networks, United Kingdom's shared and local access licensing model, Ireland's planned licensing regime for local area WBB (Wireless Broadband) systems, France's vertical spectrum and sub-letting arrangements, Spain's reservation of the 2.3 GHz and 26 GHz bands for self-provisioned local networks, Netherlands' 3.5 GHz licenses for plot-based networks, Switzerland's NPN spectrum assignment in the 3.4-3.5 GHz band, Belgium's authorization of 3.8-4.2 GHz spectrum for private networks, Finland's 2.3 GHz and 26 GHz licenses for local 4G/5G networks, Sweden's 3.7 GHz and 26 GHz permits, Norway's regulation of local networks in the 3.8-4.2 GHz band, Poland's spectrum assignment for local government units and enterprises, Slovenia's allocation of 2.3 MHz and 3.6 GHz frequencies for local networks, Moldova's assignment of 3.8-4.2 GHz spectrum, Bahrain's private 5G network licenses, Japan's 4.6-4.9 GHz and 28 GHz local 5G network licenses, South Korea's e-Um 5G allocations in the 4.7 GHz and 28 GHz bands, Taiwan's provision of 4.8-4.9 GHz spectrum for private 5G networks, Hong Kong's LWBS (Localized Wireless Broadband Service) licenses, Thailand's allocation of 4.8 GHz PNO (Private Network Operator) spectrum, Australia's apparatus licensing approach, Brazil's multi-band SLP (Private Limited Service) licenses, and Argentina's 2.3-2.4 GHz SPIBA (Private Wireless Broadband System) licenses. Vast swaths of globally and regionally harmonized license-exempt spectrum are also available worldwide that can be used for the operation of unlicensed LTE and 5G NR-U equipment for private networks. In addition, dedicated national spectrum in sub-1 GHz and higher frequencies has been allocated for specific critical communications-related applications in many countries.

LTE and 5G-based private cellular networks come in many different shapes and sizes, including isolated end-to-end NPNs in industrial and enterprise settings, local RAN equipment for targeted cellular coverage, dedicated on-premise core network functions, virtual sliced private networks, secure MVNO (Mobile Virtual Network Operator) platforms for critical communications, and wide area networks for application scenarios such as PPDR (Public Protection & Disaster Relief) broadband, smart utility grids, railway communications, and A2G (Air-to-Ground) connectivity. However, it is important to note that equipment suppliers, system integrators, private network specialists, mobile operators, and other ecosystem players have slightly different perceptions as to what exactly constitutes a private cellular network. While there is near-universal consensus that private LTE and 5G networks refer to purpose-built cellular communications systems intended for the exclusive use of vertical industries and enterprises, some industry participants extend this definition to also include other market segments - for example, 3GPP-based community and residential broadband networks deployed by non-traditional service providers. Another closely related segment is neutral host infrastructure for shared or multi-operator coverage enhancement in indoor environments or underserved outdoor areas.

Despite the somewhat differing views on market definition, one thing is clear - private LTE and 5G networks are continuing their upward trajectory with deployments targeting a multitude of use cases across various industries. These range from localized wireless systems for dedicated connectivity in factories, warehouses, mines, power plants, substations, offshore wind farms, oil and gas facilities, construction sites, maritime ports, airports, hospitals, stadiums, office buildings, and university campuses to regional and nationwide sub-1 GHz private wireless broadband networks for utilities, FRMCS (Future Railway Mobile Communication System)-ready networks for train-to-ground communications, and hybrid government-commercial public safety broadband networks. Custom-built cellular networks have also been implemented in locations as remote as Antarctica, and there have even been attempts to deploy them on the Moon and in outer space.

The expanding influence of the private LTE and 5G network market is evident from the use of both permanent networks and portable network-in-a-box systems for professional TV broadcasting, enhanced fan engagement, and gameplay operations at major sports events, including the 2025 Ryder Cup, PGA Championship, Formula One Australian Grand Prix, SailGP's 2025 Season, Belgian Cup Final, FIS Nordic World Ski Championships, FISU World University Games, Diamond League, International Island Games, Sukma Games, Paris Summer Olympics, English Premier League, Bundesliga, UEFA European Football Championship, North West 200 Motorcycle Race, World Rowing Cup, MLB (Major League Baseball), UFL (United Football League), and NFL (National Football League), as well as the Republican and Democratic National Conventions in the lead-up to last year's United States presidential election. Rapidly deployable private cellular networks have also been utilized for enhanced communications in UN (United Nations) humanitarian missions, disaster relief operations, and recent military exercises such as the Norwegian military's Joint Viking 2025 exercise in the Arctic Circle; SABAK 2025, a joint exercise of the Philippine Army and USARPAC (U.S. Army Pacific) forces; U.S. Marine Corps' Steel Knight and ITX (Integrated Training Exercise) 1-25; JGSDF's (Japan Ground Self-Defense Force) Nankai Rescue disaster response training drill; and REPMUS, an unmanned systems experimentation exercise led by the Portuguese Navy.

Other examples of high-impact private LTE/5G engagements include but are not limited to multi-site, multi-national private cellular deployments at the facilities of Airbus, Anglo American, BHP, BMW, Boliden, BP, Chevron, Dow, Ford, Glencore, Hutchison Ports, Hyundai, Jaguar Land Rover, John Deere, LG Electronics, Lufthansa, Midea, Newmont, POSCO, Rio Tinto, Tesla, Toyota, Vale, Volkswagen, Walmart, and numerous other household names and industrial giants; service territory-wide private wireless projects of 450connect, Ameren, Cemig, CPFL Energia, EDP Brasil, ESB Networks, Evergy, LCRA (Lower Colorado River Authority), MLGW (Memphis Light, Gas and Water), Neoenergia, PGE (Polish Energy Group), SCE (Southern California Edison), SDG&E (San Diego Gas & Electric), Tampa Electric, TNB (Tenaga Nasional Berhad), Xcel Energy, and other utility companies; local wireless networks at the power plants of EDF, Eletrobras, Enel, KHNP (Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power), and Kyushu Electric Power; Saudi Arabia's $8.7 billion mission-critical broadband network project for the country's defense, law enforcement, and intelligence agencies; Aramco Digital's phased rollout of its nationwide 450 MHz 5G-ready radio network across 50 industrial zones; ADNOC's (Abu Dhabi National Oil Company) buildout of a multi-band private 5G network to connect thousands of remote wells and pipelines over an 11,000 square kilometer area; Tampnet's 5G NR upgrade and vendor swap of 120 base stations and converged 4G-5G packet core deployment across its global offshore mobile network; Equinor's multi-band 5G network upgrade for its offshore installations in the North Sea; Maersk's ongoing deployment of private wireless network equipment on board 450 vessels in its fleet; Gogo Business Aviation's 5G A2G network for inflight connectivity in North America, which spans 2,400 Open RAN-compliant RUs (Radio Units); Sweden's $35 million VGR (Region Vastra Gotaland)-5G initiative for indoor private 5G coverage at over 500 critical properties and hospitals in Vastra Gotaland County; defense sector 5G programs for the adoption of tactical cellular systems and permanent private 5G networks at military bases in the United States, Germany, United Kingdom, France, Spain, Italy, Portugal, Norway, Finland, Qatar, Australia, Japan, South Korea, and Singapore; DB's (Deutsche Bahn) and Adif's rollouts of FRMCS-ready cell sites along major rail routes and 5G campus networks at their maintenance and logistics facilities; and New York City Subway's implementation of a private 5G network to support CBTC (Communications-Based Train Control) operations.

SNS Telecom & IT projects that global spending on private LTE and 5G network infrastructure for vertical industries will grow at a CAGR of approximately 22% between 2025 and 2028, eventually exceeding $7.2 billion by the end of 2028. More than 70% of these investments - an estimated $5.1 billion - will be directed towards the buildout of standalone private 5G networks, which are well-positioned to become the predominant wireless connectivity medium for Industry 4.0 applications in manufacturing and process industries, as well as critical communications over mission-critical broadband networks for sectors such as public safety, defense, utilities, and transportation. This unprecedented level of growth is likely to transform the private RAN, mobile core, and transport network segments into an almost parallel equipment ecosystem to public mobile operator infrastructure in terms of market size by the late 2020s. By 2030, private networks could account for as much as a fourth of all mobile network infrastructure spending.

The "Private LTE & 5G Network Ecosystem: 2025 - 2030 - Opportunities, Challenges, Strategies, Industry Verticals & Forecasts" report presents an in-depth assessment of the private LTE and 5G network ecosystem, including the value chain, market drivers, barriers to uptake, enabling technologies, operational and business models, vertical industries, application scenarios, key trends, future roadmap, standardization, spectrum availability and allocation, regulatory landscape, case studies, ecosystem player profiles, and strategies. The report also presents global and regional market size forecasts from 2025 to 2030. The forecasts cover three infrastructure submarkets, two technology generations, four spectrum licensing models, 16 vertical industries, and five regional markets.

The report comes with an associated Excel datasheet suite covering quantitative data from all numeric forecasts presented in the report, as well as a database of over 8,800 global private LTE/5G engagements - as of Q4'2025.

Table of Contents

Chapter 1: Introduction

• 1.1. Executive Summary
• 1.2. Topics Covered
• 1.3. Forecast Segmentation
• 1.4. Key Questions Answered
• 1.5. Key Findings
• 1.6. Summary of Private LTE/5G Engagements
• 1.7. Methodology
• 1.8. Target Audience

Chapter 2: An Overview of Private LTE & 5G Networks

• 2.1. An Introduction to the 3GPP-Defined LTE & 5G Standards
  • 2.1.1. LTE: The First Global Standard for Cellular Communications
  • 2.1.2. LTE-Advanced: Delivering the Promise of True 4G Performance
  • 2.1.3. LTE-Advanced Pro: Laying the Foundation for the 5G Era
  • 2.1.4. 5G: Accelerating 3GPP Expansion in Vertical Industries
    • 2.1.4.1. 5G Service Profiles
      • 2.1.4.1.1. eMBB (Enhanced Mobile Broadband)
      • 2.1.4.1.2. URLLC (Ultra-Reliable, Low-Latency Communications)
      • 2.1.4.1.3. mMTC/mIoT (Massive Machine-Type Communications/Internet of Things)
  • 2.1.5. 5G-Advanced & the Evolution to 6G
• 2.2. Why Adopt LTE & 5G-Based Private Wireless Networks?
  • 2.2.1. Performance, Mobility, Reliability & Security Characteristics
  • 2.2.2. Ability to Address Both Wide Area & Localized Coverage Needs
  • 2.2.3. Variety of Frequency Bands, Bandwidth Flexibility & Spectral Efficiency
  • 2.2.4. Interworking With Public Mobile Networks & Non-3GPP Technologies
  • 2.2.5. 3GPP Support for Industrial-Grade & Mission-Critical Applications
  • 2.2.6. Future-Proof Transition Path Towards 6G Networks
  • 2.2.7. Thriving Ecosystem of Chipsets, Devices & Network Equipment
  • 2.2.8. Economic Viability of Deployment & Operational Costs
• 2.3. Key Themes Influencing the Adoption of Private LTE & 5G Networks
  • 2.3.1. Critical Communications Broadband Evolution
  • 2.3.2. Industry 4.0-Driven Wireless Connectivity Requirements
  • 2.3.3. Localized Cellular Coverage for Enterprise Transformation Initiatives
  • 2.3.4. Neutral Hosting, Smart Cities, Community Broadband & Other Themes
• 2.4. Practical Aspects of Private LTE & 5G Networks
  • 2.4.1. LTE & 5G Technology Deployment Modes
    • 2.4.1.1. LTE
    • 2.4.1.2. NSA (Non-Standalone) 5G
    • 2.4.1.3. SA (Standalone) 5G
  • 2.4.2. Spectrum Options
    • 2.4.2.1. National Spectrum for Specific Applications
      • 2.4.2.1.1. Defense & PPDR (Public Protection & Disaster Relief)
      • 2.4.2.1.2. Utilities & Critical Infrastructure Industries
      • 2.4.2.1.3. Aviation, Maritime & Railway Communications
      • 2.4.2.1.4. Other Segments
    • 2.4.2.2. Local Area Licensed Spectrum
      • 2.4.2.2.1. Local Area Licenses for Enterprises & Vertical Users
      • 2.4.2.2.2. Local Leasing of Public Mobile Operator Frequencies
      • 2.4.2.2.3. ASA (Authorized Shared Access) & Light Licensing
    • 2.4.2.3. Unlicensed Spectrum
      • 2.4.2.3.1. Designated License-Exempt Bands
      • 2.4.2.3.2. Opportunistic Unlicensed Access
  • 2.4.3. Network Size & Geographic Reach
    • 2.4.3.1. Wide Area Private Cellular Networks
    • 2.4.3.2. Medium-Scale Local Area Networks
    • 2.4.3.3. On-Premise Campus Networks
  • 2.4.4. Operational Scenarios
    • 2.4.4.1. Isolated NPNs (Non-Public Networks)
    • 2.4.4.2. Public Mobile Operator-Integrated NPNs
      • 2.4.4.2.1. Dedicated Mobile Operator RAN Coverage
      • 2.4.4.2.2. Shared RAN With On-Premise Core
      • 2.4.4.2.3. Shared RAN & Control Plane
      • 2.4.4.2.4. NPNs Hosted By Public Networks
    • 2.4.4.3. Virtual Sliced Private Networks
    • 2.4.4.4. Hybrid Public-Private Networks
    • 2.4.4.5. Shared Core Private Networks
    • 2.4.4.6. Secure MVNO (Mobile Virtual Network Operator) Arrangements
    • 2.4.4.7. Other Approaches
  • 2.4.5. Business Models
    • 2.4.5.1. Fully Independent Private Networks
    • 2.4.5.2. Service Provider-Managed Private Networks
    • 2.4.5.3. Hybrid Ownership, Management & Control
    • 2.4.5.4. Private NaaS (Network-as-a-Service)
    • 2.4.5.5. Other Business Models
• 2.5. The Value Chain of Private LTE & 5G Networks
  • 2.5.1. Semiconductor & Enabling Technology Specialists
  • 2.5.2. Terminal OEMs (Original Equipment Manufacturers)
  • 2.5.3. RAN, Core & Transport Infrastructure Suppliers
  • 2.5.4. Service Providers
    • 2.5.4.1. Critical Communications, Industrial, OT & IT System Integrators
    • 2.5.4.2. Pure-Play Private 4G/5G Network Operators
    • 2.5.4.3. National Mobile Operators
    • 2.5.4.4. MVNOs
    • 2.5.4.5. Neutral Hosts
    • 2.5.4.6. Towercos (Tower Companies)
    • 2.5.4.7. Cloud & Edge Platform Providers
    • 2.5.4.8. Fixed-Line Service Providers
    • 2.5.4.9. Fiber Network Operators
    • 2.5.4.10. Satellite Communications Service Providers
  • 2.5.5. End User Organizations
  • 2.5.6. Other Ecosystem Players
• 2.6. Market Drivers
  • 2.6.1. Growing Demand for High-Bandwidth & Low-Latency Wireless Applications
  • 2.6.2. Endorsement From the Critical Communications & Industry 4.0 Sectors
  • 2.6.3. Limited Public Cellular Coverage in Indoor, Industrial & Remote Environments
  • 2.6.4. Availability of Suitable Spectrum Options for Private Use
  • 2.6.5. Guaranteed Connectivity & QoS (Quality-of-Service) Control
  • 2.6.6. Greater Levels of Network Security & Data Privacy
  • 2.6.7. Operators' & Vendors' Desire for New Revenue Sources
  • 2.6.8. Government-Funded 5G Innovation Initiatives
• 2.7. Market Barriers
  • 2.7.1. Cost & ROI (Return-On-Investment) Justification
  • 2.7.2. Technical Complexities of Network Deployment & Operation
  • 2.7.3. Integration With Existing Infrastructure & Applications
  • 2.7.4. Limited Scale Effects Due to Lack of Spectrum Harmonization
  • 2.7.5. Competition From Non-3GPP Technologies & Solutions
  • 2.7.6. LTE/5G Terminal Equipment-Related Challenges
  • 2.7.7. Skills Gap & Shortage of Proficient Engineers
  • 2.7.8. Conservatism & Slow Pace of Change

Chapter 3: Private LTE/5G System Architecture & Technologies

• 3.1. Architectural Components of Private LTE/5G Networks
• 3.2. UE (User Equipment)
  • 3.2.1. Smartphones & Handportable Devices
  • 3.2.2. Industrial-Grade Routers & Gateways
  • 3.2.3. Mobile Hotspots & Vehicular Terminals
  • 3.2.4. Fixed Wireless CPEs (Customer Premises Equipment)
  • 3.2.5. Tablets & Notebook PCs
  • 3.2.6. Smart Wearables
  • 3.2.7. Cellular IoT Modules
  • 3.2.8. Add-On Dongles
• 3.3. RAN (Radio Access Network)
  • 3.3.1. E-UTRAN - LTE RAN
    • 3.3.1.1. eNBs - LTE Base Stations
  • 3.3.2. NG-RAN - 5G NR Access Network
    • 3.3.2.1. gNBs - 5G NR Base Stations
    • 3.3.2.2. en-gNBs - Secondary Node 5G NR Base Stations
    • 3.3.2.3. ng-eNBs - Next-Generation LTE Base Stations
  • 3.3.3. Architectural Components of eNB/gNB Base Stations
    • 3.3.3.1. RUs (Radio Units)
    • 3.3.3.2. Integrated Radio & Baseband Units
    • 3.3.3.3. DUs (Distributed Baseband Units)
    • 3.3.3.4. CUs (Centralized Baseband Units)
• 3.4. Mobile Core
  • 3.4.1. EPC (Evolved Packet Core): LTE Mobile Core
    • 3.4.1.1. SGW (Serving Gateway)
    • 3.4.1.2. PGW (Packet Data Network Gateway)
    • 3.4.1.3. MME (Mobility Management Entity)
    • 3.4.1.4. HSS (Home Subscriber Server)
    • 3.4.1.5. PCRF (Policy Charging & Rules Function)
  • 3.4.2. 5GC (5G Core): Core Network for Standalone 5G Implementations
    • 3.4.2.1. Access, Mobility & Session Management
      • 3.4.2.1.1. AMF (Access & Mobility Management Function)
      • 3.4.2.1.2. SMF (Session Management Function)
      • 3.4.2.1.3. UPF (User Plane Function)
    • 3.4.2.2. Subscription & Data Management
      • 3.4.2.2.1. AUSF (Authentication Server Function)
      • 3.4.2.2.2. AAnF (AKMA Anchor Function)
      • 3.4.2.2.3. UDM (Unified Data Management)
      • 3.4.2.2.4. UDR (Unified Data Repository)
      • 3.4.2.2.5. UDSF (Unstructured Data Storage Function)
      • 3.4.2.2.6. UCMF (UE Radio Capability Management Function)
      • 3.4.2.2.7. 5G-EIR (5G Equipment Identity Register)
    • 3.4.2.3. Policy & Charging
      • 3.4.2.3.1. PCF (Policy Control Function)
      • 3.4.2.3.2. CHF (Charging Function)
    • 3.4.2.4. Signaling & Routing
      • 3.4.2.4.1. SCP (Service Communication Proxy)
      • 3.4.2.4.2. SEPP (Security Edge Protection Proxy)
      • 3.4.2.4.3. BSF (Binding Support Function)
    • 3.4.2.5. Network Resource Management
      • 3.4.2.5.1. NEF (Network Exposure Function)
      • 3.4.2.5.2. NRF (Network Repository Function)
      • 3.4.2.5.3. NSSF (Network Slice Selection Function)
      • 3.4.2.5.4. NSSAAF (Network Slice-Specific & SNPN Authentication-Authorization Function)
      • 3.4.2.5.5. NSACF (Network Slice Admission Control Function)
    • 3.4.2.6. Data Analytics & Automation
      • 3.4.2.6.1. NWDAF (Network Data Analytics Function)
      • 3.4.2.6.2. AnLF (Analytics Logical Function)
      • 3.4.2.6.3. MTLF (Model Training Logical Function)
      • 3.4.2.6.4. DCCF (Data Collection Coordination Function)
      • 3.4.2.6.5. ADRF (Analytics Data Repository Function)
      • 3.4.2.6.6. MFAF (Messaging Framework Adaptor Function)
      • 3.4.2.6.7. MDAF (Management Data Analytics Function)
    • 3.4.2.7. Location Services
      • 3.4.2.7.1. LMF (Location Management Function)
      • 3.4.2.7.2. GMLC (Gateway Mobile Location Center)
    • 3.4.2.8. Application Enablement
      • 3.4.2.8.1. AFs (Application Functions)
      • 3.4.2.8.2. SMSF (Short Message Service Function)
      • 3.4.2.8.3. CBCF (Cell Broadcast Center Function)
      • 3.4.2.8.4. 5G DDNMF (5G Direct Discovery Name Management Function)
      • 3.4.2.8.5. TSCTSF (Time-Sensitive Communication & Time Synchronization Function)
      • 3.4.2.8.6. TSN AF (Time-Sensitive Networking Application Function)
      • 3.4.2.8.7. EASDF (Edge Application Server Discovery Function)
    • 3.4.2.9. Multicast-Broadcast Support
      • 3.4.2.9.1. MB-SMF (Multicast-Broadcast SMF)
      • 3.4.2.9.2. MB-UPF (Multicast-Broadcast UPF)
      • 3.4.2.9.3. MBSF (Multicast-Broadcast Service Function)
      • 3.4.2.9.4. MBSTF (Multicast-Broadcast Service Transport Function)
• 3.5. Transport Network
  • 3.5.1. Fronthaul: RU-to-DU Transport
  • 3.5.2. Midhaul: DU-to-CU Transport
  • 3.5.3. Backhaul: RAN-to-Core Transport
  • 3.5.4. Physical Transmission Mediums
    • 3.5.4.1. Fiber & Wireline Transport Technologies
      • 3.5.4.1.1. Owned, Lit & Dark Fiber
      • 3.5.4.1.2. Ethernet & IP-Based Transport
      • 3.5.4.1.3. WDM (Wavelength Division Multiplexing)
      • 3.5.4.1.4. PON (Passive Optical Network)
      • 3.5.4.1.5. OTN (Optical Transport Network)
      • 3.5.4.1.6. DOCSIS, G.fast & Other Technologies
    • 3.5.4.2. Microwave & mmWave (Millimeter Wave) Wireless Links
      • 3.5.4.2.1. Traditional Bands (6 - 42 GHz)
      • 3.5.4.2.2. V-Band (60 GHz)
      • 3.5.4.2.3. E-Band (70/80 GHz)
      • 3.5.4.2.4. W-Band (92 - 114.25 GHz)
      • 3.5.4.2.5. D-Band (130 - 174.8 GHz)
    • 3.5.4.3. Satellite Communications
      • 3.5.4.3.1. GEO (Geostationary Earth Orbit)
      • 3.5.4.3.2. MEO (Medium Earth Orbit)
      • 3.5.4.3.3. LEO (Low Earth Orbit)
• 3.6. Services & Interconnectivity
  • 3.6.1. End User Application Services
    • 3.6.1.1. Generic Broadband, Messaging & IoT Services
    • 3.6.1.2. IMS Core: VoLTE-VoNR (Voice-Over-LTE/5G NR) & MMTel (Multimedia Telephony)
    • 3.6.1.3. MBMS, eMBMS, FeMBMS & 5G MBS/5MBS (5G Multicast-Broadcast Services)
    • 3.6.1.4. Group Communications & MCS (Mission-Critical Services)
    • 3.6.1.5. IIoT (Industrial IoT), Cyber-Physical Control & Domain-Specific Connected Services
    • 3.6.1.6. ProSe (Proximity-Based Services) for Direct D2D (Device-to-Device) Discovery & Communications
    • 3.6.1.7. Vehicular, Aviation, Maritime & Railway-Related Applications
    • 3.6.1.8. 3GPP Service Frameworks for Vertical Industries
      • 3.6.1.8.1. CAPIF (Common API Framework)
      • 3.6.1.8.2. SEAL (Service Enabler Architecture Layer for Verticals)
      • 3.6.1.8.3. EDGEAPP (Architecture for Enabling Edge Applications)
    • 3.6.1.9. VAL (Vertical Application Layer) Enablers
      • 3.6.1.9.1. V2X (Vehicle-to-Everything)
      • 3.6.1.9.2. UAS (Uncrewed Aerial Systems)
      • 3.6.1.9.3. 5GMARCH/MSGin5G (Messaging in 5G)
      • 3.6.1.9.4. FF (Factories of the Future)
      • 3.6.1.9.5. PINAPP (Personal IoT Networks), XR (Extended Reality) & Others
  • 3.6.2. Interconnectivity With 3GPP & Non-3GPP Networks
    • 3.6.2.1. 3GPP Roaming & Service Continuity
      • 3.6.2.1.1. National & International Roaming
      • 3.6.2.1.2. Service Continuity Outside Network Footprint
    • 3.6.2.2. Non-3GPP Network Integration
      • 3.6.2.2.1. ePDG (Evolved Packet Data Gateway)
      • 3.6.2.2.2. TWAG/TWAP (Trusted WLAN Access Gateway/Proxy)
      • 3.6.2.2.3. ANDSF (Access Network Discovery & Selection Function)
      • 3.6.2.2.4. N3IWF (Non-3GPP Interworking Function)
      • 3.6.2.2.5. TNGF (Trusted Non-3GPP Gateway Function)
      • 3.6.2.2.6. TWIF (Trusted WLAN Interworking Function)
      • 3.6.2.2.7. NSWOF (Non-Seamless WLAN Offload Function)
      • 3.6.2.2.8. W-AGF (Wireline Access Gateway Function)
      • 3.6.2.2.9. IWF (Interworking Function) for LMR (Land Mobile Radio)
      • 3.6.2.2.10. ATSSS (Access Traffic Steering, Switching & Splitting)
• 3.7. Key Enabling Technologies & Concepts
  • 3.7.1. 3GPP Support for NPNs (Non-Public Networks)
    • 3.7.1.1. Types of NPNs
      • 3.7.1.1.1. SNPNs (Standalone NPNs)
      • 3.7.1.1.2. PNI-NPNs (Public Network-Integrated NPNs)
    • 3.7.1.2. SNPN Identification & Selection
    • 3.7.1.3. PNI-NPN Resource Allocation & Isolation
    • 3.7.1.4. CAG (Closed Access Group) for Cell Access Control
    • 3.7.1.5. Mobility, Roaming & Service Continuity
    • 3.7.1.6. Interworking Between SNPNs & Public Networks
    • 3.7.1.7. UE Configuration & Subscription-Related Aspects
    • 3.7.1.8. Other 3GPP-Defined Capabilities for NPNs
  • 3.7.2. Critical Communications
    • 3.7.2.1. MCX (Mission-Critical PTT, Video & Data)
    • 3.7.2.2. QPP (QoS, Priority & Preemption)
    • 3.7.2.3. IOPS (Isolated Operation for Public Safety)
    • 3.7.2.4. Cell Site & Infrastructure Hardening
    • 3.7.2.5. HPUE (High-Power User Equipment)
    • 3.7.2.6. Other UE-Related Functional Enhancements
  • 3.7.3. Industry 4.0 & Cellular IoT
    • 3.7.3.1. URLLC Techniques: High-Reliability & Low-Latency Enablers
    • 3.7.3.2. 5G LAN (Local Area Network)-Type Service
    • 3.7.3.3. Integration With IEEE 802.1 TSN (Time-Sensitive Networking) Systems
    • 3.7.3.4. Native 3GPP Framework for TSC (Time-Sensitive Communications)
    • 3.7.3.5. Support for IETF DetNet (Deterministic Networking)
    • 3.7.3.6. 5G NR Light: RedCap (Reduced Capability) UE Type
    • 3.7.3.7. eRedCap (Enhanced RedCap) for Low-Tier Use Cases
    • 3.7.3.8. Ambient IoT Technology Supporting Battery-Less Operation
    • 3.7.3.9. eMTC, NB-IoT & mMTC: LTE-Based Wide Area & High-Density IoT Applications
  • 3.7.4. High-Precision Positioning
    • 3.7.4.1. Assisted-GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System)
    • 3.7.4.2. RAN-Based Positioning Techniques
    • 3.7.4.3. RAN-Independent Methods
  • 3.7.5. Edge Computing
    • 3.7.5.1. Optimizing Latency, Service Performance & Backhaul Costs
    • 3.7.5.2. 3GPP-Defined Features for Edge Computing Support
    • 3.7.5.3. Public vs. Private Edge Computing
  • 3.7.6. Network Slicing
    • 3.7.6.1. Logical Partitioning of Network Resources
    • 3.7.6.2. 3GPP Functions, Identifiers & Procedures for Slicing
    • 3.7.6.3. RAN Slicing
    • 3.7.6.4. Mobile Core Slicing
    • 3.7.6.5. Transport Network Slicing
    • 3.7.6.6. UE-Based Network Slicing Features
    • 3.7.6.7. Management & Orchestration Aspects
  • 3.7.7. Network Sharing
    • 3.7.7.1. Service-Specific PLMN (Public Land Mobile Network) IDs
    • 3.7.7.2. DNN (Data Network Name)/APN (Access Point Name)-Based Isolation
    • 3.7.7.3. GWCN (Gateway Core Network): Core Network Sharing
    • 3.7.7.4. MOCN (Multi-Operator Core Network): RAN & Spectrum Sharing
    • 3.7.7.5. MORAN (Multi-Operator RAN): RAN Sharing Without Spectrum Pooling
    • 3.7.7.6. DECOR (Dedicated Core) & eDECOR (Enhanced DECOR)
    • 3.7.7.7. Roaming in Non-Overlapping Service Areas
    • 3.7.7.8. Passive Sharing of Infrastructure Resources
  • 3.7.8. E2E (End-to-End) Security
    • 3.7.8.1. UE Authentication Framework
    • 3.7.8.2. Subscriber Privacy
    • 3.7.8.3. Air Interface Confidentiality & Integrity
    • 3.7.8.4. Resilience Against Radio Jamming
    • 3.7.8.5. RAN, Core & Transport Network Security
    • 3.7.8.6. Security Aspects of Network Slicing
    • 3.7.8.7. Application Domain Protection
    • 3.7.8.8. Other Security Considerations
  • 3.7.9. Shared & Unlicensed Spectrum
    • 3.7.9.1. CBRS (Citizens Broadband Radio Service): Three-Tiered Sharing
    • 3.7.9.2. LSA (Licensed Shared Access) & eLSA (Evolved LSA): Two-Tiered Sharing
    • 3.7.9.3. AFC (Automated Frequency Coordination): License-Exempt Sharing
    • 3.7.9.4. Local Area Licensing of Shared Spectrum
    • 3.7.9.5. LTE-U, LAA (Licensed Assisted Access), eLAA (Enhanced LAA) & FeLAA (Further Enhanced LAA)
    • 3.7.9.6. MulteFire: Standalone LTE Operation in Unlicensed Spectrum
    • 3.7.9.7. License-Exempt 1.9 GHz sXGP (Shared Extended Global Platform)
    • 3.7.9.8. 5G NR-U (NR in Unlicensed Spectrum)
  • 3.7.10. Rapidly Deployable LTE & 5G Network Systems
    • 3.7.10.1. NIB (Network-in-a-Box) Systems
    • 3.7.10.2. Vehicular COWs (Cells-on-Wheels)
    • 3.7.10.3. Aerial Cell Sites
    • 3.7.10.4. Maritime Cellular Platforms
  • 3.7.11. Direct Communications & Coverage Expansion
    • 3.7.11.1. Sidelink for Direct Mode D2D Communications
    • 3.7.11.2. UE-to-Network & UE-to-UE Relays
    • 3.7.11.3. Indoor & Outdoor Small Cells
    • 3.7.11.4. DAS (Distributed Antenna Systems)
    • 3.7.11.5. IAB (Integrated Access & Backhaul)
    • 3.7.11.6. Mobile IAB: VMRs (Vehicle-Mounted Relays)
    • 3.7.11.7. MWAB (Mobile gNB With Wireless Access Backhauling)
    • 3.7.11.8. NCRs (Network-Controlled Repeaters)
    • 3.7.11.9. NTNs (Non-Terrestrial Networks)
    • 3.7.11.10. ATG/A2G (Air-to-Ground) Connectivity
  • 3.7.12. Cloud-Native, Software-Driven & Open Networking
    • 3.7.12.1. Cloud-Native Technologies
    • 3.7.12.2. Microservices & SBA (Service-Based Architecture)
    • 3.7.12.3. Containerization of Network Functions
    • 3.7.12.4. NFV (Network Functions Virtualization)
    • 3.7.12.5. SDN (Software-Defined Networking)
    • 3.7.12.6. Cloud Compute, Storage & Networking Infrastructure
    • 3.7.12.7. APIs (Application Programming Interfaces)
    • 3.7.12.8. Open RAN & Core Architectures
  • 3.7.13. Network Intelligence & Automation
    • 3.7.13.1. AI (Artificial Intelligence)
    • 3.7.13.2. Machine & Deep Learning
    • 3.7.13.3. Big Data & Advanced Analytics
    • 3.7.13.4. SON (Self-Organizing Networks)
    • 3.7.13.5. Intelligent Control, Management & Orchestration
    • 3.7.13.6. Support for Network Intelligence & Automation in 3GPP Standards

Chapter 4: Key Vertical Industries & Applications

• 4.1. Cross-Sector & Enterprise Application Capabilities
  • 4.1.1. Mobile Broadband
  • 4.1.2. FWA (Fixed Wireless Access)
  • 4.1.3. Voice & Messaging Services
  • 4.1.4. High-Definition Video Transmission
  • 4.1.5. Telepresence & Video Conferencing
  • 4.1.6. Multimedia Broadcasting & Multicasting
  • 4.1.7. IoT (Internet of Things) Networking
  • 4.1.8. Wireless Connectivity for Wearables
  • 4.1.9. Untethered AR/VR/MR (Augmented, Virtual & Mixed Reality)
  • 4.1.10. Real-Time Holographic Projections
  • 4.1.11. Tactile Internet & Haptic Feedback
  • 4.1.12. Precise Positioning & Tracking
  • 4.1.13. Industrial Automation
  • 4.1.14. Remote Control of Machines
  • 4.1.15. Connected Mobile Robotics
  • 4.1.16. Unmanned & Autonomous Vehicles
  • 4.1.17. BVLOS (Beyond Visual Line-of-Sight) Operation of Drones
  • 4.1.18. Data-Driven Analytics & Insights
  • 4.1.19. Sensor-Equipped Digital Twins
  • 4.1.20. Predictive Maintenance of Assets
• 4.2. Vertical Industries & Specific Application Scenarios
  • 4.2.1. Agriculture
    • 4.2.1.1. Intelligent Monitoring of Crop, Soil & Weather Conditions
    • 4.2.1.2. IoT & Advanced Analytics-Driven Yield Optimization
    • 4.2.1.3. Sensor-Based Smart Irrigation Control Systems
    • 4.2.1.4. Real-Time Tracking & Geofencing in Farms
    • 4.2.1.5. Livestock & Aquaculture Health Management
    • 4.2.1.6. Video-Based Remote Veterinary Inspections
    • 4.2.1.7. Unmanned Autonomous Tractors & Farm Vehicles
    • 4.2.1.8. Robots for Planting, Weeding & Harvesting
    • 4.2.1.9. 5G-Equipped Agricultural Drones
    • 4.2.1.10. Connected Greenhouses & Vertical Farms
  • 4.2.2. Aviation
    • 4.2.2.1. Inflight Connectivity for Passengers & Cabin Crew
    • 4.2.2.2. Connected Airports for Enhanced Traveler & Visitor Experience
    • 4.2.2.3. Coordination of Ground Support Equipment, Vehicles & Personnel
    • 4.2.2.4. ATM (Air Traffic Management) for Drones & Urban Air Mobility Vehicles
    • 4.2.2.5. Wireless Upload of EFB (Electronic Flight Bag) & IFE (In-Flight Entertainment) Updates
    • 4.2.2.6. Aircraft Data Offload for Operational & Maintenance Purposes
    • 4.2.2.7. Video Surveillance of Airport Surface & Terminal Areas
    • 4.2.2.8. 5G-Enabled Remote Inspection & Repair of Aircraft
    • 4.2.2.9. Navigation, Weather & Other IoT Sensors
    • 4.2.2.10. Smart Baggage Handling
    • 4.2.2.11. Asset Awareness & Tracking
    • 4.2.2.12. Passenger Flow & Resource Management
    • 4.2.2.13. Automation of Check-In & Boarding Procedures
    • 4.2.2.14. Intelligent Airport Service Robots
  • 4.2.3. Broadcasting
    • 4.2.3.1. 3GPP-Based PMSE (Program Making & Special Events)
    • 4.2.3.2. Live AV (Audio-Visual) Media Production Using NPNs
    • 4.2.3.3. Private 5G-Enabled Production in Remote Locations
    • 4.2.3.4. Network Slicing for Contribution Feeds
    • 4.2.3.5. Wire-Free Cameras & Microphones
    • 4.2.3.6. Multicast & Broadcast Content Distribution
  • 4.2.4. Construction
    • 4.2.4.1. Wireless Connectivity for Construction Sites & Field Offices
    • 4.2.4.2. Instantaneous Access to Business-Critical Applications
    • 4.2.4.3. 5G-Based Remote Control of Heavy Machinery
    • 4.2.4.4. Autonomous Mobile Robots for Construction
    • 4.2.4.5. IoT Sensor-Driven Maintenance of Equipment
    • 4.2.4.6. Video Surveillance & Analytics for Site Security
    • 4.2.4.7. Real-Time Visibility of Personnel, Assets & Materials
    • 4.2.4.8. Aerial Surveying & Monitoring of Construction Sites
  • 4.2.5. Education
    • 4.2.5.1. Remote & Distance Learning Services
    • 4.2.5.2. Mobile Access to Academic Resources
    • 4.2.5.3. 5G-Connected Smart Classrooms
    • 4.2.5.4. Automation of Administrative Tasks
    • 4.2.5.5. Personalized & Engaging Learning
    • 4.2.5.6. AR/VR-Based Immersive Lessons
    • 4.2.5.7. 5G-Enabled Virtual Field Trips
    • 4.2.5.8. Educational Telepresence Robots
  • 4.2.6. Forestry
    • 4.2.6.1. Wireless Connectivity for Forestry Operations & Recreation
    • 4.2.6.2. 5G-Facilitated Teleoperation of Forestry Equipment
    • 4.2.6.3. Autonomous Harvesting & Milling Machinery
    • 4.2.6.4. Real-Time Tracking of Equipment, Vehicles & Personnel
    • 4.2.6.5. Cellular IoT Sensors for Biological & Environmental Monitoring
    • 4.2.6.6. Wireless Cameras for Wildlife Observation, Conservation & Security
    • 4.2.6.7. Early Wildfire Detection & Containment Systems
    • 4.2.6.8. Drones for Search & Rescue Operations
  • 4.2.7. Healthcare
    • 4.2.7.1. 5G-Connected Smart Hospitals & Healthcare Facilities
    • 4.2.7.2. Wireless Transmission of Medical Imagery & Rich Datasets
    • 4.2.7.3. Real-Time Monitoring of Patients in Acute & Intensive Care
    • 4.2.7.4. Telehealth Video Consultations for Visual Assessment
    • 4.2.7.5. Connectivity for AI-Based Healthcare Applications
    • 4.2.7.6. AR Systems for Complex Medical Procedures
    • 4.2.7.7. Remote-Controlled Surgery & Examination
    • 4.2.7.8. Assisted Living & Rehabilitation Robotics
    • 4.2.7.9. Immersive VR-Based Medical & Surgical Training
    • 4.2.7.10. Connected Ambulances for EMS (Emergency Medical Services)
  • 4.2.8. Manufacturing
    • 4.2.8.1. Untethered Connectivity for Production & Process Automation
    • 4.2.8.2. Wireless Motion Control & C2C (Control-to-Control) Communications
    • 4.2.8.3. Cellular-Equipped Mobile Control Panels
    • 4.2.8.4. Mobile Robots & AGVs (Automated Guided Vehicles)
    • 4.2.8.5. Autonomous Forklifts & Warehouse Robotics
    • 4.2.8.6. AR-Facilitated Factory Floor Operations
    • 4.2.8.7. Machine Vision-Based Quality Inspection
    • 4.2.8.8. Closed-Loop Process Control
    • 4.2.8.9. Process & Environmental Monitoring
    • 4.2.8.10. Precise Indoor Positioning for Asset Management
    • 4.2.8.11. Remote Access & Maintenance of Equipment
  • 4.2.9. Military
    • 4.2.9.1. 5G-Based Tactical Battlefield Communications
    • 4.2.9.2. Smart Military Bases & Command Posts
    • 4.2.9.3. ISR (Intelligence, Surveillance & Reconnaissance)
    • 4.2.9.4. Command & Control of Weapon Systems
    • 4.2.9.5. Remote Operation of Robotics & Unmanned Assets
    • 4.2.9.6. AR HUD (Heads-Up Display) Systems
    • 4.2.9.7. Wireless VR/MR-Based Military Training
    • 4.2.9.8. Perimeter Security & Force Protection
  • 4.2.10. Mining
    • 4.2.10.1. Safety-Critical Communications in Remote Mining Environments
    • 4.2.10.2. Wireless Control of Drilling, Excavation & Related Equipment
    • 4.2.10.3. Automated Loading, Haulage & Train Operations
    • 4.2.10.4. Video-Based Monitoring of Personnel & Assets
    • 4.2.10.5. Underground Positioning & Geofencing
    • 4.2.10.6. Smart Ventilation & Water Management
    • 4.2.10.7. Real-Time Operational Intelligence
    • 4.2.10.8. AR & VR for Mining Operations
  • 4.2.11. Oil & Gas
    • 4.2.11.1. Wireless Connectivity for Remote Exploration & Production Sites
    • 4.2.11.2. Critical Voice & Data-Based Mobile Workforce Communications
    • 4.2.11.3. Push-to-Video & Telepresence Conferencing for Field Operations
    • 4.2.11.4. Cellular-Equipped Surveillance Cameras for Situational Awareness
    • 4.2.11.5. IoT Sensor-Enabled Remote Monitoring & Automation of Processes
    • 4.2.11.6. SCADA (Supervisory Control & Data Acquisition) Communications
    • 4.2.11.7. Location Services for Worker Safety & Asset Tracking
    • 4.2.11.8. AR Smart Helmets for Hands-Free Remote Assistance
    • 4.2.11.9. Predictive Maintenance of Oil & Gas Facilities
    • 4.2.11.10. Mobile Robots for Safety Hazard Inspections
  • 4.2.12. Ports & Maritime Transport
    • 4.2.12.1. Critical Communications for Port Workers
    • 4.2.12.2. Automation of Port & Terminal Operations
    • 4.2.12.3. 5G-Connected AGVs for Container Transport
    • 4.2.12.4. Remote-Controlled Cranes & Terminal Tractors
    • 4.2.12.5. Video Analytics for Operational Purposes
    • 4.2.12.6. Environmental & Condition Monitoring
    • 4.2.12.7. Port Traffic Management & Control
    • 4.2.12.8. AR & VR Applications for Port Digitization
    • 4.2.12.9. Unmanned Aerial Inspections of Port Facilities
    • 4.2.12.10. Private Cellular-Enabled Maritime Communications
    • 4.2.12.11. Wireless Ship-to-Shore Connectivity in Nearshore Waters
    • 4.2.12.12. 5G-Facilitated Remote Steering of Unmanned Vessels
  • 4.2.13. Public Safety
    • 4.2.13.1. Mission-Critical PTT Voice Communications
    • 4.2.13.2. Real-Time Video & High-Resolution Imagery
    • 4.2.13.3. Messaging, File Transfer & Presence Services
    • 4.2.13.4. Secure & Seamless Mobile Broadband Access
    • 4.2.13.5. Location-Based Services & Enhanced Mapping
    • 4.2.13.6. Multimedia CAD (Computer-Aided Dispatch)
    • 4.2.13.7. Massive-Scale Video Surveillance & Analytics
    • 4.2.13.8. Smart Glasses & AR Headgear for First Responders
    • 4.2.13.9. 5G-Equipped Police, Firefighting & Rescue Robots
    • 4.2.13.10. 5G MBS/5MBS in High-Density Environments
    • 4.2.13.11. Sidelink-Based Direct Mode Communications
  • 4.2.14. Railways
    • 4.2.14.1. FRMCS (Future Railway Mobile Communication System)
    • 4.2.14.2. Train-to-Ground & Train-to-Train Connectivity
    • 4.2.14.3. Wireless Intra-Train Communications
    • 4.2.14.4. Rail Operations-Critical Voice, Data & Video Services
    • 4.2.14.5. ATO (Automatic Train Operation) & Traffic Management
    • 4.2.14.6. Video Surveillance for Operational Safety & Security
    • 4.2.14.7. Smart Maintenance of Railway Infrastructure
    • 4.2.14.8. Intelligent Management of Logistics Facilities
    • 4.2.14.9. Onboard Broadband Internet Access
    • 4.2.14.10. PIS (Passenger Information Systems)
    • 4.2.14.11. Smart Rail & Metro Station Services
  • 4.2.15. Utilities
    • 4.2.15.1. Multi-Service FANs (Field Area Networks)
    • 4.2.15.2. Critical Applications for Field Workforce Communications
    • 4.2.15.3. AMI (Advanced Metering Infrastructure)
    • 4.2.15.4. DA (Distribution Automation) Systems
    • 4.2.15.5. Microgrid & DER (Distributed Energy Resource) Integration
    • 4.2.15.6. 5G-Enabled VPPs (Virtual Power Plants)
    • 4.2.15.7. Low-Latency SCADA Applications for Utilities
    • 4.2.15.8. Teleprotection of Transmission & Distribution Grids
    • 4.2.15.9. Video Monitoring for Critical Infrastructure Protection
    • 4.2.15.10. Sensor-Based Detection of Water & Gas Leaks
    • 4.2.15.11. AR Information Overlays for Repairs & Maintenance
    • 4.2.15.12. Drone & Robot-Assisted Inspections of Utility Assets
    • 4.2.15.13. Local Wireless Connectivity for Remote & Offshore Facilities
  • 4.2.16. Warehousing & Other Verticals

Chapter 5: Spectrum Availability, Allocation & Usage

• 5.1. National & Local Area Licensed Spectrum
  • 5.1.1. Low-Band (Sub-1 GHz)
    • 5.1.1.1. 200 - 400 MHz
    • 5.1.1.2. 410 & 450 MHz
    • 5.1.1.3. 600 MHz
    • 5.1.1.4. 700 MHz
    • 5.1.1.5. 800 MHz
    • 5.1.1.6. 900 MHz
  • 5.1.2. Mid-Band (1 - 6 GHz)
    • 5.1.2.1. 1.4 GHz
    • 5.1.2.2. 1.6 GHz
    • 5.1.2.3. 1.7 GHz
    • 5.1.2.4. 1.8 GHz
    • 5.1.2.5. 1.9 GHz
    • 5.1.2.6. 2.1 GHz
    • 5.1.2.7. 2.3 GHz
    • 5.1.2.8. 2.4 GHz
    • 5.1.2.9. 2.5 GHz
    • 5.1.2.10. 2.6 GHz
    • 5.1.2.11. 3.4 GHz
    • 5.1.2.12. 3.5 GHz CBRS PAL Tier
    • 5.1.2.13. 3.7 - 3.8 GHz
    • 5.1.2.14. 3.8 - 4.2 GHz
    • 5.1.2.15. 4.6 - 4.9 GHz
    • 5.1.2.16. Other Bands
  • 5.1.3. Upper Mid-Band (7 - 24 GHz)
    • 5.1.3.1. 7 GHz
    • 5.1.3.2. 10 - 14 GHz
    • 5.1.3.3. 17 - 20 GHz
    • 5.1.3.4. Other Bands
  • 5.1.4. High-Band mmWave (Millimeter Wave)
    • 5.1.4.1. 26 GHz
    • 5.1.4.2. 28 GHz
    • 5.1.4.3. 37 GHz
    • 5.1.4.4. Other Bands
• 5.2. License-Exempt (Unlicensed) Spectrum
  • 5.2.1. Sub-1 GHz Bands (470 - 790/800/900 MHz)
  • 5.2.2. 1.8 GHz DECT Guard Band
  • 5.2.3. 1.9 GHz sXGP Band
  • 5.2.4. 2.4 GHz (2,400 - 2,483.5 MHz)
  • 5.2.5. 3.5 GHz CBRS GAA Tier
  • 5.2.6. 5 GHz (5,150 - 5,925 MHz)
  • 5.2.7. 6 GHz (5,925 - 7,125 MHz)
  • 5.2.8. 60 GHz (57 - 71 GHz)
  • 5.2.9. Other Bands
• 5.3. North America
  • 5.3.1. United States
  • 5.3.2. Canada
• 5.4. Asia Pacific
  • 5.4.1. Australia
  • 5.4.2. New Zealand
  • 5.4.3. China
  • 5.4.4. Hong Kong
  • 5.4.5. Taiwan
  • 5.4.6. Japan
  • 5.4.7. South Korea
  • 5.4.8. Singapore
  • 5.4.9. Malaysia
  • 5.4.10. Indonesia
  • 5.4.11. Philippines
  • 5.4.12. Thailand
  • 5.4.13. Vietnam
  • 5.4.14. Laos
  • 5.4.15. Myanmar
  • 5.4.16. India
  • 5.4.17. Pakistan
  • 5.4.18. Bangladesh
  • 5.4.19. Sri Lanka
  • 5.4.20. Rest of Asia Pacific
• 5.5. Europe
  • 5.5.1. United Kingdom
    • 5.5.1.1. Great Britain
    • 5.5.1.2. Northern Ireland
  • 5.5.2. Republic of Ireland
  • 5.5.3. France
  • 5.5.4. Germany
  • 5.5.5. Belgium
  • 5.5.6. Netherlands
  • 5.5.7. Switzerland
  • 5.5.8. Austria
  • 5.5.9. Italy
  • 5.5.10. Spain
  • 5.5.11. Portugal
  • 5.5.12. Sweden
  • 5.5.13. Norway
  • 5.5.14. Denmark
  • 5.5.15. Finland
  • 5.5.16. Estonia
  • 5.5.17. Latvia
  • 5.5.18. Lithuania
  • 5.5.19. Czech Republic
  • 5.5.20. Poland
  • 5.5.21. Hungary
  • 5.5.22. Slovenia
  • 5.5.23. Croatia
  • 5.5.24. Turkiye
  • 5.5.25. Cyprus
  • 5.5.26. Greece
  • 5.5.27. Bulgaria
  • 5.5.28. Romania
  • 5.5.29. Moldova
  • 5.5.30. Ukraine
  • 5.5.31. Belarus
  • 5.5.32. Russia
  • 5.5.33. Rest of Europe
• 5.6. Middle East & Africa
  • 5.6.1. Saudi Arabia
  • 5.6.2. United Arab Emirates
  • 5.6.3. Qatar
  • 5.6.4. Oman
  • 5.6.5. Bahrain
  • 5.6.6. Kuwait
  • 5.6.7. Iraq
  • 5.6.8. Jordan
  • 5.6.9. Israel
  • 5.6.10. Egypt
  • 5.6.11. Algeria
  • 5.6.12. Morocco
  • 5.6.13. Tunisia
  • 5.6.14. South Africa
  • 5.6.15. Botswana
  • 5.6.16. Zambia
  • 5.6.17. Angola
  • 5.6.18. Kenya
  • 5.6.19. Ethiopia
  • 5.6.20. Angola
  • 5.6.21. Republic of the Congo
  • 5.6.22. Gabon
  • 5.6.23. Nigeria
  • 5.6.24. Uganda
  • 5.6.25. Ghana
  • 5.6.26. Senegal
  • 5.6.27. Rest of the Middle East & Africa
• 5.7. Latin & Central America
  • 5.7.1. Brazil
  • 5.7.2. Mexico
  • 5.7.3. Argentina
  • 5.7.4. Colombia
  • 5.7.5. Chile
  • 5.7.6. Peru
  • 5.7.7. Ecuador
  • 5.7.8. Bolivia
  • 5.7.9. Dominican Republic
  • 5.7.10. Bardados
  • 5.7.11. Trinidad & Tobago
  • 5.7.12. Suriname
  • 5.7.13. Rest of Latin & Central America

Chapter 6: Standardization, Regulatory & Collaborative Initiatives

• 6.1. 3GPP (Third Generation Partnership Project)
  • 6.1.1. Releases 11-14: 3GPP-Based Critical Communications Features
  • 6.1.2. Release 15: 5G eMBB, Network Slicing, Improvements for MTC/IoT & MCX Extensions
  • 6.1.3. Release 16: 3GPP Support for NPNs, 5G URLLC, TSN, NR-U & Vertical Application Enablers
  • 6.1.4. Release 17: NPN Enhancements, Edge Computing, TSC, Expansion of IIoT Features, RedCap & NTN Connectivity
  • 6.1.5. Release 18: 5G-Advanced, Further NPN Refinements, DetNet, Intelligent Automation, Spectrum Flexibility & eRedCap
  • 6.1.6. Release 19 & Beyond: 5G NR Femto Architecture, MWAB, IOPS Over 5G, ProSe in NPNs, Ambient IoT & Regenerative NTN
• 6.2. 450 MHz Alliance
  • 6.2.1. Promoting 3GPP Technologies in the 380 - 470 MHz Frequency Range
• 6.3. 5G-ACIA (5G Alliance for Connected Industries and Automation)
  • 6.3.1. Maximizing the Applicability of 5G Technology in the Industrial Domain
• 6.4. 5GAIA (5G Applications Industry Array)
  • 6.4.1. Advancing the Development of China's 5G Applications Industry
• 6.5. 5G Campus Network Alliance
  • 6.5.1. Supporting the Market Development of 5G Campus Networks in Germany
• 6.6. 5GDNA (5G Deterministic Networking Alliance)
  • 6.6.1. Industry Collaboration & Promotion of 5GDN (5G Deterministic Networking)
• 6.7. 5GFF (5G Future Forum)
  • 6.7.1. Accelerating the Delivery of 5G MEC (Multi-Access Edge Computing) Solutions
• 6.8. 5G Forum (South Korea)
  • 6.8.1. Expanding Convergence Between 5G Technology & Vertical Industries
• 6.9. 5G Health Association
  • 6.9.1. Interfacing 5G-Based Connectivity & Healthcare Applications
• 6.10. 5G-MAG (5G Media Action Group)
  • 6.10.1. 5G-Based NPNs in Media Production
• 6.11. 5GMF (Fifth Generation Mobile Communication Promotion Forum, Japan)
  • 6.11.1. Initiatives Related to Local 5G Networks in Japan
• 6.12. 5G-OT Alliance
  • 6.12.1. Accelerating Private LTE/5G Adoption in OT (Operational Technology) Environments
• 6.13. 5GSA (5G Slicing Association)
  • 6.13.1. Addressing Vertical Industry Requirements for 5G Network Slicing
• 6.14. 6G-IA (6G Smart Networks and Services Industry Association)
  • 6.14.1. Private 5G-Related Projects & Activities
• 6.15. AGURRE (Association of Major Users of Operational Radio Networks, France)
  • 6.15.1. Spectrum Access, Regulatory Framework & Industrial Ecosystem for Private Mobile Networks
• 6.16. APCO (Association of Public-Safety Communications Officials) International
  • 6.16.1. Public Safety LTE/5G-Related Advocacy Efforts
• 6.17. ATIS (Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions)
  • 6.17.1. Deployment & Operational Requirements of 5G-Based NPNs
  • 6.17.2. Shared HNI & IBN Administration for CBRS Spectrum
  • 6.17.3. Other Private LTE & 5G-Related Initiatives
• 6.18. BEREC (Body of European Regulators for Electronic Communications)
  • 6.18.1. Private 5G-Related Consultations & Analysis for European NRAs (National Regulatory Authorities)
• 6.19. BTG (Dutch Association of Large-Scale ICT & Telecommunications Users)
  • 6.19.1. KMBG (Dutch Critical Mobile Broadband Users) Expert Group
• 6.20. B-TrunC (Broadband Trunking Communication) Industry Alliance
  • 6.20.1. B-TrunC Standard for LTE-Based Critical Communications
• 6.21. CAMET (China Association of Metros)
  • 6.21.1. Adoption of 3GPP Networks for Urban Rail Transit Systems
  • 6.21.2. LTE-M (LTE Metro Communications System) Standard
  • 6.21.3. Public-Private 5G Network Series of Specifications
• 6.22. CEPT (European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations)
  • 6.22.1. Common Spectrum Policies for Local 4G/5G, PPDR Broadband & FRMCS
• 6.23. DSA (Dynamic Spectrum Alliance)
  • 6.23.1. Promoting Unlicensed & Dynamic Access to Spectrum
• 6.24. Electricity Canada (Canadian Electricity Association)
  • 6.24.1. PVNO & Dedicated Spectrum for Smart Grid Communications
• 6.25. ENTELEC (Energy Telecommunications and Electrical Association)
  • 6.25.1. Policy Advocacy & Other Private LTE/5G-Related Activities
• 6.26. EPRI (Electric Power Research Institute)
  • 6.26.1. Research & Guidelines in Support of 3GPP-Based Utility Communications
• 6.27. ERA (European Union Agency for Railways)
  • 6.27.1. Evolution of Railway Radio Communication Project
• 6.28. ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards Institute)
  • 6.28.1. Technical Specifications for FRMCS, PPDR Broadband, MCX & TETRA-3GPP Interworking
  • 6.28.2. Other Work Relevant to Private LTE & 5G Networks
• 6.29. EU-Rail (Europe's Rail Joint Undertaking)
  • 6.29.1. FRMCS-Related Research & Innovation Activities
• 6.30. EUTC (European Utilities Telecom Council)
  • 6.30.1. Addressing LTE & 5G-Related Requirements for European Utilities
• 6.31. EUWENA (European Users of Enterprise Wireless Networks Association)
  • 6.31.1. Catalyzing the Wider Adoption of 3GPP-Based Private Networks
• 6.32. EWA (Enterprise Wireless Alliance)
  • 6.32.1. Supporting the Private Wireless Industry in the United States
• 6.33. free5GC
  • 6.33.1. Open-Source 5GC Software
• 6.34. GSA (Global Mobile Suppliers Association)
  • 6.34.1. Advocacy for Private Mobile Networks
• 6.35. GSMA (GSM Association)
  • 6.35.1. Guidelines for 5G Private & Dedicated Networks
• 6.36. GUTMA (Global UTM Association)
  • 6.36.1. ACJA (Aerial Connectivity Joint Activity) Initiative
• 6.37. ITU (International Telecommunication Union)
  • 6.37.1. International & Regional Harmonization of LTE/5G Spectrum
  • 6.37.2. Defining the Role of IMT-2020 to Support Vertical Applications
• 6.38. JOTS (Joint Operators Technical Specification) Forum
  • 6.38.1. NHIB (Neutral Host In-Building) Specification
• 6.39. JRC (Joint Radio Company)
  • 6.39.1. Supporting LTE/5G-Based Smart Grid Initiatives
• 6.40. KRRI (Korea Railroad Research Institute)
  • 6.40.1. Functional Testing & Certification of LTE-R (LTE-Based Railway Communications)
• 6.41. LF (Linux Foundation)
  • 6.41.1. Magma Mobile Core Software Platform
  • 6.41.2. LF Networking's 5G Super Blueprint
  • 6.41.3. LF Edge's Akraino Private LTE/5G ICN (Integrated Cloud-Native) Blueprint
  • 6.41.4. Other Projects Relevant to Private LTE & 5G Networks
• 6.42. MFA (Alliance for Private Networks)
  • 6.42.1. Uni5G Technology Blueprints for Private 5G Networks
  • 6.42.2. Network Identifier Program Supporting Private & Neutral Host Networks
  • 6.42.3. MulteFire Specifications: LTE Operation in Unlicensed Spectrum
  • 6.42.4. Certification Program for MulteFire Equipment
  • 6.42.5. MulteFire OSU (Online Sign-Up) System
• 6.43. MSSA (Mobile Satellite Services Association)
  • 6.43.1. Advancing the Global Direct-to-Device NTN Ecosystem
• 6.44. NGA (Next G Alliance)
  • 6.44.1. Building the Foundation for North American Leadership in 6G
• 6.45. NGMN (Next-Generation Mobile Networks) Alliance
  • 6.45.1. Work Related to Private 5G & Network Slicing
• 6.46. NSC (National Spectrum Consortium)
  • 6.46.1. Enhancing Spectrum Superiority & 5G Capabilities for Federal Users
• 6.47. OCP (Open Compute Project) Foundation
  • 6.47.1. Initiatives Aimed at Open Designs for Telco Hardware
• 6.48. one6G Association
  • 6.48.1. Driving 6G Innovation & Development Across Vertical Industries
• 6.49. ONF (Open Networking Foundation)
  • 6.49.1. Aether Private 5G Connected Edge Platform
  • 6.49.2. SD-RAN, SD-Core, OMEC & Other Relevant Projects
• 6.50. OnGo Alliance
  • 6.50.1. Promoting 4G & 5G OnGo Wireless Network Technology
  • 6.50.2. Technical Specifications & Guidelines for 4G/5G-Based CBRS Networks
  • 6.50.3. Product Certification Program Supporting Multi-Vendor Interoperability
• 6.51. OPC Foundation
  • 6.51.1. OPC UA (Unified Architecture) Over 5G for Industry 4.0 Applications
• 6.52. Open RAN Policy Coalition
  • 6.52.1. Promoting Policies to Drive the Adoption of Open RAN
• 6.53. Open5GCore
  • 6.53.1. Vendor-Independent 5GC Implementation
• 6.54. Open5GS & NextEPC
  • 6.54.1. Open-Source 5GC & EPC Software
• 6.55. OpenInfra (Open Infrastructure) Foundation
  • 6.55.1. StarlingX Software Stack for Ultra-Low Latency Edge Applications
  • 6.55.2. OpenStack Cloud Software & Other Projects
• 6.56. O-RAN Alliance
  • 6.56.1. O-RAN Architecture Specifications
  • 6.56.2. O-RAN SC (Software Community)
  • 6.56.3. Testing & Integration Support
• 6.57. OSA (OpenAirInterface Software Alliance)
  • 6.57.1. OAI (OpenAirInterface) 5G RAN, Core & MOSAIC5G Projects
• 6.58. PIA (PSBN Innovation Alliance)
  • 6.58.1. PSBN (Public Safety Broadband Network) Governance in Canada's Ontario Province
• 6.59. PMeV (German Professional Mobile Radio Association)
  • 6.59.1. Professional Broadband & 5G Campus Network-Related Activities
• 6.60. PSBTA (Public Safety Broadband Technology Association)
  • 6.60.1. Public Safety LTE/5G-Related Activities
• 6.61. PSCE (Public Safety Communication Europe)
  • 6.61.1. Public Safety Broadband-Related Standardization Activities
  • 6.61.2. BroadX Projects: Pan-European Interoperable Mobile Broadband System for Public Safety
• 6.62. Safe-Net Forum
  • 6.62.1. Technical & Policy Guidance for 3GPP-Based Critical Communications Networks
• 6.63. SCF (Small Cell Forum)
  • 6.63.1. Reference Blueprints for Private 5G Networks
  • 6.63.2. Neutral Hosting, Edge Computing & Other Relevant Work
• 6.64. Seamless Air Alliance
  • 6.64.1. Leading Global Standards for Inflight Connectivity
• 6.65. SimpleRAN
  • 6.65.1. Ensuring Interoperability & Transparency in the vRAN (Virtualized RAN) Ecosystem
• 6.66. srsRAN Project
  • 6.66.1. Open-Source 4G & 5G Software Suites
• 6.67. TCA (Trusted Connectivity Alliance)
  • 6.67.1. 5G SIM/eSIM Recommendations for Private Networks
• 6.68. TCCA (The Critical Communications Association)
  • 6.68.1. BIG (Broadband Industry Group)
  • 6.68.2. CCBG (Critical Communications Broadband Group)
  • 6.68.3. IWF Working Group
  • 6.68.4. SCADA, Smart Grid & IoT Group
  • 6.68.5. Future Technologies Group
• 6.69. techUK
  • 6.69.1. SPF (Spectrum Policy Forum)
• 6.70. TIA (Telecommunications Industry Association)
  • 6.70.1. Defining Requirements for LMR-3GPP Interworking & Critical Broadband Capabilities
• 6.71. TIP (Telecom Infra Project)
  • 6.71.1. 5G Private Networks Solution Group
  • 6.71.2. NHIS (Neutral Host & Infra Sharing) Project Group
  • 6.71.3. Neutral Host NaaS Solution Group
  • 6.71.4. OpenRAN & Open Core Network Groups
  • 6.71.5. Other Relevant Product & Solution Groups
• 6.72. TIWA (The In-Building Wireless Association)
  • 6.72.1. Bridging Commercial Real Estate Development With Wireless Technology
• 6.73. TTA (Telecommunications Technology Association, South Korea)
  • 6.73.1. Standardization Efforts for 3GPP-Based Public Safety, Railway & Maritime Communications
• 6.74. U.S. NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology)
  • 6.74.1. Public Safety Broadband & 5G-Related R&D Initiatives
• 6.75. U.S. NPSTC (National Public Safety Telecommunications Council)
  • 6.75.1. Leadership for LMR-3GPP Interworking & Public Safety Broadband Communications
• 6.76. U.S. NTIA (National Telecommunications and Information Administration)
  • 6.76.1. Wireless Innovation & Supply Chain Security
• 6.77. UBBA (Utility Broadband Alliance)
  • 6.77.1. Championing the Advancement of Private Broadband Networks for Utilities
• 6.78. UIC (International Union of Railways)
  • 6.78.1. FRMCS Program for the Replacement of GSM-R Networks
• 6.79. UK5G Innovation Network
  • 6.79.1. Promoting Private 5G Adoption Projects, Testbeds & Trials
• 6.80. UNIFE (The European Rail Supply Industry Association)
  • 6.80.1. UNITEL Committee: Development & Implementation of FRMCS
• 6.81. UTC (Utilities Technology Council)
  • 6.81.1. Private LTE & 5G-Related Advocacy, Technology Development & Policy Efforts
• 6.82. UTCAL (Utilities Telecom & Technology Council America Latina)
  • 6.82.1. Promoting Private LTE & 5G Networks for Latin American Utilities
• 6.83. VDMA (German Mechanical and Plant Engineering Association)
  • 6.83.1. Guidelines for 5G in Mechanical & Plant Engineering
• 6.84. WBA (Wireless Broadband Alliance)
  • 6.84.1. 5G & Wi-Fi Convergence in Private 5G Networks
  • 6.84.2. OpenRoaming for Private LTE/5G
• 6.85. WhiteSpace Alliance
  • 6.85.1. Promoting the Use of 3GPP, IEEE & IETF Standards for TVWS Spectrum
• 6.86. WInnForum (Wireless Innovation Forum)
  • 6.86.1. CBRS Standards for the Implementation of FCC Rulemaking
  • 6.86.2. 6 GHz Unlicensed Sharing & Other Committees
• 6.87. XGP (eXtended Global Platform) Forum
  • 6.87.1. Development & Promotion of the sXGP Unlicensed LTE Service
• 6.88. Others
  • 6.88.1. Vendor-Led Private LTE/5G Alliances
  • 6.88.2. National Government Agencies & Regulators
  • 6.88.3. Regional & Country-Specific Associations
  • 6.88.4. Global Industry Initiatives & Organizations

Chapter 7: Review of Private LTE/5G Installations Worldwide

• 7.1. North America
  • 7.1.1. United States
  • 7.1.2. Canada
• 7.2. Asia Pacific
  • 7.2.1. Australia
  • 7.2.2. New Zealand
  • 7.2.3. China
  • 7.2.4. Hong Kong
  • 7.2.5. Taiwan
  • 7.2.6. Japan
  • 7.2.7. South Korea
  • 7.2.8. Singapore
  • 7.2.9. Malaysia
  • 7.2.10. Indonesia
  • 7.2.11. Papua New Guinea
  • 7.2.12. Philippines
  • 7.2.13. Thailand
  • 7.2.14. Vietnam
  • 7.2.15. Laos
  • 7.2.16. Myanmar
  • 7.2.17. India
  • 7.2.18. Pakistan
  • 7.2.19. Sri Lanka
  • 7.2.20. Bangladesh
  • 7.2.21. Rest of Asia Pacific
• 7.3. Europe
  • 7.3.1. United Kingdom
  • 7.3.2. Republic of Ireland
  • 7.3.3. France
  • 7.3.4. Germany
  • 7.3.5. Belgium
  • 7.3.6. Luxembourg
  • 7.3.7. Netherlands
  • 7.3.8. Switzerland
  • 7.3.9. Austria
  • 7.3.10. Italy
  • 7.3.11. Spain
  • 7.3.12. Portugal
  • 7.3.13. Sweden
  • 7.3.14. Norway
  • 7.3.15. Denmark
  • 7.3.16. Finland
  • 7.3.17. Estonia
  • 7.3.18. Latvia
  • 7.3.19. Lithuania
  • 7.3.20. Czech Republic
  • 7.3.21. Poland
  • 7.3.22. Hungary
  • 7.3.23. Slovakia
  • 7.3.24. Slovenia
  • 7.3.25. Croatia
  • 7.3.26. Turkiye
  • 7.3.27. Cyprus
  • 7.3.28. Greece
  • 7.3.29. Bulgaria
  • 7.3.30. Romania
  • 7.3.31. Serbia
  • 7.3.32. Kosovo
  • 7.3.33. Moldova
  • 7.3.34. Ukraine
  • 7.3.35. Belarus
  • 7.3.36. Russia
  • 7.3.37. Rest of Europe
• 7.4. Middle East & Africa
  • 7.4.1. Saudi Arabia
  • 7.4.2. United Arab Emirates
  • 7.4.3. Qatar
  • 7.4.4. Oman
  • 7.4.5. Bahrain
  • 7.4.6. Kuwait
  • 7.4.7. Iraq
  • 7.4.8. Jordan
  • 7.4.9. Lebanon
  • 7.4.10. Israel
  • 7.4.11. Egypt
  • 7.4.12. Algeria
  • 7.4.13. Morocco
  • 7.4.14. Tunisia
  • 7.4.15. South Africa
  • 7.4.16. Botswana
  • 7.4.17. Zimbabwe
  • 7.4.18. Zambia
  • 7.4.19. Mozambique
  • 7.4.20. Kenya
  • 7.4.21. Ethiopia
  • 7.4.22. Somalia
  • 7.4.23. Madagascar
  • 7.4.24. Mauritius
  • 7.4.25. Seychelles
  • 7.4.26. Angola
  • 7.4.27. Republic of the Congo
  • 7.4.28. Gabon
  • 7.4.29. Central African Republic
  • 7.4.30. Cameroon
  • 7.4.31. Nigeria
  • 7.4.32. Uganda
  • 7.4.33. Ghana
  • 7.4.34. Cote d'Ivoire
  • 7.4.35. Mali
  • 7.4.36. Senegal
  • 7.4.37. Rest of the Middle East & Africa
• 7.5. Latin & Central America
  • 7.5.1. Brazil
  • 7.5.2. Mexico
  • 7.5.3. Argentina
  • 7.5.4. Uruguay
  • 7.5.5. Colombia
  • 7.5.6. Chile
  • 7.5.7. Peru
  • 7.5.8. Venezuela
  • 7.5.9. Ecuador
  • 7.5.10. Bolivia
  • 7.5.11. Dominican Republic
  • 7.5.12. Jamaica
  • 7.5.13. Barbados
  • 7.5.14. Trinidad & Tobago
  • 7.5.15. Dutch Caribbean
  • 7.5.16. Guyana
  • 7.5.17. Suriname
  • 7.5.18. Rest of Latin & Central America

Chapter 8: Private LTE/5G Case Studies

• 8.1. 450connect: Nationwide 450 MHz LTE Network for the Digitization of German Energy & Water Utilities
• 8.2. ABP (Associated British Ports): Shared Access License-Enabled Private 5G Network for Port of Southampton
• 8.3. ADF (Australian Defence Force): Revamping Military Training Facilities With Private Cellular Networks
• 8.4. Adif (Spanish Railway Infrastructure Administrator): Private 5G Infrastructure for Strategic Logistics Terminals
• 8.5. ADNOC (Abu Dhabi National Oil Company): Private 5G Network for Remote Onshore & Offshore Connectivity
• 8.6. Agnico Eagle Mines: Streamlining Mining Operations With Industrial-Grade Private 4G/5G Networks
• 8.7. Airbus: Multi-Campus Private 5G Network for Global Aircraft Manufacturing Facilities
• 8.8. Ameren: 900 MHz Private Communications Network for Grid Modernization
• 8.9. ANA (All Nippon Airways): Local 5G-Enabled Digital Transformation of Aviation Training
• 8.10. APM Terminals (Maersk): Optimizing Port & Terminal Logistics With Private 5G Networks
• 8.11. Aramco Digital: Nationwide 450 MHz 5G-Ready Network for 50 Industrial Zones
• 8.12. ArcelorMittal: 5G Steel Project for Industrial Digitization & Automation
• 8.13. ASE Group: 28 GHz mmWave 5G Network for Semiconductor Manufacturing
• 8.14. ASN (Alcatel Submarine Networks): Private 5G Networks for Calais & Greenwich Production Sites
• 8.15. ASTRID: BLM (Blue Light Mobile) Secure MVNO Service for Belgian First Responders
• 8.16. Australian Grand Prix Corporation: Private 5G Network for Albert Park Circuit
• 8.17. BAM Nuttall: Accelerating Innovation at Construction Sites With Private 5G Networks
• 8.18. Barcelona Port Authority: Standalone Private 5G Network for 500 Tenant Companies
• 8.19. BASF: 5G Campus Networks for Real-Time Wireless Connectivity in Chemical Production Sites
• 8.20. BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation): Portable 5G-Based NPN Solution for News Contribution
• 8.21. BHP: Transitioning From Private LTE to Standalone 5G Networks for Advanced Digitization & Automation
• 8.22. BlackRock: On-Premise Private 5G Network Installation for New York Global Headquarters
• 8.23. BMW Group: Private 5G Networks for Autonomous Intralogistics in Production Plants
• 8.24. Boston Children's Hospital: Scalable Hybrid Public-Private 5G Network for Connected Healthcare
• 8.25. Brazilian Army: Leveraging Private LTE Infrastructure for National Defense Applications
• 8.26. Bundeswehr (German Armed Forces): ZNV (Deployable Cellular Networks) Program
• 8.27. Cal Poly (California Polytechnic State University): Converged Public-Private 5G Network
• 8.28. China National Coal Group: Multi-Band 700 MHz & 2.6 GHz Private 5G Network for Dahaize Coal Mine
• 8.29. City of Brownsville: Municipal Private 5G Network for Residents, Businesses & Public Services
• 8.30. CJ Logistics: Bolstering Fulfillment Center Productivity Using Private 5G Network
• 8.31. Cleveland Clinic: Private 5G Network for Mentor Hospital & Main Campus
• 8.32. Cologne Bonn Airport: Revolutionizing Internal Operations With Private 5G Campus Network
• 8.33. COMAC (Commercial Aircraft Corporation of China): 5G-Connected Intelligent Aircraft Manufacturing Factories
• 8.34. ConocoPhillips: Private LTE Network for Curtis Island LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) Facility
• 8.35. Crystal Palace Football Club: Unlocking Accessibility for Visually Impaired Fans With Private 5G Network
• 8.36. CSG (China Southern Power Grid): Harnessing Private Cellular Systems & 5G Network Slicing for Smart Grid Operations
• 8.37. Cummins: Combined Neutral Host System & Private 5G Network for JEP (Jamestown Engine Plant)
• 8.38. DB (Deutsche Bahn): Digitizing & Automating Rail Operations With 5G Campus Networks & FRMCS-Ready Cell Sites
• 8.39. Delta Electronics: Private 5G Networks for Manufacturing Facilities in Taiwan & Thailand
• 8.40. District of Ban Chang: 26 GHz mmWave Private 5G Network for Smart City Services
• 8.41. Dongyi Group Coal Gasification Company: Hybrid Public-Private Network for Xinyan Coal Mine
• 8.42. Dow: Modernizing Chemical Plant Maintenance With Private Cellular Networks
• 8.43. EAN (European Aviation Network): Hybrid Satellite-A2G Network for Inflight Broadband
• 8.44. East West Railway Company: ECH-R (England's Connected Heartland Railways) Project
• 8.45. Edesur Dominicana: Custom-Built 2.3 GHz LTE Network for Critical Grid Communications
• 8.46. EDF: Private Mobile Networks for Enhanced Connectivity at Nuclear Power Plants & Wind Farms
• 8.47. EHIME CATV: Gigabit-Grade FWA Service Using 28 GHz Local 5G Network
• 8.48. Enel: Global 3GPP-Based Private Wireless Communications Platform for Utility Communications
• 8.49. Equinor: 5G Coverage Upgrade for Offshore Platforms in the North Sea
• 8.50. ESB Networks: 410 MHz National Radio Access Network for Smart Grid Applications
• 8.51. ESN (Emergency Services Network): Great Britain's Critical Communications Broadband System
• 8.52. Estonian Ministry of Defense: Private 5G Network for CR14 (Cyber Range 14)
• 8.53. EUROGATE: 5G Campus Networks for the Digitization of Port Logistics
• 8.54. Evergy: Facilitating Grid Modernization With Private Broadband Network
• 8.55. EWA (Electricity and Water Authority, Bahrain): 410 MHz Private LTE Network
• 8.56. EWG (East-West Gate) Intermodal Terminal: Private 5G Network for Smart Railway Logistics
• 8.57. Ferrovial: Standalone Private 5G Network for Silvertown Tunnel Project
• 8.58. FirstNet (First Responder Network): United States' Nationwide Public Safety Broadband Network
• 8.59. Fiskarheden: Local 3.7 GHz License-Based Private 5G Network for Transtrand Sawmill
• 8.60. Ford Motor Company: Private 5G for Streamlining Engine Manufacturing & Electric Vehicle Production Operations
• 8.61. Frankfurt University Hospital: Dedicated 5G Network for Secure Medical Messaging & Remote Diagnostics
• 8.62. Fraport: Private 5G Campus Network for Future-Oriented Operations at Frankfurt Airport
• 8.63. Fujitsu: Japan's First 5G Network Installation Based on 28 GHz Local 5G Spectrum
• 8.64. Gale South Beach Hotel: CBRS Network for Guest Engagement & Hotel Operations
• 8.65. Gerdau: Private 5G Networks for Ouro Branco Steel Production Plant & Miguel Burnier Iron Ore Mine
• 8.66. Gogo Business Aviation: 5G A2G Wireless Network for Inflight Connectivity
• 8.67. Gold Fields: Enabling Surface & Underground Communications With LTE Networks
• 8.68. Groupe ADP: 3GPP-Based Private Mobile Network for Paris Airports
• 8.69. Guangzhou Metro: 5G + Smart Metro Project for Urban Rail Transit
• 8.70. Hamburger Containerboard (Prinzhorn Group): 5G Campus Networks for Paper Mills
• 8.71. Hanshin Electric Railway: Capitalizing on Local 5G for Safer & Efficient Railway Operations
• 8.72. Heathrow Commercial Telecoms: WAMD (Wide Area Mobile Data) Network
• 8.73. Helios Park Hospital: Enhancing Medical System Efficiency With Standalone 5G Campus Network
• 8.74. Hip Hing Engineering: Dedicated 5G Network for Kai Tak Sports Park
• 8.75. Hiroshima Gas: Local 5G-Powered Safety Operations at Hatsukaichi LNG Terminal
• 8.76. HKIA (Hong Kong International Airport): 28 GHz Public-Private 5G Infrastructure Project
• 8.77. Hoban Construction: 4.7 GHz Private 5G Network for Apartment Complex Worksite
• 8.78. Hsinchu City Fire Department: Satellite-Backhauled Private 5G Network for PPDR Communications
• 8.79. Hutchison Ports: Driving the Digitization & Automation of Ports Through Private 5G Networks
• 8.80. Hyundai Motor Group: Standalone Private 5G Networks for Ulsan & HMGMA Plants
• 8.81. iNET (Infrastructure Networks): Private 4G/5G-Ready Network for Remote Industrial Connectivity
• 8.82. Inventec Corporation: Standalone Private 5G Network for Taoyuan Guishan Plant
• 8.83. IRFU (Irish Rugby Football Union): Enabling Fast In-Play Data Analysis With Private 5G Network
• 8.84. Jacto: Private 5G Network for Paulopolis Agricultural Machinery Manufacturing Plant
• 8.85. JBG SMITH Properties: National Landing Private 5G Infrastructure Platform
• 8.86. JD Logistics: Migrating AGV Communications From Wi-Fi to Private 5G Networks
• 8.87. JLR (Jaguar Land Rover): Private 5G Network for Solihull Plant
• 8.88. John Deere: Employing Private 5G Networks to Unshackle Industrial Facilities From Cables
• 8.89. Kansai Electric Power: Enhancing Power Station & Wind Farm Maintenance Using Local 5G Networks
• 8.90. Kaohsiung City Police Department: Sliced Private 5G Network for Smart Patrol Cars
• 8.91. Kawasaki Heavy Industries: Connecting Smart Factory Robotics With Local 5G Technology
• 8.92. KEPCO (Korea Electric Power Corporation): Private 5G Networks for Substations & Power Plants
• 8.93. KR (Korea National Railway): LTE-R (LTE-Based Railway Communications) Network
• 8.94. Kumagai Gumi: Unleashing the Potential of Unmanned Construction Using Local 5G Networks
• 8.95. Kyushu Electric Power: Hybrid Local 5G & Wi-Fi Networks for Power Plants
• 8.96. Latvian Ministry of Defense: Camp Adazi 5G Testbed for Defense Innovations
• 8.97. LCRA (Lower Colorado River Authority): 5G-Ready Broadband Network for Mission-Critical Applications
• 8.98. Lishui Municipal Emergency Management: 5G-Enabled Natural Disaster Management System
• 8.99. Liverpool 5G Create Project: Standalone Private 5G Network for Digital Health, Education & Social Care
• 8.100. local2u: Private Cellular Network for Hybrid Fixed Wireless & Mobility Service
• 8.101. Lufthansa Group: Industrial-Grade 5G Campus Networks for Engine Shops & Cargo Facilities
• 8.102. Mercedes-Benz Group: World's First 5G Campus Network for Automotive Production
• 8.103. Midea Group: 5G-Connected Factories for Washing Machine Manufacturing
• 8.104. Mitsubishi Electric: Local 5G-Based Industrial Wireless System for Factory Automation
• 8.105. Murray City School District: LTE-Based Private CBRS Network for K-12 Education
• 8.106. Nanjing Municipal Government: 1.4 GHz Broadband GRN (Government Radio Network)
• 8.107. Narita International Airport: Local 5G Network for Self-Driving Shuttle Buses & Critical Communications
• 8.108. Navantia: Digital Transformation of Shipyard Operations Using Dedicated 5G Infrastructure & Edge Computing
• 8.109. NCRTC (National Capital Region Transport Corporation): Private LTE Network for ETCS Level 2 Signaling
• 8.110. NEC Corporation: Improving Production Efficiency With Local 5G-Connected Autonomous Transport System
• 8.111. Nedaa: Dubai's Mission-Critical LTE & 5G-Ready Network for Professional Communications
• 8.112. New York City Subway's Crosstown Line: 4.9 GHz Private 5G Network for CBTC Operations
• 8.113. Newmont Corporation: Smarter, Safer & Sustainable Gold Mining With Private 5G Technology
• 8.114. NLMK Group: Digitizing Steel Production & Mining Operations With Private Wireless Networks
• 8.115. Norwegian Armed Forces: Defense-Specific Network Slices & Tactical Private 5G Systems
• 8.116. Nutrien: Private Cellular Infrastructure for Improved Safety & Productivity in Underground Potash Mines
• 8.117. Ocado: 4G-Based Wireless Control System for Warehouse Automation
• 8.118. Ooredoo: Purpose-Built LTE Network for Qatar's Oil & Gas Industry
• 8.119. orsted: Boosting Offshore Wind Farm Safety & Efficiency With Private Cellular Networks
• 8.120. OYS (Oulu University Hospital): Transforming Patient Care With Standalone Private 5G Network
• 8.121. PCK Raffinerie: Accelerating Oil Refinery Digitization With 5G Campus Network
• 8.122. Petrobras (Petroleo Brasileiro): Private Cellular Connectivity for Offshore Platforms & Production Sites
• 8.123. PGE Systemy: 450 MHz Mission-Critical LTE Network for Polish Electricity & Gas DSOs
• 8.124. Port of Tyne: Advancing Smart Port Transformation With Private 5G Network
• 8.125. Port of Valencia: 2.3 GHz Standalone Private 5G Network for Police Surveillance & Remote Maintenance
• 8.126. Portuguese Navy: Offshore 5G Bubble for REPMUS Experimentation Exercise
• 8.127. POSCO: Leveraging Private 5G to Link Autonomous Locomotives & Railway Control Systems
• 8.128. PSA International: Dedicated 5G Networks for Container Terminal Operations
• 8.129. PTA (Public Transport Authority of Western Australia): Radio Systems Replacement Project
• 8.130. Ricoh: Embracing Digital Innovation in Production Operations With Local 5G Networks
• 8.131. Robert Bosch: Automating & Digitizing Manufacturing Facilities With Private 5G Networks
• 8.132. Roularta Media Group: Digitally Transforming Printing Facilities With Private 5G Technology
• 8.133. Royal Thai Police: 800 MHz Public Safety LTE Network for Secure Communications
• 8.134. RRF (Radio Network of the Future): France's National Mission-Critical Broadband Network
• 8.135. RTL Deutschland: Multi-Site Private 5G Network for TV Production
• 8.136. Rudin Management Company: Neutral Host CBRS Network for Multi-Tenant Office Building
• 8.137. Safe-Net: South Korea's National Disaster Safety Communications Network
• 8.138. Santee Sioux Nation: 2.5 GHz Private LTE Network for Tribal Broadband
• 8.139. Santos: Wireless to the Wellhead Private LTE Project
• 8.140. Sao Martinho: Pioneering Smart Agribusiness Innovations With Private 5G Networks
• 8.141. SCA (Svenska Cellulosa Aktiebolaget): Local 5G Connectivity for Timber Terminals & Paper Mills
• 8.142. SCE (Southern California Edison): U.S. Electric Utility Industry's First Private 5G FAN for Grid Modernization
• 8.143. SDG&E (San Diego Gas & Electric): pLTE (Private LTE) Network for Advanced Safety & Protection Technologies
• 8.144. Seaboard Marine: Private Cellular Network Solution for Real-Time Cargo Vessel Monitoring
• 8.145. SGCC (State Grid Corporation of China): Sliced Public-Private 5G & 5.8 GHz Private NR-U Networks
• 8.146. SGP (Societe du Grand Paris): Private LTE Network for the Grand Paris Express Rapid Transit System
• 8.147. Shanghai Shentong Metro Group: China's Largest Hybrid Public-Private 5G Network for Urban Rail Transport
• 8.148. Shenzhen Metro: 3GPP Connectivity for Operations-Critical Railway Communications
• 8.149. Siemens: Independently Developed Private 5G Infrastructure for Industry 4.0 Applications
• 8.150. Sinopec (China Petroleum & Chemical Corporation): 5G + Smart Petrochemical Project
• 8.151. SIRDEE: Spain's Mission-Critical Broadband Network for Public Safety Organizations
• 8.152. SMC (Samsung Medical Center): On-Premise Private 5G Network for Medical Education
• 8.153. Snam: Hybrid 5G MPN (Mobile Private Network) for 23 Plants
• 8.154. SNCF (French National Railways): Enabling Rail Innovations With 5G Technology
• 8.155. South Korean MND (Ministry of National Defense): Private 5G Network Project for Unmanned & Remote Operations
• 8.156. Southern Linc: CriticalLinc LTE Network for Utilities, Government & Business Customers
• 8.157. Spanish Army: Standalone Private 5G Networks for Maintenance & Logistics Centers
• 8.158. Subaru Corporation: Advancing Cooperative Driving Automation With Bifuka Proving Ground Local 5G Network
• 8.159. Swedish Armed Forces: Tactical 5G Bubbles for Secure Military Communications
• 8.160. Tampnet: Delivering Offshore Cellular Coverage Through Private 4G/5G-Ready Networks
• 8.161. TBN (Trinity Broadcasting Network): Private 5G Network for Broadcast Studio
• 8.162. Tesla: Private 5G for High-Impact Manufacturing Use Cases
• 8.163. Tianjin Port Group: On-Premise 5G Infrastructure for Intelligent & Automated Port Operations
• 8.164. Tokyo Metropolitan University: L5G (Local 5G) Project in Support of "Future Tokyo" Strategy
• 8.165. TotalEnergies: 3GPP-Based PMR (Professional Mobile Radio) Network for Critical Communications
• 8.166. Toyota Group: Private 5G Networks for Industry 4.0 Applications in Manufacturing & Logistics Facilities
• 8.167. U.S. DOD (Department of Defense): Expanding 5G-Enabled Communications & Warfighting Capabilities
• 8.168. UKD (University Hospital of Dusseldorf): Improving Patient Care & Saving Lives With 5G Campus Network
• 8.169. UN (United Nations): Dedicated Cellular Networks for Peacekeeping Missions
• 8.170. Ushino Nakayama: Transforming Kagoshima Wagyu Beef Production With Local 5G Connectivity
• 8.171. VA Palo Alto Health Care System: Campus-Wide Private 5G Network for Clinical Care Applications
• 8.172. Vale: Private Wireless Networks for Iron Ore Mining & Transport Operations
• 8.173. VIRVE 2.0: Finland's Nationwide Mission-Critical Broadband Service
• 8.174. Volkswagen Group: Private 5G for Smart Manufacturing & Intelligent Vehicle Development
• 8.175. VPA (Virginia Port Authority): Private 5G Connectivity for Semi-Automated Container Terminals
• 8.176. West China Second University Hospital (Sichuan University): Enabling Smart Healthcare With Private 5G Network
• 8.177. WISCO (Wuhan Iron & Steel Corporation): Dual-Layer 2.1 GHz & 3.5 GHz Private 5G Network for Steel Plant
• 8.178. X Shore: Empowering Electric Boat Manufacturing With Private 5G Network
• 8.179. Xcel Energy: 900 MHz Private LTE Network for Electric & Gas Utility Operations
• 8.180. Yumeshima Container Terminal: Local 5G Network for the Digital Transformation of Port Facilities

Chapter 9: Key Ecosystem Players

Chapter 10: Market Sizing & Forecasts

• 10.1. Global Outlook for Private LTE & 5G Network Investments
• 10.2. Infrastructure Submarkets
  • 10.2.1. RAN
    • 10.2.1.1. Base Station RUs
    • 10.2.1.2. DUs/CUs
  • 10.2.2. Mobile Core
    • 10.2.2.1. User Plane Functions
    • 10.2.2.2. Control Plane Functions
  • 10.2.3. Transport Network
    • 10.2.3.1. Fiber & Wireline
    • 10.2.3.2. Microwave
    • 10.2.3.3. Satellite Communications
• 10.3. Technology Generations
  • 10.3.1. LTE
    • 10.3.1.1. LTE RAN
    • 10.3.1.2. EPC
    • 10.3.1.3. Transport
  • 10.3.2. 5G
    • 10.3.2.1. 5G RAN
    • 10.3.2.2. 5GC
    • 10.3.2.3. Transport
• 10.4. Cell Sizes
  • 10.4.1. Indoor Small Cells
  • 10.4.2. Outdoor Small Cells
  • 10.4.3. Macrocells
• 10.5. Spectrum Licensing Models
  • 10.5.1. Mobile Operator-Owned Spectrum
  • 10.5.2. Wide Area Licensed Spectrum
  • 10.5.3. Shared & Local Area Licensed Spectrum
  • 10.5.4. Unlicensed Spectrum
• 10.6. Frequency Ranges
  • 10.6.1. Low-Band (Sub-1 GHz)
  • 10.6.2. Mid-Band (1-6 GHz)
  • 10.6.3. High-Band (mmWave)
• 10.7. End User Markets & Verticals
  • 10.7.1. Vertical Industries
    • 10.7.1.1. Agriculture
    • 10.7.1.2. Aviation
    • 10.7.1.3. Broadcasting
    • 10.7.1.4. Construction
    • 10.7.1.5. Education
    • 10.7.1.6. Forestry
    • 10.7.1.7. Healthcare
    • 10.7.1.8. Manufacturing
    • 10.7.1.9. Military
    • 10.7.1.10. Mining
    • 10.7.1.11. Oil & Gas
    • 10.7.1.12. Ports & Maritime Transport
    • 10.7.1.13. Public Safety
    • 10.7.1.14. Railways
    • 10.7.1.15. Utilities
    • 10.7.1.16. Warehousing & Others
  • 10.7.2. Offices, Buildings & Public Venues
• 10.8. Regional Segmentation
  • 10.8.1. North America
    • 10.8.1.1. Infrastructure Submarkets
    • 10.8.1.2. End User Markets & Verticals
  • 10.8.2. Asia Pacific
    • 10.8.2.1. Infrastructure Submarkets
    • 10.8.2.2. End User Markets & Verticals
  • 10.8.3. Europe
    • 10.8.3.1. Infrastructure Submarkets
    • 10.8.3.2. End User Markets & Verticals
  • 10.8.4. Middle East & Africa
    • 10.8.4.1. Infrastructure Submarkets
    • 10.8.4.2. End User Markets & Verticals
  • 10.8.5. Latin & Central America
    • 10.8.5.1. Infrastructure Submarkets
    • 10.8.5.2. End User Markets & Verticals

Chapter 11: Conclusion & Strategic Recommendations

• 11.1. Why is the Market Poised to Grow?
• 11.2. Future Roadmap: 2025 - 2030
  • 11.2.1. 2025 - 2027: Continued Investments in Private Cellular Networks
  • 11.2.2. 2028 - 2030: Mass-Market Adoption of Industrial-Grade Standalone 5G NPNs
  • 11.2.3. 2031 & Beyond: Towards Private 6G Connectivity for Future Applications
• 11.3. Assessing the Practical & Quantifiable Benefits of Private LTE/5G Networks
  • 11.3.1. Efficiency Gains
  • 11.3.2. Cost Savings
  • 11.3.3. Worker Safety
• 11.4. Vendor Landscape: Greater Diversity Than Public Mobile Networks
• 11.5. Growing Presence of Alternative LTE/5G Equipment Suppliers
• 11.6. Emphasis on Private LTE/5G Security, Management & Orchestration Needs
• 11.7. Funding for Startups & Established Private 5G Specialists
• 11.8. Evolving Mobile Operator Strategies to Target Private Network Opportunities
• 11.9. System Integrators & New Classes of Private Network Service Providers
• 11.10. Hyperscalers Pivoting Away From the Market
• 11.11. Acquisitions, Consolidation & Partnerships
• 11.12. Impact of Spectrum Liberalization Initiatives
• 11.13. Enabling IT/OT Convergence Through Industrial-Grade 5G Connectivity
• 11.14. Role of 5G Network Slicing & Hybrid Public-Private Networks
• 11.15. Relationship Between Private Cellular & Wi-Fi 6/6E/7 Networks
• 11.16. Overlap With Neutral Host Systems for In-Building Coverage
• 11.17. Close Link Between Private Networking & Edge Computing
• 11.18. Open RAN & vRAN Adoption in Private LTE/5G Networks
• 11.19. AI/ML-Based Network Automation: Easing the Role of Enterprise IT Departments
• 11.20. Satellite Backhaul & NTN/Direct-to-Device Access for Coverage Extension
• 11.21. Interconnectivity & Roaming in Private LTE/5G Networks
• 11.22. Post-Pandemic Changes & Their Impact on the Market
• 11.23. Strategic Recommendations
  • 11.23.1. LTE /5G Equipment & Chipset Suppliers
  • 11.23.2. System Integrators & Private Network Specialists
  • 11.23.3. National Mobile Network Operators
  • 11.23.4. End User Organizations & Vertical Industries