세계의 암백신 시장 - 산업 규모, 점유율, 동향, 기회 및 예측(2018-2028년) : 적응증별, 백신 유형별, 기술 유형별, 지역별, 경쟁사별

The Global Cancer Vaccines Market was valued at USD 7.55 Billion in 2022 and is expected to experience robust growth during the forecast period, projecting a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 8.87% through 2028 and expected to reach USD 12.46 Billion in 2028. A cancer vaccine is a form of immunotherapy designed to activate the immune system's recognition and attack against cancer cells. Unlike conventional vaccines that prevent infectious diseases, cancer vaccines are aimed at treating or preventing cancer by leveraging the body's own immune response. The underlying concept of cancer vaccines involves presenting the immune system with specific molecules or antigens present on the surface of cancer cells. These antigens are often unique to cancer cells or are more abundant on them compared to normal cells. By introducing these antigens to the immune system, the objective is to stimulate immune cells to identify and eliminate cancer cells while preserving healthy cells.

The success of immunotherapies, including immune checkpoint inhibitors and CAR-T cell therapies, has generated interest and confidence in the potential of cancer vaccines. These breakthroughs have emphasized the immune system's role in targeting cancer cells, driving increased research and investment in cancer vaccine development. Progress in genomics, proteomics, and bioinformatics has provided a deeper understanding of tumor biology and facilitated the identification of potential vaccine targets. These technological advances have expedited the discovery and creation of cancer vaccines. The notion of combining different treatment modalities, such as vaccines with immune checkpoint inhibitors or chemotherapy, is gaining traction. Combining therapies has the potential to enhance treatment effectiveness and overcome resistance mechanisms. Various global health organizations and initiatives have underscored the significance of cancer prevention and treatment. These initiatives contribute to heightened awareness and funding for cancer vaccine research and development.

Key Market Drivers

Growing Demand for Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors

Immune checkpoint inhibitors, a category of cancer immunotherapy drugs, have transformed the treatment landscape for various cancer types. These drugs work by targeting specific molecules on immune and cancer cells to enhance the immune system's ability to detect and attack cancer cells. The discovery and advancement of immune checkpoint inhibitors mark a substantial progress in oncology. Immune checkpoints are molecules found on the surface of immune and cancer cells that regulate the immune response. They play a crucial role in preventing excessive immune activity and maintaining self-tolerance to prevent autoimmune reactions. Cancer cells can exploit these immune checkpoints to evade immune detection. By interacting with immune checkpoint molecules, cancer cells can essentially deactivate immune responses that would otherwise target and eliminate them. Immune checkpoint inhibitors are designed to hinder interactions between immune checkpoint molecules and their corresponding receptors. This "unleashes" the immune system, enabling it to mount a more potent and effective assault against cancer cells. Immune checkpoint inhibitors have demonstrated remarkable success in treating various cancers, such as melanoma, lung cancer, kidney cancer, and bladder cancer. Some patients previously unresponsive to conventional treatments have achieved enduring responses with checkpoint inhibitors. While these inhibitors can be highly efficacious, they may also induce immune-related adverse events due to heightened immune activity. These events can involve inflammation of organs like the skin, lungs, intestines, and endocrine glands. Identifying which patients will respond to immune checkpoint inhibitors remains a challenge. Biomarkers like PD-L1 expression on tumor cells can offer some guidance, but research persists in identifying more accurate response predictors. Immune checkpoint inhibitors are frequently used in conjunction with other cancer therapies, such as chemotherapy, radiation, targeted therapies, and other immunotherapies. Such combinations aim to enhance treatment outcomes by addressing diverse aspects of cancer growth and immune suppression. This trend will accelerate the demand for the Global Cancer Vaccines Market.

Increasing Demand for Preventive Vaccines

Cancer preventive vaccines are immunizations intended to safeguard against specific cancers by targeting the viruses or other factors that can lead to the development of those cancers. These vaccines function by stimulating the immune system to identify and react to particular infectious agents or antigens linked with cancer formation. Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccine, for instance, targets certain virus strains strongly associated with cancer development, including cervical, anal, oral, and genital cancers. Administering the HPV vaccine to individuals before HPV exposure substantially reduces the risk of developing HPV-related cancers. Chronic infection with the hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a significant risk factor for liver cancer. The hepatitis B vaccine helps prevent HBV infection, thereby reducing the chances of developing liver cancer due to chronic infection. Ongoing research aims to develop vaccines that prevent other types of cancers. For instance, vaccines targeting the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) are being explored as potential preventatives for specific lymphomas and other cancers linked to EBV. This trend will expedite the demand for the Global Cancer Vaccines Market.

Advancements in Cancer Vaccine Technology

Progress in cancer vaccine technology has significantly influenced the development, design, and efficacy of cancer vaccines. Neoantigens, which are unique proteins on the surface of cancer cells due to mutations, represent a breakthrough. Advanced genomic and computational technologies enable the identification of neoantigens, facilitating the design of personalized cancer vaccines targeting these distinct markers. The development of mRNA vaccine technology, as showcased by COVID-19 vaccines, has also impacted cancer vaccine research. mRNA vaccines can be engineered to encode specific tumor antigens, empowering the immune system to recognize and target cancer cells. This approach provides a swift and adaptable platform for vaccine creation. Viral vectors like adenoviruses can be manipulated to carry genetic material coding for tumor antigens, prompting an immune response against cancer cells expressing the antigen. Peptide vaccines consist of short amino acid sequences corresponding to specific tumor antigens. Advances in peptide synthesis and delivery techniques have enhanced the effectiveness of these vaccines. Dendritic cells play a pivotal role in initiating immune responses. Dendritic cell vaccines involve isolating a patient's dendritic cells, loading them with tumor antigens, and then reintroducing them to the patient. This primes the immune system to target cancer cells. Nanoparticles can serve as delivery mechanisms for vaccine components, enhancing stability, targeting, and immune cell uptake. Nanotechnology also offers the potential to enhance antigen presentation to the immune system. Some cancer vaccines are designed to reshape the tumor microenvironment to make it more conducive to an efficient immune response. This can entail targeting immunosuppressive elements or stimulating immune cell recruitment to the tumor site. Adjuvants, substances added to vaccines to boost immune responses, have evolved to create more effective formulations that trigger stronger and longer-lasting immune reactions. This trend will contribute to the development of the Global Cancer Vaccines Market.

Key Market Challenges

Complexity of Cancer Immunology

Cancer immunology entails the intricate interplay between cancer cells and the immune system. Grasping and manipulating this interaction for therapeutic purposes presents a substantial challenge. Cancers are profoundly heterogeneous, meaning they comprise diverse cell populations with distinct genetic and antigenic characteristics. Identifying the right antigens to target with a vaccine becomes intricate, as a universal approach may not be efficacious. Cancer cells can develop strategies to elude immune detection and attack. They can downregulate antigens, express inhibitory molecules, or create an immune-suppressing microenvironment. Designing vaccines that surmount these strategies is intricate. Selecting the most suitable antigens for targeting is challenging, as not all tumor antigens are equally adept at inducing a robust immune response. Immune tolerance mechanisms are designed to prevent attacks on healthy cells. Overcoming these mechanisms without triggering autoimmune reactions is a delicate balancing act in vaccine design. Ensuring that the vaccine itself is immunogenic and can stimulate a potent immune response is pivotal. Some tumors might exert a suppressive impact on the immune system, making it challenging to provoke a response. Identifying consistent biomarkers that predict favorable responses to a cancer vaccine remains a challenge. Responders and non-responders may exhibit distinct immune profiles, complicating the identification of reliable predictors of response. Immune checkpoint inhibitors are often combined with other cancer therapies, including chemotherapy, radiation, targeted therapies, and additional immunotherapies. These combinations aim to enhance treatment outcomes by addressing various aspects of cancer growth and immune suppression. This will expedite the demand for the Global Cancer Vaccines Market.

Identification of Appropriate Targets

The efficacy of a cancer vaccine hinges on selecting the right antigens to induce an effective immune response against the tumor while minimizing off-target effects. Tumor-specific antigens are exclusive to cancer cells and absent in normal cells. Identifying these antigens can be challenging, given the considerable variation among patients and tumor types. Certain tumor antigens are shared between cancer cells and normal cells, albeit at different levels. The immune system might not perceive these antigens as foreign, resulting in a feeble immune response. Tumors exhibit genetic diversity, leading to an array of antigens potentially eligible for targeting. Selecting the most suitable antigens prevalent across multiple cancer cells presents a challenge. Tumors often consist of diverse cell populations featuring varying antigen profiles. Identifying antigens universally present in these populations is complex. Some tumor antigens may change over time due to tumor evolution, necessitating ongoing monitoring and adjustment of vaccine targets. Selecting antigens that trigger a robust immune response against cancer cells without inducing autoimmune reactions against normal tissues is pivotal.

Key Market Trends

Collaborations and Partnerships

The intricate nature of cancer research, vaccine development, and clinical trials frequently calls for collaboration among multiple stakeholders to expedite progress, exchange expertise, and pool resources. Devising effective cancer vaccines demands expertise spanning diverse fields, including immunology, oncology, virology, genetics, and more. Collaborations facilitate the convergence of experts from various disciplines to tackle intricate challenges. Collaborations permit resource sharing, encompassing research facilities, laboratories, equipment, and reagents. This can curtail costs and accelerate research and development endeavors. Partnerships provide access to cutting-edge technologies and platforms that individual entities may lack. This can streamline vaccine development and enhance research capabilities. Profound comprehension of cancer biology and immunology requires access to substantial data. Collaborations enable data sharing, analysis, and integration, fostering deeper insights into vaccine targets and mechanisms. Executing clinical trials for cancer vaccines often necessitates cooperation among multiple institutions and hospitals. Partnerships can simplify patient recruitment, trial logistics, and data collection. Collaborations can attract funding from diverse sources, including governmental bodies, private investors, philanthropic entities, and venture capital firms. This financial support can drive research and development initiatives. Partnerships with pharmaceutical corporations can expedite the introduction of cancer vaccines to market, capitalizing on established distribution networks, sales teams, and marketing resources.

Segmental Insights

Vaccine Type Insights

In 2022, the preventive vaccine segment dominated the Cancer Vaccines market, accounting for an overall revenue share of 53.88%. This trend is anticipated to continue expanding in the upcoming years. Preventive vaccines are pivotal in reducing the risk of malignancies caused by viral infections. Vaccines targeting Human Papillomavirus (HPV) and Hepatitis B virus, for instance, have been linked to diminished instances of virus-associated cancers like cervical and liver cancer. An instance of this impact is the 65% decline in cervical cancer cases among women aged 20 to 24 reported in January.

Indication Type Insights

In 2022, the cervical cancer segment held a significant share of around 29.79% in the Cancer Vaccines market. This dominance is expected to persist over the upcoming years. The growth of this segment is attributed to the escalating incidence of cervical cancer. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), cervical cancer ranks as the 4th most common cancer among women, with approximately 604,907 cases diagnosed in 2020. Moreover, increasing awareness of cervical cancer prevention and eradication further contributes to market expansion.

Technology Type Insights

In 2022, the recombinant vaccine segment commanded a share of about 56.48% in the Cancer Vaccines market. This segment is projected to continue its growth trajectory. Major industry players have developed vaccines using recombinant technology. Additionally, the viral vector and DNA cancer vaccines segment is expected to register the fastest CAGR over the forecast period. This growth can be attributed to the widespread adoption of viral vectors in vaccine development.

Regional Insights

The North America region has established its leadership in the Global Cancer Vaccines Market, accounting for a share of approximately 35.29% in 2022. This market dominance is attributed to the increasing cancer burden, expanding healthcare infrastructure, and burgeoning research and development activities in the region. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the United States witnessed 1,603,844 new cancer cases in 2020, resulting in around 602,347 cancer-related deaths.

Key Market Players

• Merck & Co., Inc.
• GSK plc
• Dendreon Pharmaceuticals LLC.
• Dynavax Technologies.
• Ferring B.V.
• Amgen, Inc.
• Moderna, Inc.
• Sanofi SA
• AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP
• Bristol-Myers Squibb Company

Report Scope:

In this report, the Global Cancer Vaccine Market has been segmented into the following categories, in addition to the industry trends which have also been detailed below:

Cancer Vaccine Market, By Indication Type:

• Prostate Cancer
• Melanoma
• Bladder Cancer
• Cervical Cancer

Cancer Vaccine Market, By Vaccine Type:

• Preventive Cancer Vaccines
• Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines

Cancer Vaccine Market, By Technology Type:

• Recombinant Cancer Vaccines
• Whole-Cell Cancer Vaccines
• Viral Vector and DNA Cancer Vaccines

Global Cancer Vaccine Market, By region:

• North America
• United States
• Canada
• Mexico
• Asia-Pacific
• China
• India
• South Korea
• Australia
• Japan
• Europe
• Germany
• France
• United Kingdom
• Spain
• Italy
• South America
• Brazil
• Argentina
• Colombia
• Middle East & Africa
• South Africa
• Saudi Arabia
• UAE

Competitive Landscape

• Company Profiles: Detailed analysis of the major companies present in the Global Cancer Vaccine Market.

Available Customizations:

• Global Cancer Vaccine Market report with the given market data, Tech Sci Research offers customizations according to a company's specific needs. The following customization options are available for the report:

Company Information

• Detailed analysis and profiling of additional market players (up to five).

Table of Contents

1. Product Overview

• 1.1. Market Definition
• 1.2. Scope of the Market
  • 1.2.1. Markets Covered
  • 1.2.2. Years Considered for Study
  • 1.2.3. Key Market Segmentations

2. Research Methodology

• 2.1. Objective of the Study
• 2.2. Baseline Methodology
• 2.3. Key Industry Partners
• 2.4. Major Association and Secondary Sources
• 2.5. Forecasting Methodology
• 2.6. Data Triangulation & Validation
• 2.7. Assumptions and Limitations

3. Executive Summary

• 3.1. Overview of the Market
• 3.2. Overview of Key Market Segmentations
• 3.3. Overview of Key Market Players
• 3.4. Overview of Key Regions/Countries
• 3.5. Overview of Market Drivers, Challenges, Trends

4. Voice of Customer

5. Clinical Trials Analysis

• 5.1. Ongoing Clinical Trials
• 5.2. Completed Clinical Trials
• 5.3. Terminated Clinical Trials
• 5.4. Breakdown of Pipeline, By Development Phase
• 5.5. Breakdown of Pipeline, By Status
• 5.6. Breakdown of Pipeline, By Study Type
• 5.7. Breakdown of Pipeline, By Region
• 5.8. Clinical Trials Heat Map

6. Global Cancer Vaccine Market Outlook

• 6.1. Market Size & Forecast
  • 6.1.1. By Value
• 6.2. Market Share & Forecast
  • 6.2.1. By Indication Type (Prostate Cancer, Melanoma, Bladder Cancer, Cervical Cancer
  • 6.2.2. By Vaccine Type (Preventive Cancer Vaccines, Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines)
  • 6.2.3. By Technology Type (Recombinant Cancer Vaccines, Whole-Cell Cancer Vaccines, Viral Vector and DNA Cancer Vaccines)
  • 6.2.4. By Company (2022)
  • 6.2.5. By Region
• 6.3. Market Map

7. North America Cancer Vaccine Market Outlook

• 7.1. Market Size & Forecast
  • 7.1.1. By Value
• 7.2. Market Share & Forecast
  • 7.2.1. By Indication Type
  • 7.2.2. By Vaccine Type
  • 7.2.3. By Technology Type
  • 7.2.4. By Country
• 7.3. North America: Country Analysis
  • 7.3.1. United States Cancer Vaccine Market Outlook
    • 7.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 7.3.1.1.1. By Value
    • 7.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 7.3.1.2.1. By Indication Type
      • 7.3.1.2.2. By Vaccine Type
      • 7.3.1.2.3. By Technology Type
  • 7.3.2. Mexico Cancer Vaccine Market Outlook
    • 7.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 7.3.2.1.1. By Value
    • 7.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 7.3.2.2.1. By Indication Type
      • 7.3.2.2.2. By Vaccine Type
      • 7.3.2.2.3. By Technology Type
  • 7.3.3. Canada Cancer Vaccine Market Outlook
    • 7.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 7.3.3.1.1. By Value
    • 7.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 7.3.3.2.1. By Indication Type
      • 7.3.3.2.2. By Vaccine Type
      • 7.3.3.2.3. By Technology Type

8. Europe Cancer Vaccine Market Outlook

• 8.1. Market Size & Forecast
  • 8.1.1. By Value
• 8.2. Market Share & Forecast
  • 8.2.1. By Indication Type
  • 8.2.2. By Vaccine Type
  • 8.2.3. By Technology Type
  • 8.2.4. By Country
• 8.3. Europe: Country Analysis
  • 8.3.1. France Cancer Vaccine Market Outlook
    • 8.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 8.3.1.1.1. By Value
    • 8.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 8.3.1.2.1. By Indication Type
      • 8.3.1.2.2. By Vaccine Type
      • 8.3.1.2.3. By Technology Type
  • 8.3.2. Germany Cancer Vaccine Market Outlook
    • 8.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 8.3.2.1.1. By Value
    • 8.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 8.3.2.2.1. By Indication Type
      • 8.3.2.2.2. By Vaccine Type
      • 8.3.2.2.3. By Technology Type
  • 8.3.3. United Kingdom Cancer Vaccine Market Outlook
    • 8.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 8.3.3.1.1. By Value
    • 8.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 8.3.3.2.1. By Indication Type
      • 8.3.3.2.2. By Vaccine Type
      • 8.3.3.2.3. By Technology Type
  • 8.3.4. Italy Cancer Vaccine Market Outlook
    • 8.3.4.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 8.3.4.1.1. By Value
    • 8.3.4.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 8.3.4.2.1. By Indication Type
      • 8.3.4.2.2. By Vaccine Type
      • 8.3.4.2.3. By Technology Type
  • 8.3.5. Spain Cancer Vaccine Market Outlook
    • 8.3.5.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 8.3.5.1.1. By Value
    • 8.3.5.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 8.3.5.2.1. By Indication Type
      • 8.3.5.2.2. By Vaccine Type
      • 8.3.5.2.3. By Technology Type

9. Asia-Pacific Cancer Vaccine Market Outlook

• 9.1. Market Size & Forecast
  • 9.1.1. By Value
• 9.2. Market Share & Forecast
  • 9.2.1. By Indication Type
  • 9.2.2. By Vaccine Type
  • 9.2.3. By Technology Type
  • 9.2.4. By Country
• 9.3. Asia-Pacific: Country Analysis
  • 9.3.1. China Cancer Vaccine Market Outlook
    • 9.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 9.3.1.1.1. By Value
    • 9.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 9.3.1.2.1. By Indication Type
      • 9.3.1.2.2. By Vaccine Type
      • 9.3.1.2.3. By Technology Type
  • 9.3.2. India Cancer Vaccine Market Outlook
    • 9.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 9.3.2.1.1. By Value
    • 9.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 9.3.2.2.1. By Indication Type
      • 9.3.2.2.2. By Vaccine Type
      • 9.3.2.2.3. By Technology Type
  • 9.3.3. South Korea Cancer Vaccine Market Outlook
    • 9.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 9.3.3.1.1. By Value
    • 9.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 9.3.3.2.1. By Indication Type
      • 9.3.3.2.2. By Vaccine Type
      • 9.3.3.2.3. By Technology Type
  • 9.3.4. Japan Cancer Vaccine Market Outlook
    • 9.3.4.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 9.3.4.1.1. By Value
    • 9.3.4.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 9.3.4.2.1. By Indication Type
      • 9.3.4.2.2. By Vaccine Type
      • 9.3.4.2.3. By Technology Type
  • 9.3.5. Australia Cancer Vaccine Market Outlook
    • 9.3.5.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 9.3.5.1.1. By Value
    • 9.3.5.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 9.3.5.2.1. By Indication Type
      • 9.3.5.2.2. By Vaccine Type
      • 9.3.5.2.3. By Technology Type

10. South America Cancer Vaccine Market Outlook

• 10.1. Market Size & Forecast
  • 10.1.1. By Value
• 10.2. Market Share & Forecast
  • 10.2.1. By Indication Type
  • 10.2.2. By Vaccine Type
  • 10.2.3. By Technology Type
  • 10.2.4. By Country
• 10.3. South America: Country Analysis
  • 10.3.1. Brazil Cancer Vaccine Market Outlook
    • 10.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 10.3.1.1.1. By Value
    • 10.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 10.3.1.2.1. By Indication Type
      • 10.3.1.2.2. By Vaccine Type
      • 10.3.1.2.3. By Technology Type
  • 10.3.2. Argentina Cancer Vaccine Market Outlook
    • 10.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 10.3.2.1.1. By Value
    • 10.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 10.3.2.2.1. By Indication Type
      • 10.3.2.2.2. By Vaccine Type
      • 10.3.2.2.3. By Technology Type
  • 10.3.3. Colombia Cancer Vaccine Market Outlook
    • 10.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 10.3.3.1.1. By Value
    • 10.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 10.3.3.2.1. By Indication Type
      • 10.3.3.2.2. By Vaccine Type
      • 10.3.3.2.3. By Technology Type

11. Middle East and Africa Cancer Vaccine Market Outlook

• 11.1. Market Size & Forecast
  • 11.1.1. By Value
• 11.2. Market Share & Forecast
  • 11.2.1. By Indication Type
  • 11.2.2. By Vaccine Type
  • 11.2.3. By Technology Type
  • 11.2.4. By Country
• 11.3. MEA: Country Analysis
  • 11.3.1. South Africa Cancer Vaccine Market Outlook
    • 11.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 11.3.1.1.1. By Value
    • 11.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 11.3.1.2.1. By Indication Type
      • 11.3.1.2.2. By Vaccine Type
      • 11.3.1.2.3. By Technology Type
  • 11.3.2. Saudi Arabia Cancer Vaccine Market Outlook
    • 11.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 11.3.2.1.1. By Value
    • 11.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 11.3.2.2.1. By Indication Type
      • 11.3.2.2.2. By Vaccine Type
      • 11.3.2.2.3. By Technology Type
  • 11.3.3. UAE Cancer Vaccine Market Outlook
    • 11.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 11.3.3.1.1. By Value
    • 11.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 11.3.3.2.1. By Indication Type
      • 11.3.3.2.2. By Vaccine Type
      • 11.3.3.2.3. By Technology Type

12. Market Dynamics

• 12.1. Drivers
• 12.2. Challenges

13. Market Trends & Developments

• 13.1. Recent Developments
• 13.2. Product Launches
• 13.3. Mergers & Acquisitions

14. PESTLE Analysis

15. Porter's Five Forces Analysis

• 15.1. Competition in the Industry
• 15.2. Potential of New Entrants
• 15.3. Power of Suppliers
• 15.4. Power of Customers
• 15.5. Threat of Substitute Product

16. Competitive Landscape

• 16.1. Business Overview
• 16.2. Company Snapshot
• 16.3. Products & Services
• 16.4. Financials (In case of listed companies)
• 16.5. Recent Developments
• 16.6. SWOT Analysis
  • 16.6.1. Merck & Co., Inc.
  • 16.6.2. GSK plc
  • 16.6.3. Dendreon Pharmaceuticals LLC.
  • 16.6.4. Dynavax Technologies.
  • 16.6.5. Ferring B.V.
  • 16.6.6. Amgen, Inc.
  • 16.6.7. Moderna, Inc.
  • 16.6.8. Sanofi SA
  • 16.6.9. AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP
  • 16.6.10. Bristol-Myers Squibb Company

17. Strategic Recommendations