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CubeSats are miniature satellites that have grown in popularity in space exploration, research, and education projects. They are typically cube-shaped, measuring 10 centimeters (about 4 inches) on each side and weighing a maximum of 1.33 kilograms (2.93 pounds). The CubeSat standard enables these small satellites to be easily integrated, developed at a low cost, and deployed quickly.
CubeSats have a standardized form factor to ensure compatibility and ease of integration. A 1U CubeSat is a cube measuring 10x10x10 centimeters (approximately 4x4x4 inches) and weighing up to 1.33 kilograms (2.93 pounds). By combining multiple 1U units, larger CubeSat configurations such as 2U, 3U, 6U, and 12U can be formed.
In comparison to traditional large-scale satellites, CubeSats provide a relatively low-cost approach to satellite development. Standardized design and off-the-shelf components make manufacturing easier and lower development costs. Because of this affordability, universities, research institutions, and small businesses can now participate in space missions and conduct experiments in space.
CubeSats have grown in popularity in educational institutions because they provide students with hands-on experience in spacecraft design, integration, and operation. Many universities and colleges have created CubeSat programs in which students can design, build, and launch their satellites. CubeSats also make it easier to conduct research in areas such as Earth observation, astrophysics, atmospheric studies, technology demonstration, and space debris monitoring.
CubeSats are frequently launched from larger spacecraft, such as the International Space Station (ISS), or dedicated rocket deployers. Because of their small size and standardized form factor, they can be used with existing launch infrastructure. CubeSats can be deployed in groups, allowing for the launch and operation of multiple satellites in constellations for coordinated missions or distributed observations.
CubeSats have participated in collaborative missions in which multiple satellites from different organizations or countries collaborate to achieve a common scientific or research goal. These collaborations promote international cooperation, resource and expertise sharing, and cost-sharing in space exploration and research efforts.