첨단 바이오 기반 소재 및 지속가능 소재 시장(2026-2036년)

The global market for advanced bio-based and sustainable materials is moving from niche substitution into mainstream industrial supply. Bio-based materials replace fossil carbon with renewable biomass: crops, forestry and agricultural residues, algae, and products of microbial fermentation. Sustainable materials are judged on their whole life cycle, including lower emissions, renewable or recycled inputs, reduced toxicity, and the ability to be recycled, reused or composted.

The category covers:

• bio-based polymers such as PLA, PHA, bio-PE, bio-PP and PEF
• lignin, cellulose and nanocellulose
• natural fiber composites
• mycelium and other biofabricated materials
• bio-based chemicals and intermediates
• low-carbon construction materials
• coatings, resins and adhesives
• alternative leathers and textiles

Bio-based polymers are the core of the market. Capacity is forecast to grow at around 11% a year, to roughly 15–16 million tonnes by 2036, taking bio-based polymers to 3–4% of the polymer market. When functional polymers, natural rubber and man-made fibers are included, bio-based volumes already total around 42 million tonnes, about 8% of all polymers. The market reached a turning point in 2025. For the first time, Asia did not lead new capacity additions. North America and Europe together are expected to rise from 31% of global capacity to more than 40% by 2036, driven by large PHA, bio-PP and bio-PE projects. Asia remains the largest region, with a share of around 50%.

Regulation is the strongest driver. Key measures include:

• the EU Packaging and Packaging Waste Regulation
• restrictions on single-use plastics
• extended producer responsibility schemes
• carbon pricing
• national bioeconomy strategies

Brand owners in packaging, consumer goods, automotive, fashion and electronics are adopting these materials to meet net-zero and Scope 3 commitments. Many bio-based materials also perform better: natural fibers make parts lighter, coatings provide barrier protection, and some materials are biocompatible or controllably biodegradable. PHA, bio-PP and PEF are the fastest-growing polymers. Adoption is spreading beyond packaging and fibers into automotive parts, construction, electronics and medical products.

Challenges remain:

• Cost premiums: about 10–25% over fossil plastics for drop-in polymers and 30–150% for biodegradable grades.
• Other constraints: the cost of financing scale-up, feedstock logistics, and gaps in end-of-life infrastructure.
• Insolvencies: several high-profile failures in 2024–2025 showed how much capital discipline and secure offtake agreements matter.

Premiums are expected to narrow as capacity scales. PLA and PHA are forecast to reach price parity in key applications by 2030–2032. The materials industry is rebuilding its feedstock base around renewable carbon, and The Global Market for Advanced Bio-based and Sustainable Materials 2026–2036 is a complete guide to that transition. It analyses the technologies, markets and companies behind bio-based polymers, chemicals, fibers and composites, and their use in construction, packaging, textiles, coatings, fuels, electronics and adhesives. Forecasts run to 2036. The report combines market data with technology assessment. It includes production capacity and volume forecasts by material, application and region, and analyses feedstocks, conversion routes, costs, regulation and competitive dynamics. It runs to more than 2,500 pages, with 796 tables and 89 figures.

Report contents include:

• Executive summary: definitions, benefits, global polymer supply, bio-based content and regional outlook to 2036
• Bioplastics market: building blocks, next-generation polymers, links to chemical recycling, capacities, market forecasts and regulation
• Bio-based chemicals and intermediates: biorefineries and starch, sugar, lignocellulosic, oil-based, waste and gaseous feedstocks, with production forecasts
• Bio-based polymers and plastics: PLA, PHA, bio-PE, bio-PP, PEF, PBS, PBAT, bio-PA, cellulose, lignin, nanocellulose and more
• Natural fiber plastics and composites: fiber types, processing and markets
• Sustainable construction materials: low-carbon cement and concrete, bio-based insulation, timber and composites
• Bio-based packaging: films, paper and moulded fiber, barrier coatings and active packaging
• Sustainable textiles and apparel: bio-based fibers and alternative leathers
• Bio-based coatings and resins: technologies, applications and market revenues
• Biofuels and e-fuels: feedstocks, production routes, costs and capacity
• Sustainable electronics: materials, manufacturing, PCBs and data-centre sustainability
• Bio-based adhesives and sealants: chemistries and markets
• Company profiles: more than 1,200 companies across the value chain, including producers, technology developers and brand owners. Companies profiled include 1414 Degrees, 3DBioFibR, 3M, 9Fiber, Inc, Aamati Green PVT Ltd, ABIS Aerogel Co., Ltd, Acorn Pulp Group, Actega, Active Aerogels, Adaptavate, ADBioplastics, Adriano di Marti/Desserto, Adsorbi, Aduro Clean Technologies, Inc, Advanced Biochemical (Thailand) Co., Ltd, Advanced Paper Forming, LLC, Aegis Packaging, Aekyung Chemical Co., Ltd, Aemetis, Inc, AEP Polymers, Aerobel BV, Aerofybers Technologies SL, Aerogel Core Ltd, aerogel-it GmbH, Aerogel Technologies LLC, Aeropowder Limited, Aether Fuels, Agilyx, AGITEC International AG, Agra Energy, AGRANA Staerke GmbH, AgroRenew, Agrosustain SA, Ahlstrom, AIM Sweden AB, Aircela Inc, Air Company, Airco Process Technology, Aizawa Concrete Corporation, Akorn Technology, Akzo Nobel N.V, Alberdingk Boley GmbH, Alberta Innovates/Innotech Materials, LLC, Alchemy GmbH, Alfa Kimya S.A, Algaeing, Algal Bio Co., Ltd, Algenesis Corporation, Algenie, Algenol, Alginor ASA, Algix LLC, Algoma Steel, AlixLabs AB, allnex GmbH, AlmaScience, Alpha Assembly Solutions, Alpha Biofuels (Singapore) Pte Ltd, Alpha Recyclage Composites, Altana AG (Heliosonic GmbH), Alter Eco Pulp, Alterpacks, Alt.Leather, Altropol Kunststoff GmbH, Amcor, AM Green, AmicaTerra, AmphiStar, AMSilk GmbH, Andritz AG, Anellotech, Inc, Ankor Bioplastics Co., Ltd, Anomera, Inc, An Phat Bioplastics, ANPOLY, Anqing He Xing Chemical Co., Ltd, APChemi Pvt. Ltd, Apeel Sciences, Apeiron Bioenergy, Aperam BioEnergia, Applied Bioplastics, Applied Research Associates, Inc. (ARA), Aquafil S.p.A, Aquapak Polymers Ltd, Aquaspersions, Arcadia eFuels, ArcelorMittal SA, Archer Daniel Midland Company (ADM), Archipelago Technology Group, Archroma, Arctic Biomaterials Oy, Arda Biomaterials, Ardent, Ardra Bio, Arekapak GmbH, Arjowiggins Group, Arkema, Arlanxeo, Armacell International S.A, Arrow Greentech, Arzeda Corp, Asahi Kasei Corporation, ASB Biodiesel Limited, Aspen Aerogels, Inc, Atmonia, Attis Innovations, llc, AVA Biochem AG, Avalon BioEnergy, Avani Eco, Avantium B.V, Avient Corporation, Avioxx, Axalta, Axcelon Biopolymers Corporation, Ayas Renewables Inc, Azolla, BacAlt Biosciences, Balrampur Chini Mills, Bambooder Biobased Fibers B.V, Baril Coatings B.V, BarkTex, BASF, Basilisk, Bast Fiber Technologies, BBCA Biochemical & GALACTIC Lactic Acid Co., Ltd, Bcircular, Bcomp ltd, BDI-BioEnergy International GmbH, BEE Biofuel, BeFC, Be Green Packaging LLC, Betolar, Better Fiber Technologies, Betulium Oy, Beyond Leather Materials ApS, Billerud, Bio2Coat, Bio2Materials Sp. z o.o, Bioelements Group, Bioextrax AB, Bio Fab NZ, BIO-FED, Biofiber, Biofiber Tech Sweden AB, BIOFIBIX, Biofine Technology, LLC, Bioform Technologies, Biofuture, Biofy, BiogasClean A/S, Biohm, Biojet AS, Biokemik, Bioleather, BIOLO, BioLogiQ, Inc, BIO-LUTIONS International AG, Biomason, Inc, Biomass Resin Holdings Co., Ltd, Biome Bioplastics, Bio-Oils, Biophilica, Bioplastech Ltd, Bioplastix, Biopolax, BioSmart Nano, BioSolutions, Biosyntia, Biotecam, BIOTEC GmbH & Co. KG, Biotic Circular Technologies Ltd, Biotrem, Biovox, Bioweg, BioZeroc, Birla Cellulose, bitBiome, Blastr Green Steel, BlockTexx Pty Ltd, Bloom Biorenewables SA, BluCon Biotech GmbH, BlueAlp Technology, Blue BioFuels, Inc, Blue Ocean Closures, Bluepha Beijing Lanjing Microbiology Technology Co., Ltd, Blue Planet Systems Corporation, Blueshift Materials, Inc, BOBST, Bolt Threads, Borealis AG, Borregaard, Bosk Bioproducts Inc, Boston Metal, Bowil Biotech Sp. z o.o, B-PREG, Braskem, Braven Environmental, LLC, Brightmark Energy, Brightplus Oy, Brimstone, bse Methanol GmbH, BTG Bioliquids B.V, Bucha Bio, Inc, Buhl Paperform GmbH, Burgo Group S.p.A, Business Innovation Partners Co., Ltd, Buyo Bioplastic Ltd, ByFusion Global Inc, BYK-Chemie GmbH, Byogy Renewables, Inc, B’ZEOS, C16 Biosciences, C1 Green Chemicals AG, C2CNT LLC/Capital Power, Cabot Corporation, Calyxia, Cambridge Carbon Capture Ltd, Cambridge Electric Cement, Canadian Industrial Hemp Corporation, CapaTec Inc, Caphenia GmbH, Capsol Technologies, CARAPAC Company, Carapace Biopolymers, CarbiCrete, Carbiolice, Carbios, Carbon8 Systems, Carbonaide Oy, CarbonBridge, CarbonBuilt, Carbon Collect Limited, Carbon Crusher, CarbonCure Technologies, Inc, Carbon Engineering (Occidental / 1PointFive), Carbon Infinity Limited, Carbon Re, Carbon Recycling International, Carbon Sink LLC, Carbon Upcycling Technologies, Carbonwave, Carbyon BV, Cardia Bioplastics Ltd, Cardolite, Cargill, Cassandra Oil AB, Cass Materials Pty Ltd, Casterra Ag Ltd, CATACK-H, Catalyxx, Cathay Industrial Biotech, Ltd, C-Capture, Celanese Corporation, Cellicon B.V, CellON, Cellucomp Ltd, Celluforce, Cellugy, Cellutech AB (Stora Enso), Celtic Renewables Ltd, Celus GmbH, Celwise AB, CemVision AB, Cereal Process Technologies (CPT), CERT Systems, Inc, CF Industries Holdings, Inc, CGREEN, ChainCraft, ChakraTech, CH Bioforce, Checkerspot, Chemical Process Services Ltd. (Bitrez), Chemkey Advanced Materials Technology (Shanghai) Co., Ltd, Chemol Company (Seydel), Chempolis Oy, Chestnut Bio Polymers, China Baowu Steel Group, Chinova Bioworks, Chitelix, Chitose Bio Evolution Pte Ltd, Chongqing Bofei Biochemical Products Co., Ltd, Chuetsu Pulp & Paper Co., Ltd, CIMV, Circa Group, Circla Nordic, Circular11, Circular Systems, Circulose, Cirkla, CJ Biomaterials, Inc, CKF Inc, CleanJoule, Climeworks, CNF Biofuel AS, CO2BioClean, Coastgrass ApS, Cobratex, COFCO Cooperation Ltd, Coffeeco Upcycle, Concord Blue Engineering, Concrene Limited, Concrete4Change, Concretenne, CondAlign AS, Constantia Flexibles, Coolbrook, Cool Planet Energy Systems, Corbion N.V, Corium Biotech, Corn Next, Corsair Group International, Cortec Corporation, Corumat, Inc, Cosmo Specialty Chemicals, Cosun Beet Company, Coval Energy B.V, Covestro AG, Craft Composite, CreaFill Fibers Corporation, Crimson Renewable Energy LLC, Cristal Union Group, Croda International plc, Croft, Cruz Foam, CuanTec Ltd, Cullen Eco-Friendly Packaging, C-Zero Inc, Daesang, Daicel Corporation, Daicel Polymer Ltd, DaikyoNishikawa Corporation, Daily Polymer, Daio Paper Corporation, Daishowa Paper Products Co. Ltd, DAK Americas LLC, Danimer Scientific, D-CRBN, DENSO Corporation, Diamond Green Diesel LLC, DIC Corporation, DIC Products, Dimensional Energy, Dioxide Materials, Dioxycle, Dispersa, DisSolves, DKS Co. Ltd, DMAT, DMC Biotechnologies, Domsjo Fabriker AB, Domtar Paper Company LLC, Dongjin Semichem, Dongnam Realize, Dongying Hebang Chemical Corp, Dow Chemical Company, DP Patterning AB, dsm-firmenich, DuFor Resins B.V, DuPont, DuPont Tate & Lyle Bio Products Co., LLC, E6PR, EarthForm, Earthodic, Earth Recycle Co., Ltd, Eastman Chemical Company, Ecoat S.A.S, EcoCeres, Inc, Eco Environmental, Eco Fuel Technology, Inc, ecoGenie biotech, Ecohelix, ecoLocked GmbH, Ecologic Brands, Inc, Ecomann Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Ecopel, EcoPHA Biotech Pty Ltd, Eco-Products, Inc, Eco Safety Products, Ecoshell, Eco Shot LLC, Eco-SQ, EcoSynthetix, Inc, EcoTechnilin, Ecovance Co., Ltd, Ecovative Design LLC, Ecovia Renewables, Eden Innovations LLC, Eden Materials, EggPlant Srl, Ehime Paper Manufacturing Co. Ltd, Elea & Lili Ltd, ElectraMet, Electra Steel, Electrified Thermal Solutions, Electro-Active Technologies Inc, Elementis plc, Elephantech, Inc, Elevance Renewable Sciences, Inc, Elisto GmbH, Emerging Fuels Technology (EFT), Emery Oleochemicals LLC and more....

Table of Contents

1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

• 1.1 Definition of Bio-based and Sustainable Materials
• 1.2 Importance and Benefits of Bio-based and Sustainable Materials
• 1.3 What are bioplastics?
• 1.4 Global Plastics Market and Supply
• 1.5 Recycling Polymers
• 1.6 Bio-based and Biodegradable vs. Non-biodegradable Polymers
• 1.7 Bio-based Content Across the Full Polymer Market
• 1.8 Regional Distribution

2 BIOPLASTICS MARKET

• 2.1 Bio-based Building Blocks Market Overview
• 2.2 Next Generation Bio-based Polymers
• 2.3 Integration with Chemical Recycling
• 2.4 Novel Feedstock Sources
• 2.5 Turning Waste into Bioplastics
• 2.6 Bio-based Polymer Production Shares and Bio-based Content:
• 2.7 Global Bioplastics Capacity
  • 2.7.1 Production capacities
  • 2.7.2 Production capacities forecast 2025-2036
  • 2.7.3 Production capacities by region 2024-2036
• 2.8 Global Market Forecasts
• 2.9 Environmental Impact and Sustainability
  • 2.9.1 Plastics carbon footprint
  • 2.9.2 Bioplastics carbon footprint
  • 2.9.3 Life Cycle Assessment of Bioplastics
  • 2.9.4 Use of renewables in production
  • 2.9.5 Land Use and Feedstock Sustainability
  • 2.9.6 Carbon Footprint Comparison with Fossil-based Alternatives
• 2.10 Bio-composites
  • 2.10.1 Sustainable packaging
  • 2.10.2 Enhanced biodegradation of bio-based polymers
  • 2.10.3 Bio-composite manufacturing
  • 2.10.4 Sustainability and Environmental Performance of Bio-based Polymers
• 2.11 The Biodegradability and Bio-based Independence Principle
• 2.12 Types of bioplastics
  • 2.12.1 Introduction
  • 2.12.2 Polymer Types
    • 2.12.2.1 Transition from fossil-based to bio-based polymers
    • 2.12.2.2 Monosaccharides
    • 2.12.2.3 Vegetable Oils
  • 2.12.3 Bio-based monomers
    • 2.12.3.1 Portfolio of available monomers
    • 2.12.3.2 Emerging Monomer Technologies
  • 2.12.4 The Green Premium
  • 2.12.5 Market Pathway Classification: Drop-in, Smart Drop-in and Dedicated Bio-based Polymers
• 2.13 Feedstocks
  • 2.13.1 Types
  • 2.13.2 Prices
  • 2.13.3 Alternative feedstocks for bioplastics
  • 2.13.4 Food security, land use, and water resources
• 2.14 Chain of custody
• 2.15 Chemical tracers and markers
• 2.16 Bioplastics regulations
  • 2.16.1 Overview
  • 2.16.2 Extended producer responsibility (EPR)
  • 2.16.3 United States
  • 2.16.4 Europe
    • 2.16.4.1 EU Bioeconomy Strategy November
  • 2.16.5 Asia-Pacific

3 BIO-BASED CHEMICALS AND INTERMEDIATES

• 3.1 BIOREFINERIES
• 3.2 BIO-BASED FEEDSTOCK AND LAND USE
• 3.3 PLANT-BASED
  • 3.3.1 STARCH
    • 3.3.1.1 Overview
    • 3.3.1.2 Sources
    • 3.3.1.3 Global production
    • 3.3.1.4 Lysine
      • 3.3.1.4.1 Source
      • 3.3.1.4.2 Applications
      • 3.3.1.4.3 Global production
    • 3.3.1.5 Glucose
      • 3.3.1.5.1 HMDA
        • 3.3.1.5.1.1 Overview
        • 3.3.1.5.1.2 Sources
        • 3.3.1.5.1.3 Applications
        • 3.3.1.5.1.4 Global production
      • 3.3.1.5.2 1,5-pentamethylenediamine (DA5)
        • 3.3.1.5.2.1 Overview
        • 3.3.1.5.2.2 Sources
        • 3.3.1.5.2.3 Applications
        • 3.3.1.5.2.4 Global production
      • 3.3.1.5.3 Sorbitol
        • 3.3.1.5.3.1 Overview
        • 3.3.1.5.3.2 Applications
        • 3.3.1.5.3.3 Global Production
        • 3.3.1.5.3.4 Isosorbide
          • 3.3.1.5.3.4.1 Overview
          • 3.3.1.5.3.4.2 Sources
          • 3.3.1.5.3.4.3 Applications
          • 3.3.1.5.3.4.4 Global production
      • 3.3.1.5.4 Lactic acid
        • 3.3.1.5.4.1 Overview
        • 3.3.1.5.4.2 D-lactic acid
        • 3.3.1.5.4.3 L-lactic acid
        • 3.3.1.5.4.4 Lactide
      • 3.3.1.5.5 Itaconic acid
        • 3.3.1.5.5.1 Overview
        • 3.3.1.5.5.2 Sources
        • 3.3.1.5.5.3 Applications
        • 3.3.1.5.5.4 Global production
      • 3.3.1.5.6 3-HP
        • 3.3.1.5.6.1 Overview
        • 3.3.1.5.6.2 Sources
        • 3.3.1.5.6.3 Applications
        • 3.3.1.5.6.4 Global production
        • 3.3.1.5.6.5 Acrylic acid
          • 3.3.1.5.6.5.1 Overview
          • 3.3.1.5.6.5.2 Applications
          • 3.3.1.5.6.5.3 Global production
        • 3.3.1.5.6.6 1,3-Propanediol (1,3-PDO)
          • 3.3.1.5.6.6.1 Overview
          • 3.3.1.5.6.6.2 Applications
          • 3.3.1.5.6.6.3 Global production
      • 3.3.1.5.7 Succinic Acid
        • 3.3.1.5.7.1 Overview
        • 3.3.1.5.7.2 Sources
        • 3.3.1.5.7.3 Applications
        • 3.3.1.5.7.4 Global production
        • 3.3.1.5.7.5 1,4-Butanediol (1,4-BDO)
          • 3.3.1.5.7.5.1 Overview
          • 3.3.1.5.7.5.2 Applications
          • 3.3.1.5.7.5.3 Global production
        • 3.3.1.5.7.6 Tetrahydrofuran (THF)
          • 3.3.1.5.7.6.1 Overview
          • 3.3.1.5.7.6.2 Applications
          • 3.3.1.5.7.6.3 Global production
      • 3.3.1.5.8 Adipic acid
        • 3.3.1.5.8.1 Overview
        • 3.3.1.5.8.2 Applications
        • 3.3.1.5.8.3 Caprolactame
          • 3.3.1.5.8.3.1 Overview
          • 3.3.1.5.8.3.2 Applications
          • 3.3.1.5.8.3.3 Global production
      • 3.3.1.5.9 Isobutanol
        • 3.3.1.5.9.1 Overview
        • 3.3.1.5.9.2 Sources
        • 3.3.1.5.9.3 Applications
        • 3.3.1.5.9.4 Global production
        • 3.3.1.5.9.5 p-Xylene
          • 3.3.1.5.9.5.1 Overview
          • 3.3.1.5.9.5.2 Sources
          • 3.3.1.5.9.5.3 Applications
          • 3.3.1.5.9.5.4 Global production
        • 3.3.1.5.9.6 Terephthalic acid
          • 3.3.1.5.9.6.1 Overview
      • 3.3.1.5.10 1,3 Proppanediol
        • 3.3.1.5.10.1 Overview
        • 3.3.1.5.10.2 Sources
        • 3.3.1.5.10.3 Applications
        • 3.3.1.5.10.4 Global production
      • 3.3.1.5.11 Monoethylene glycol (MEG)
        • 3.3.1.5.11.1 Overview
        • 3.3.1.5.11.2 Sources
        • 3.3.1.5.11.3 Applications
        • 3.3.1.5.11.4 Global production
      • 3.3.1.5.12 Ethanol
        • 3.3.1.5.12.1 Overview
        • 3.3.1.5.12.2 Sources
        • 3.3.1.5.12.3 Applications
        • 3.3.1.5.12.4 Global production
        • 3.3.1.5.12.5 Ethylene
          • 3.3.1.5.12.5.1 Overview
          • 3.3.1.5.12.5.2 Applications
          • 3.3.1.5.12.5.3 Global production
          • 3.3.1.5.12.5.4 Propylene
          • 3.3.1.5.12.5.5 Vinyl chloride
        • 3.3.1.5.12.6 Methly methacrylate
  • 3.3.2 SUGAR CROPS
    • 3.3.2.1 Saccharose
      • 3.3.2.1.1 Aniline
        • 3.3.2.1.1.1 Overview
        • 3.3.2.1.1.2 Applications
        • 3.3.2.1.1.3 Global production
      • 3.3.2.1.2 Fructose
        • 3.3.2.1.2.1 Overview
        • 3.3.2.1.2.2 Applications
        • 3.3.2.1.2.3 Global production
        • 3.3.2.1.2.4 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF)
          • 3.3.2.1.2.4.1 Overview
          • 3.3.2.1.2.4.2 Applications
          • 3.3.2.1.2.4.3 Global production
        • 3.3.2.1.2.5 5-Chloromethylfurfural (5-CMF)
          • 3.3.2.1.2.5.1 Overview
          • 3.3.2.1.2.5.2 Applications
          • 3.3.2.1.2.5.3 Global production
        • 3.3.2.1.2.6 Levulinic Acid
          • 3.3.2.1.2.6.1 Overview
          • 3.3.2.1.2.6.2 Applications
          • 3.3.2.1.2.6.3 Global production
        • 3.3.2.1.2.7 FDME
          • 3.3.2.1.2.7.1 Overview
          • 3.3.2.1.2.7.2 Applications
          • 3.3.2.1.2.7.3 Global production
        • 3.3.2.1.2.8 2,5-FDCA
          • 3.3.2.1.2.8.1 Overview
          • 3.3.2.1.2.8.2 Applications
          • 3.3.2.1.2.8.3 Global production
  • 3.3.3 LIGNOCELLULOSIC BIOMASS
    • 3.3.3.1 Levoglucosenone
      • 3.3.3.1.1 Overview
      • 3.3.3.1.2 Applications
      • 3.3.3.1.3 Global production
    • 3.3.3.2 Hemicellulose
      • 3.3.3.2.1 Overview
      • 3.3.3.2.2 Biochemicals from hemicellulose
      • 3.3.3.2.3 Global production
      • 3.3.3.2.4 Furfural
        • 3.3.3.2.4.1 Overview
        • 3.3.3.2.4.2 Applications
        • 3.3.3.2.4.3 Global production
        • 3.3.3.2.4.4 Furfuyl alcohol
          • 3.3.3.2.4.4.1 Overview
          • 3.3.3.2.4.4.2 Applications
          • 3.3.3.2.4.4.3 Global production
    • 3.3.3.3 Lignin
  • 3.3.4 PLANT OILS
    • 3.3.4.1 Overview
    • 3.3.4.2 Glycerol
      • 3.3.4.2.1 Overview
      • 3.3.4.2.2 Applications
      • 3.3.4.2.3 Global production
      • 3.3.4.2.4 MPG
        • 3.3.4.2.4.1 Overview
        • 3.3.4.2.4.2 Applications
        • 3.3.4.2.4.3 Global production
      • 3.3.4.2.5 ECH
        • 3.3.4.2.5.1 Overview
        • 3.3.4.2.5.2 Applications
        • 3.3.4.2.5.3 Global production
    • 3.3.4.3 Fatty acids
      • 3.3.4.3.1 Overview
      • 3.3.4.3.2 Applications
      • 3.3.4.3.3 Global production
    • 3.3.4.4 Castor oil
      • 3.3.4.4.1 Overview
      • 3.3.4.4.2 Sebacic acid
        • 3.3.4.4.2.1 Overview
        • 3.3.4.4.2.2 Applications
        • 3.3.4.4.2.3 Global production
      • 3.3.4.4.3 11-Aminoundecanoic acid (11-AA)
        • 3.3.4.4.3.1 Overview
        • 3.3.4.4.3.2 Applications
        • 3.3.4.4.3.3 Global production
    • 3.3.4.5 Dodecanedioic acid (DDDA)
      • 3.3.4.5.1 Overview
      • 3.3.4.5.2 Applications
      • 3.3.4.5.3 Global production
    • 3.3.4.6 Pentamethylene diisocyanate
      • 3.3.4.6.1 Overview
      • 3.3.4.6.2 Applications
      • 3.3.4.6.3 Global production
  • 3.3.5 NON-EDIBIBLE MILK
    • 3.3.5.1 Casein
      • 3.3.5.1.1 Overview
      • 3.3.5.1.2 Applications
      • 3.3.5.1.3 Global production
  • 3.3.6 BIO-BASED NAPHTHA
    • 3.3.6.1 Overview
    • 3.3.6.2 Applications
    • 3.3.6.3 Global Production
• 3.4 WASTE
  • 3.4.1 Food waste
    • 3.4.1.1 Overview
    • 3.4.1.2 Products and applications
    • 3.4.1.3 Global production
  • 3.4.2 Agricultural waste
    • 3.4.2.1 Overview
    • 3.4.2.2 Products and applications
    • 3.4.2.3 Global production
  • 3.4.3 Forestry waste
    • 3.4.3.1 Overview
    • 3.4.3.2 Products and applications
    • 3.4.3.3 Global production
  • 3.4.4 Aquaculture/fishing waste
    • 3.4.4.1 Overview
    • 3.4.4.2 Products and applications
    • 3.4.4.3 Global production
  • 3.4.5 Municipal solid waste
    • 3.4.5.1 Overview
    • 3.4.5.2 Products and applications
    • 3.4.5.3 Global production
  • 3.4.6 Industrial waste
    • 3.4.6.1 Overview
    • 3.4.6.2 Waste oils
    • 3.4.6.3 Overview
    • 3.4.6.4 Products and applications
    • 3.4.6.5 Global production
• 3.5 MICROBIAL & MINERAL SOURCES
  • 3.5.1 Microalgae
    • 3.5.1.1 Overview
    • 3.5.1.2 Products and applications
    • 3.5.1.3 Global production
  • 3.5.2 Macroalgae
    • 3.5.2.1 Overview
    • 3.5.2.2 Products and applications
    • 3.5.2.3 Global production
  • 3.5.3 Mineral sources
    • 3.5.3.1 Overview
    • 3.5.3.2 Products and applications
• 3.6 GASEOUS
  • 3.6.1 Biogas
    • 3.6.1.1 Overview
    • 3.6.1.2 Products and applications
    • 3.6.1.3 Global production
  • 3.6.2 Syngas
    • 3.6.2.1 Overview
    • 3.6.2.2 Products and applications
    • 3.6.2.3 Global production
  • 3.6.3 Off gases - fermentation CO2, CO
    • 3.6.3.1 Overview
    • 3.6.3.2 Products and applications
• 3.7 Feedstock-to-Polymer Mapping and Mass Balance
  • 3.7.1 Overview
  • 3.7.2 Feedstock-to-polymer map
  • 3.7.3 Conversion ratios and mass balance

4 BIO-BASED POLYMERS AND PLASTICS

• 4.1 BIO-BASED OR RENEWABLE PLASTICS
  • 4.1.1 Drop-in bio-based plastics
  • 4.1.2 Novel bio-based plastics
• 4.2 BIODEGRADABLE AND COMPOSTABLE PLASTICS
  • 4.2.1 Biodegradability
  • 4.2.2 Compostability
• 4.3 TYPES
• 4.4 KEY MARKET PLAYERS
• 4.5 SYNTHETIC BIO-BASED POLYMERS
  • 4.5.1 Aliphatic polycarbonates (APC) – cyclic and linear
    • 4.5.1.1 Market analysis
    • 4.5.1.2 Production
    • 4.5.1.3 Applications
    • 4.5.1.4 Producers
  • 4.5.2 Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA)
    • 4.5.2.1 What is polylactic acid?
    • 4.5.2.2 Market analysis
    • 4.5.2.3 Applications
    • 4.5.2.4 Production
    • 4.5.2.5 Biomanufacturing of lactic acid (C3H6O3)
    • 4.5.2.6 Bacterial fermentation
      • 4.5.2.6.1 Lactic acid
      • 4.5.2.6.2 Selection of optimal bacterial strains
      • 4.5.2.6.3 Downstream processing of fermentation broth into PLA-grade lactic acid
    • 4.5.2.7 PLA hydrolysis
    • 4.5.2.8 Ocean degradation
    • 4.5.2.9 PLA end-of-life
    • 4.5.2.10 Producers and production capacities, current and planned
      • 4.5.2.10.1 Lactic acid producers and production capacities
      • 4.5.2.10.2 PLA producers and production capacities
      • 4.5.2.10.3 Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes)
      • 4.5.2.10.4 PLA Production by region 2019–2036
  • 4.5.3 Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET)
    • 4.5.3.1 Market analysis
    • 4.5.3.2 Bio-based MEG and PET
      • 4.5.3.2.1 Monomer production
      • 4.5.3.2.2 Applications
    • 4.5.3.3 Producers and production capacities
    • 4.5.3.4 Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes)
  • 4.5.4 Polytrimethylene terephthalate (Bio-PTT)
    • 4.5.4.1 Market analysis
    • 4.5.4.2 Producers and production capacities
    • 4.5.4.3 Polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes)
    • 4.5.4.4 PTT Production by region 2019–2036
  • 4.5.5 Polyethylene furanoate (Bio-PEF)
    • 4.5.5.1 Market analysis
    • 4.5.5.2 Comparative properties to PET
    • 4.5.5.3 Commercial status
    • 4.5.5.4 Producers and production capacities
      • 4.5.5.4.1 FDCA and PEF producers and production capacities
      • 4.5.5.4.2 Polyethylene furanoate (Bio-PEF) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes).
  • 4.5.6 Polyamides (Bio-PA)
    • 4.5.6.1 Market analysis
    • 4.5.6.2 Producers and production capacities
    • 4.5.6.3 Polyamides (Bio-PA) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes)
    • 4.5.6.4 Bio-PA Production by region 2019–2036
  • 4.5.7 Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (Bio-PBAT)
    • 4.5.7.1 Market analysis
    • 4.5.7.2 Producers and production capacities
    • 4.5.7.3 Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (Bio-PBAT) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes)
    • 4.5.7.4 PBAT Production by region 2019–2036
  • 4.5.8 Polybutylene succinate (PBS) and copolymers
    • 4.5.8.1 Market analysis
    • 4.5.8.2 Producers and production capacities
    • 4.5.8.3 Polybutylene succinate (PBS) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes)
    • 4.5.8.4 PBS Production by region 2019–2036
  • 4.5.9 Polyethylene (Bio-PE)
    • 4.5.9.1 Market analysis
    • 4.5.9.2 Producers and production capacities
    • 4.5.9.3 Polyethylene (Bio-PE) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes).
    • 4.5.9.4 Bio-PE Production by region 2019–2036
  • 4.5.10 Polypropylene (Bio-PP)
    • 4.5.10.1 Market analysis
    • 4.5.10.2 Producers and production capacities
    • 4.5.10.3 Polypropylene (Bio-PP) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes)
    • 4.5.10.4 Bio-PP Production by region 2019–2036
  • 4.5.11 Superabsorbent polymers
    • 4.5.11.1 Market analysis
    • 4.5.11.2 Production
    • 4.5.11.3 Applications
    • 4.5.11.4 Producers
  • 4.5.12 Polytrimethylene Furandicarboxylate (PTF)
    • 4.5.12.1 Market Analysis
    • 4.5.12.2 Production
    • 4.5.12.3 Applications
    • 4.5.12.4 Producers and Production Capacities
    • 4.5.12.5 PTF Production Capacity 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
  • 4.5.13 Bio-based Polybutylene Terephthalate (Bio-PBT)
    • 4.5.13.1 Market Analysis
    • 4.5.13.2 Production
    • 4.5.13.3 Applications
    • 4.5.13.4 Producers and Production Capacities
    • 4.5.13.5 Bio-PBT Production Capacity 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
  • 4.5.14 Polyfurfuryl Alcohol (PFA)
    • 4.5.14.1 Market Analysis
    • 4.5.14.2 Production
    • 4.5.14.3 Applications
    • 4.5.14.4 Producers and Production Capacities
    • 4.5.14.5 PFA Production Capacity 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
  • 4.5.15 Bio-based Polyvinyl Chloride (Bio-PVC)
    • 4.5.15.1 Market Analysis
    • 4.5.15.2 Production
    • 4.5.15.3 Applications
    • 4.5.15.4 Producers and Production Capacities
    • 4.5.15.5 Bio-PVC Production Capacity 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
  • 4.5.16 Bio-based Polymethyl Methacrylate (Bio-PMMA)
    • 4.5.16.1 Market Analysis
    • 4.5.16.2 Production
    • 4.5.16.3 Applications
    • 4.5.16.4 Producers and Production Capacities
    • 4.5.16.5 Bio-PMMA Production Capacity 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
  • 4.5.17 Bio-based Styrene-Butadiene Rubber (Bio-SBR)
    • 4.5.17.1 Market Analysis
    • 4.5.17.2 Production
    • 4.5.17.3 Applications
    • 4.5.17.4 Producers and Production Capacities
    • 4.5.17.5 Bio-SBR Production Capacity 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
  • 4.5.18 Epoxy resins (bio-based content)
    • 4.5.18.1 Market Analysis
    • 4.5.18.2 Producers and Production Capacities
    • 4.5.18.3 Epoxy resins (bio fraction) production 2019–2036
    • 4.5.18.4 Epoxy resins Production by region 2019–2036
  • 4.5.19 Polyurethanes (PUR, bio-based content)
    • 4.5.19.1 Market Analysis
    • 4.5.19.2 Producers and Production Capacities
    • 4.5.19.3 Polyurethanes (PUR, bio fraction) production 2019–2036
    • 4.5.19.4 PUR Production by region 2019–2036
• 4.6 NATURAL BIO-BASED POLYMERS
  • 4.6.1 Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA)
    • 4.6.1.1 Technology description
    • 4.6.1.2 Types
      • 4.6.1.2.1 PHB
      • 4.6.1.2.2 PHBV
    • 4.6.1.3 Synthesis and production processes
    • 4.6.1.4 Market analysis
    • 4.6.1.5 Commercially available PHAs
    • 4.6.1.6 Markets for PHAs
      • 4.6.1.6.1 Packaging
      • 4.6.1.6.2 Cosmetics
        • 4.6.1.6.2.1 PHA microspheres
      • 4.6.1.6.3 Medical
        • 4.6.1.6.3.1 Tissue engineering
        • 4.6.1.6.3.2 Drug delivery
      • 4.6.1.6.4 Agriculture
        • 4.6.1.6.4.1 Mulch film
        • 4.6.1.6.4.2 Grow bags
    • 4.6.1.7 Producers and production capacities
    • 4.6.1.8 PHA production capacities 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes)
    • 4.6.1.9 PHA Production by region 2019–2036
  • 4.6.2 Cellulose
    • 4.6.2.1 Cellulose acetate (CA)
      • 4.6.2.1.1 Market analysis
      • 4.6.2.1.2 Production
      • 4.6.2.1.3 Applications
      • 4.6.2.1.4 Cellulose acetate Production by region 2019–2036
      • 4.6.2.1.5 Producers
    • 4.6.2.2 Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC)
      • 4.6.2.2.1 Market analysis
      • 4.6.2.2.2 Producers and production capacities
    • 4.6.2.3 Nanocellulose
    • 4.6.2.4 Casein polymers
      • 4.6.2.4.1 Market analysis
    • 4.6.2.5 Commercial status
      • 4.6.2.5.1 Production
      • 4.6.2.5.2 Applications
    • 4.6.2.6 Algal, Fungal and Mycelium-based Materials: Emerging Outlook
  • 4.6.3 Starch-containing polymer compounds (SCPC)
    • 4.6.3.1 Market Analysis
    • 4.6.3.2 Producers and Production Capacities
    • 4.6.3.3 SCPC production 2019–2036
    • 4.6.3.4 SCPC Production by region 2019–2036
• 4.7 END USE MARKETS
  • 4.7.1 Packaging (Flexible and Rigid)
    • 4.7.1.1 Processes for bioplastics in packaging
    • 4.7.1.2 Applications
    • 4.7.1.3 Flexible packaging
      • 4.7.1.3.1 Production volumes 2019-2036
    • 4.7.1.4 Rigid packaging
      • 4.7.1.4.1 Production volumes 2019-2036
  • 4.7.2 Consumer Goods
    • 4.7.2.1 Applications
    • 4.7.2.2 Production volumes 2019-2036
  • 4.7.3 Automotive
    • 4.7.3.1 Applications
    • 4.7.3.2 Production volumes 2019-2036
  • 4.7.4 Building and Construction
    • 4.7.4.1 Applications
    • 4.7.4.2 Production volumes 2019-2036
  • 4.7.5 Textiles and Fibers
    • 4.7.5.1 Apparel
    • 4.7.5.2 Footwear
    • 4.7.5.3 Medical textiles
    • 4.7.5.4 Production volumes 2019-2036
  • 4.7.6 Electronics
    • 4.7.6.1 Applications
    • 4.7.6.2 Production volumes 2019-2036
  • 4.7.7 Agriculture and Horticulture
    • 4.7.7.1 Production volumes 2019-2036
  • 4.7.8 Production of Biopolymers, by region
    • 4.7.8.1 North America
    • 4.7.8.2 Europe
    • 4.7.8.3 Asia-Pacific
    • 4.7.8.4 Latin America
  • 4.7.9 Polymer-Specific Application Distribution
    • 4.7.9.1 All bio-based polymers — Application summary
    • 4.7.9.2 PLA — Application distribution
    • 4.7.9.3 PHA — Application distribution
    • 4.7.9.4 PBAT — Application distribution
    • 4.7.9.5 PBS — Application distribution
    • 4.7.9.6 SCPC — Application distribution
    • 4.7.9.7 Cellulose acetate — Application distribution
• 4.8 LIGNIN
  • 4.8.1 What is lignin?
    • 4.8.1.1 Lignin structure
  • 4.8.2 Types of lignin
    • 4.8.2.1 Sulfur containing lignin
    • 4.8.2.2 Sulfur-free lignin from biorefinery process
  • 4.8.3 Properties
  • 4.8.4 The lignocellulose biorefinery
  • 4.8.5 Markets and applications
  • 4.8.6 Challenges for using lignin
  • 4.8.7 Lignin production processes
  • 4.8.8 Lignosulphonates
    • 4.8.8.1 SWOT analysis
  • 4.8.9 Kraft lignin
    • 4.8.9.1 SWOT analysis
    • 4.8.9.2 LignoBoost process
    • 4.8.9.3 LignoForce method
    • 4.8.9.4 Sequential Liquid Lignin Recovery and Purification
    • 4.8.9.5 A-Recovery+
  • 4.8.10 Soda lignin
    • 4.8.10.1 SWOT analysis
  • 4.8.11 Biorefinery lignin
    • 4.8.11.1 SWOT analysis
    • 4.8.11.2 Commercial and pre-commercial biorefinery lignin production facilities and processes
  • 4.8.12 High-purity and high-quality lignins
    • 4.8.12.1 What defines a high-quality lignin
    • 4.8.12.2 Purification and fractionation
  • 4.8.13 Organosolv lignins
    • 4.8.13.1 Properties
    • 4.8.13.2 Applications
    • 4.8.13.3 Price positioning
    • 4.8.13.4 SWOT analysis
  • 4.8.14 Hydrolytic lignin
    • 4.8.14.1 Properties
    • 4.8.14.2 SWOT analysis
  • 4.8.15 Markets for lignin
  • 4.8.16 Market drivers and trends for lignin
  • 4.8.17 Production capacities
    • 4.8.17.1 Technical lignin availability (dry ton/y)
    • 4.8.17.2 Biomass conversion (Biorefinery)
  • 4.8.18 Global consumption of lignin
    • 4.8.18.1 By type
      • 4.8.18.1.1 Tonnes
      • 4.8.18.1.2 Revenues
    • 4.8.18.2 By market
      • 4.8.18.2.1 Tonnes
      • 4.8.18.2.2 Revenues
  • 4.8.19 Prices
    • 4.8.19.1 Price outlook to
    • 4.8.19.2 Price by quality tier and upgrade economics
    • 4.8.19.3 Price drivers and trends
• 4.9 COMPANY PROFILES 437 (577 company profiles)

5 NATURAL FIBER PLASTICS AND COMPOSITES

• 5.1 Manufacturing method, matrix materials and applications of natural fibers
• 5.2 Advantages of natural fibers
• 5.3 Commercially available next-gen natural fiber products
• 5.4 Market drivers for next-gen natural fibers
• 5.5 Challenges
• 5.6 Plants (cellulose, lignocellulose)
  • 5.6.1 Seed fibers
    • 5.6.1.1 Cotton
      • 5.6.1.1.1 Production volumes 2018-2036
    • 5.6.1.2 Kapok
      • 5.6.1.2.1 Production volumes 2018-2036
    • 5.6.1.3 Luffa
  • 5.6.2 Bast fibers
    • 5.6.2.1 Jute
      • 5.6.2.1.1 Production volumes 2018-2036
    • 5.6.2.2 Hemp
      • 5.6.2.2.1 Production volumes 2018-2036
    • 5.6.2.3 Flax
      • 5.6.2.3.1 Production volumes 2018-2036
    • 5.6.2.4 Ramie
      • 5.6.2.4.1 Production volumes 2018-2036
    • 5.6.2.5 Kenaf
      • 5.6.2.5.1 Production volumes 2018-2036
  • 5.6.3 Leaf fibers
    • 5.6.3.1 Sisal
      • 5.6.3.1.1 Production volumes 2018-2036
    • 5.6.3.2 Abaca
      • 5.6.3.2.1 Production volumes 2018-2036
  • 5.6.4 Fruit fibers
    • 5.6.4.1 Coir
      • 5.6.4.1.1 Production volumes 2018-2036
    • 5.6.4.2 Banana
      • 5.6.4.2.1 Production volumes 2018-2036
    • 5.6.4.3 Pineapple
  • 5.6.5 Stalk fibers from agricultural residues
    • 5.6.5.1 Rice fiber
    • 5.6.5.2 Corn
  • 5.6.6 Cane, grasses and reed
    • 5.6.6.1 Switch grass
    • 5.6.6.2 Sugarcane (agricultural residues)
    • 5.6.6.3 Bamboo
      • 5.6.6.3.1 Production volumes 2018-2036
    • 5.6.6.4 Fresh grass (green biorefinery)
• 5.7 Animal (fibrous protein)
  • 5.7.1 Wool
    • 5.7.1.1 Alternative wool materials
    • 5.7.1.2 Producers
  • 5.7.2 Silk fiber
    • 5.7.2.1 Alternative silk materials
      • 5.7.2.1.1 Producers
  • 5.7.3 Leather
    • 5.7.3.1 Alternative leather materials
      • 5.7.3.1.1 Producers
  • 5.7.4 Fur
    • 5.7.4.1 Producers
  • 5.7.5 Down
    • 5.7.5.1 Alternative down materials
      • 5.7.5.1.1 Producers
• 5.8 Markets for natural fibers
  • 5.8.1 Composites
  • 5.8.2 Applications
  • 5.8.3 Natural fiber injection moulding compounds
    • 5.8.3.1 Properties
    • 5.8.3.2 Applications
  • 5.8.4 Non-woven natural fiber mat composites
    • 5.8.4.1 Automotive
    • 5.8.4.2 Applications
  • 5.8.5 Aligned natural fiber-reinforced composites
  • 5.8.6 Natural fiber biobased polymer compounds
  • 5.8.7 Natural fiber biobased polymer non-woven mats
    • 5.8.7.1 Flax
    • 5.8.7.2 Kenaf
  • 5.8.8 Natural fiber thermoset bioresin composites
  • 5.8.9 Aerospace
    • 5.8.9.1 Market overview
  • 5.8.10 Automotive
    • 5.8.10.1 Market overview
    • 5.8.10.2 Applications of natural fibers
  • 5.8.11 Building/construction
    • 5.8.11.1 Market overview
    • 5.8.11.2 Applications of natural fibers
  • 5.8.12 Sports and leisure
    • 5.8.12.1 Market overview
  • 5.8.13 Textiles
    • 5.8.13.1 Market overview
    • 5.8.13.2 Consumer apparel
    • 5.8.13.3 Geotextiles
  • 5.8.14 Packaging
    • 5.8.14.1 Market overview
• 5.9 Global production of natural fibers
• 5.10 COMPANY PROFILES (155 company profiles)

6 SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS

• 6.1 Market overview
  • 6.1.1 Benefits of Sustainable Construction
  • 6.1.2 Global Trends and Drivers
• 6.2 Global revenues
  • 6.2.1 By materials type
  • 6.2.2 By market
• 6.3 Types of sustainable construction materials
  • 6.3.1 Established bio-based construction materials
  • 6.3.2 Hemp-based Materials
    • 6.3.2.1 Hemp Concrete (Hempcrete)
    • 6.3.2.2 Hemp Fiberboard
    • 6.3.2.3 Hemp Insulation
  • 6.3.3 Mycelium-based Materials
    • 6.3.3.1 Insulation
    • 6.3.3.2 Structural Elements
    • 6.3.3.3 Acoustic Panels
    • 6.3.3.4 Decorative Elements
  • 6.3.4 Sustainable Concrete and Cement Alternatives
    • 6.3.4.1 Geopolymer Concrete
    • 6.3.4.2 Recycled Aggregate Concrete
    • 6.3.4.3 Lime-Based Materials
    • 6.3.4.4 Self-healing concrete
      • 6.3.4.4.1 Bioconcrete
      • 6.3.4.4.2 Fiber concrete
    • 6.3.4.5 Microalgae biocement
    • 6.3.4.6 Carbon-negative concrete
    • 6.3.4.7 Biomineral binders
  • 6.3.5 Natural Fiber Composites
    • 6.3.5.1 Types of Natural Fibers
    • 6.3.5.2 Properties
    • 6.3.5.3 Applications in Construction
  • 6.3.6 Cellulose nanofibers
    • 6.3.6.1 Sandwich composites
    • 6.3.6.2 Cement additives
    • 6.3.6.3 Pump primers
    • 6.3.6.4 Insulation materials
    • 6.3.6.5 Coatings and paints
    • 6.3.6.6 3D printing materials
  • 6.3.7 Sustainable Insulation Materials
    • 6.3.7.1 Types of sustainable insulation materials
    • 6.3.7.2 Aerogel Insulation
      • 6.3.7.2.1 Silica aerogels
        • 6.3.7.2.1.1 Properties
        • 6.3.7.2.1.2 Thermal conductivity
        • 6.3.7.2.1.3 Mechanical
        • 6.3.7.2.1.4 Silica aerogel precursors
        • 6.3.7.2.1.5 Products
          • 6.3.7.2.1.5.1 Monoliths
          • 6.3.7.2.1.5.2 Powder
          • 6.3.7.2.1.5.3 Granules
          • 6.3.7.2.1.5.4 Blankets
          • 6.3.7.2.1.5.5 Aerogel boards
          • 6.3.7.2.1.5.6 Aerogel renders
        • 6.3.7.2.1.6 3D printing of aerogels
        • 6.3.7.2.1.7 Silica aerogel from sustainable feedstocks
        • 6.3.7.2.1.8 Silica composite aerogels
          • 6.3.7.2.1.8.1 Organic crosslinkers
        • 6.3.7.2.1.9 Cost of silica aerogels
        • 6.3.7.2.1.10 Main players
      • 6.3.7.2.2 Aerogel-like foam materials
        • 6.3.7.2.2.1 Properties
        • 6.3.7.2.2.2 Applications
      • 6.3.7.2.3 Metal oxide aerogels
      • 6.3.7.2.4 Organic aerogels
        • 6.3.7.2.4.1 Polymer aerogels
      • 6.3.7.2.5 Biobased and sustainable aerogels (bio-aerogels)
        • 6.3.7.2.5.1 Cellulose aerogels
          • 6.3.7.2.5.1.1 Cellulose nanofiber (CNF) aerogels
          • 6.3.7.2.5.1.2 Cellulose nanocrystal aerogels
          • 6.3.7.2.5.1.3 Bacterial nanocellulose aerogels
        • 6.3.7.2.5.2 Lignin aerogels
        • 6.3.7.2.5.3 Alginate aerogels
        • 6.3.7.2.5.4 Starch aerogels
        • 6.3.7.2.5.5 Chitosan aerogels
      • 6.3.7.2.6 Carbon aerogels
        • 6.3.7.2.6.1 Carbon nanotube aerogels
        • 6.3.7.2.6.2 Graphene and graphite aerogels
      • 6.3.7.2.7 Additive manufacturing (3D printing)
        • 6.3.7.2.7.1 Carbon nitride
        • 6.3.7.2.7.2 Gold
        • 6.3.7.2.7.3 Cellulose
        • 6.3.7.2.7.4 Graphene oxide
      • 6.3.7.2.8 Hybrid aerogels
• 6.4 Carbon capture and utilization
  • 6.4.1 Overview
  • 6.4.2 Market structure
  • 6.4.3 CCUS technologies in the cement industry
  • 6.4.4 Products
    • 6.4.4.1 Carbonated aggregates
    • 6.4.4.2 Additives during mixing
    • 6.4.4.3 Carbonates from natural minerals
    • 6.4.4.4 Carbonates from waste
  • 6.4.5 Concrete curing
  • 6.4.6 Costs
  • 6.4.7 Challenges
• 6.5 Green steel
  • 6.5.1 Current Steelmaking processes
  • 6.5.2 Decarbonization target and policies
    • 6.5.2.1 EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM)
  • 6.5.3 Advances in clean production technologies
  • 6.5.4 Production technologies
    • 6.5.4.1 The role of hydrogen
    • 6.5.4.2 Comparative analysis
    • 6.5.4.3 Hydrogen Direct Reduced Iron (DRI)
    • 6.5.4.4 Electrolysis
    • 6.5.4.5 Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage (CCUS)
    • 6.5.4.6 Biochar replacing coke
    • 6.5.4.7 Hydrogen Blast Furnace
    • 6.5.4.8 Renewable energy powered processes
    • 6.5.4.9 Flash ironmaking
    • 6.5.4.10 Hydrogen Plasma Iron Ore Reduction
    • 6.5.4.11 Ferrous Bioprocessing
    • 6.5.4.12 Microwave Processing
    • 6.5.4.13 Additive Manufacturing
    • 6.5.4.14 Technology readiness level (TRL)
  • 6.5.5 Properties
• 6.6 Markets and applications
  • 6.6.1 Residential Buildings
  • 6.6.2 Commercial and Office Buildings
  • 6.6.3 Infrastructure
• 6.7 Company profiles (191 company profiles)

7 BIOBASED PACKAGING MATERIALS

• 7.1 Market overview
  • 7.1.1 Current global packaging market and materials
  • 7.1.2 The global market for sustainable packaging
    • 7.1.2.1 By packaging materials
      • 7.1.2.1.1 Tonnes
      • 7.1.2.1.2 Revenues
    • 7.1.2.2 By packaging product type
      • 7.1.2.2.1 Tonnes
      • 7.1.2.2.2 Revenues
    • 7.1.2.3 By end-use market
      • 7.1.2.3.1 Tonnes
      • 7.1.2.3.2 Revenues
    • 7.1.2.4 By region
      • 7.1.2.4.1 Tonnes
      • 7.1.2.4.2 Revenues
  • 7.1.3 Market trends
  • 7.1.4 Drivers for growth in bio-based and sustainable packaging
    • 7.1.4.1 Regulatory Mandates and PFAS Phase-Out Impact
    • 7.1.4.2 Circular Economy Initiatives and Recyclability Requirements
    • 7.1.4.3 Consumer Demand for Sustainable Packaging
    • 7.1.4.4 E-Commerce Growth and Packaging Performance Needs
    • 7.1.4.5 Brand Owner Sustainability Commitments
  • 7.1.5 Challenges for bio-based and sustainable packaging
  • 7.1.6 Prices
• 7.2 Materials
  • 7.2.1 Materials innovation
  • 7.2.2 Active packaging
  • 7.2.3 Monomaterial packaging
  • 7.2.4 Conventional polymer materials used in packaging
    • 7.2.4.1 Polyolefins: Polypropylene and polyethylene
      • 7.2.4.1.1 Overview
      • 7.2.4.1.2 Grades
      • 7.2.4.1.3 Producers
    • 7.2.4.2 PET and other polyester polymers
      • 7.2.4.2.1 Overview
    • 7.2.4.3 Renewable and bio-based polymers for packaging
    • 7.2.4.4 Comparison of synthetic fossil-based and bio-based polymers
    • 7.2.4.5 Processes for bioplastics in packaging
    • 7.2.4.6 End-of-life treatment of bio-based and sustainable packaging
• 7.3 Synthetic bio-based packaging materials
  • 7.3.1 Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA)
    • 7.3.1.1 Overview
    • 7.3.1.2 Properties
    • 7.3.1.3 Applications
    • 7.3.1.4 Advantages
    • 7.3.1.5 Challenges
    • 7.3.1.6 Commercial examples
  • 7.3.2 Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET)
    • 7.3.2.1 Overview
    • 7.3.2.2 Properties
    • 7.3.2.3 Applications
    • 7.3.2.4 Advantages of Bio-PET in Packaging
    • 7.3.2.5 Challenges and Limitations
    • 7.3.2.6 Commercial examples
  • 7.3.3 Polytrimethylene terephthalate (Bio-PTT)
    • 7.3.3.1 Overview
    • 7.3.3.2 Production Process
    • 7.3.3.3 Properties
    • 7.3.3.4 Applications
    • 7.3.3.5 Advantages of Bio-PTT in Packaging
    • 7.3.3.6 Challenges and Limitations
    • 7.3.3.7 Commercial examples
  • 7.3.4 Polyethylene furanoate (Bio-PEF)
    • 7.3.4.1 Overview
    • 7.3.4.2 Properties
    • 7.3.4.3 Applications
    • 7.3.4.4 Advantages of Bio-PEF in Packaging
    • 7.3.4.5 Challenges and Limitations
    • 7.3.4.6 Commercial examples
  • 7.3.5 Bio-PA
    • 7.3.5.1 Overview
    • 7.3.5.2 Properties
    • 7.3.5.3 Applications in Packaging
    • 7.3.5.4 Advantages of Bio-PA in Packaging
    • 7.3.5.5 Challenges and Limitations
    • 7.3.5.6 Commercial examples
  • 7.3.6 Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (Bio-PBAT)- Aliphatic aromatic copolyesters
    • 7.3.6.1 Overview
    • 7.3.6.2 Properties
    • 7.3.6.3 Applications in Packaging
    • 7.3.6.4 Advantages of Bio-PBAT in Packaging
    • 7.3.6.5 Challenges and Limitations
    • 7.3.6.6 Commercial examples
  • 7.3.7 Polybutylene succinate (PBS) and copolymers
    • 7.3.7.1 Overview
    • 7.3.7.2 Properties
    • 7.3.7.3 Applications in Packaging
    • 7.3.7.4 Advantages of Bio-PBS and Co-polymers in Packaging
    • 7.3.7.5 Challenges and Limitations
    • 7.3.7.6 Commercial examples
  • 7.3.8 Polypropylene (Bio-PP)
    • 7.3.8.1 Overview
    • 7.3.8.2 Properties
    • 7.3.8.3 Applications in Packaging
    • 7.3.8.4 Advantages of Bio-PP in Packaging
    • 7.3.8.5 Challenges and Limitations
    • 7.3.8.6 Commercial examples
• 7.4 Natural bio-based packaging materials
  • 7.4.1 Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA)
    • 7.4.1.1 Properties
    • 7.4.1.2 Applications in Packaging
    • 7.4.1.3 Advantages of PHA in Packaging
    • 7.4.1.4 Challenges and Limitations
    • 7.4.1.5 Commercial examples
  • 7.4.2 Starch-based blends
    • 7.4.2.1 Overview
    • 7.4.2.2 Properties
    • 7.4.2.3 Applications in Packaging
    • 7.4.2.4 Advantages of Starch-Based Blends in Packaging
    • 7.4.2.5 Challenges and Limitations
    • 7.4.2.6 Commercial examples
  • 7.4.3 Cellulose
    • 7.4.3.1 Feedstocks
      • 7.4.3.1.1 Wood
      • 7.4.3.1.2 Plant
      • 7.4.3.1.3 Tunicate
      • 7.4.3.1.4 Algae
      • 7.4.3.1.5 Bacteria
    • 7.4.3.2 Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC)
      • 7.4.3.2.1 Properties
    • 7.4.3.3 Nanocellulose
      • 7.4.3.3.1 Cellulose nanocrystals
        • 7.4.3.3.1.1 Applications in packaging
      • 7.4.3.3.2 Cellulose nanofibers
        • 7.4.3.3.2.1 Applications in packaging
          • 7.4.3.3.2.1.1 Reinforcement and barrier
          • 7.4.3.3.2.1.2 Biodegradable food packaging foil and films
          • 7.4.3.3.2.1.3 Paperboard coatings
      • 7.4.3.3.3 Bacterial Nanocellulose (BNC)
        • 7.4.3.3.3.1 Applications in packaging
    • 7.4.3.4 Commercial examples
  • 7.4.4 Protein-based bioplastics in packaging
    • 7.4.4.1 Feedstocks
    • 7.4.4.2 Commercial examples
  • 7.4.5 Lipids and waxes for packaging
    • 7.4.5.1 Overview
    • 7.4.5.2 Commercial examples
  • 7.4.6 Seaweed-based packaging
    • 7.4.6.1 Overview
    • 7.4.6.2 Production
    • 7.4.6.3 Applications in packaging
    • 7.4.6.4 Producers
  • 7.4.7 Mycelium
    • 7.4.7.1 Overview
    • 7.4.7.2 Applications in packaging
    • 7.4.7.3 Commercial examples
  • 7.4.8 Chitosan
    • 7.4.8.1 Overview
    • 7.4.8.2 Applications in packaging
    • 7.4.8.3 Commercial examples
  • 7.4.9 Bio-naphtha
    • 7.4.9.1 Overview
    • 7.4.9.2 Markets and applications
    • 7.4.9.3 Commercial examples
• 7.5 Applications
  • 7.5.1 Paper and board packaging
    • 7.5.1.1 Market overview
    • 7.5.1.2 Recycled Paper and Cardboard
      • 7.5.1.2.1 Post-consumer recycled (PCR) content paperboard
      • 7.5.1.2.2 Kraft paper made from recycled fibers
      • 7.5.1.2.3 Corrugated cardboard with high recycled content
    • 7.5.1.3 FSC/PEFC Certified Virgin Fibers
      • 7.5.1.3.1 Sustainably managed forest sources
      • 7.5.1.3.2 Chain-of-custody certified materials
    • 7.5.1.4 Alternative Fiber Sources
      • 7.5.1.4.1 Bamboo-based paper and board
      • 7.5.1.4.2 Agricultural waste fibers (wheat straw, sugarcane bagasse)
      • 7.5.1.4.3 Hemp and flax fiber papers
    • 7.5.1.5 Plastic-Free Barrier Papers
      • 7.5.1.5.1 Clay-coated papers
      • 7.5.1.5.2 Silicone-coated papers
      • 7.5.1.5.3 Mineral oil barrier papers
    • 7.5.1.6 Water-Based Coatings and Adhesives
      • 7.5.1.6.1 Replacing plastic laminations with aqueous coatings
      • 7.5.1.6.2 Plant-based adhesives for box construction
  • 7.5.2 Food packaging
    • 7.5.2.1 Films and trays
    • 7.5.2.2 Pouches and bags
    • 7.5.2.3 Textiles and nets
    • 7.5.2.4 Compostable Food Containers
      • 7.5.2.4.1 PLA (polylactic acid) trays and containers
      • 7.5.2.4.2 Bagasse food service items
      • 7.5.2.4.3 Molded fiber clamshells and trays
    • 7.5.2.5 Biodegradable Films and Wraps
      • 7.5.2.5.1 Cellulose-based films
      • 7.5.2.5.2 PLA films for food wrapping
      • 7.5.2.5.3 Starch-based wraps
    • 7.5.2.6 Bio-Based Barrier Materials
      • 7.5.2.6.1 Paper with biopolymer coatings
      • 7.5.2.6.2 Plant-based waxes for moisture resistance
      • 7.5.2.6.3 Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) coatings
    • 7.5.2.7 Reusable Food Packaging Systems
      • 7.5.2.7.1 Returnable Glass Containers
      • 7.5.2.7.2 Durable Bioplastic Containers
      • 7.5.2.7.3 Loop-Style Reuse Systems
    • 7.5.2.8 Bioadhesives
      • 7.5.2.8.1 Starch
      • 7.5.2.8.2 Cellulose
      • 7.5.2.8.3 Protein-Based
    • 7.5.2.9 Barrier coatings and films
      • 7.5.2.9.1 Polysaccharides
        • 7.5.2.9.1.1 Chitin
        • 7.5.2.9.1.2 Chitosan
        • 7.5.2.9.1.3 Starch
      • 7.5.2.9.2 Poly(lactic acid) (PLA)
      • 7.5.2.9.3 Poly(butylene Succinate)
      • 7.5.2.9.4 Functional Lipid and Proteins Based Coatings
    • 7.5.2.10 Active and Smart Food Packaging
      • 7.5.2.10.1 Active Materials and Packaging Systems
      • 7.5.2.10.2 Intelligent and Smart Food Packaging
      • 7.5.2.10.3 Oxygen scavengers from natural materials
      • 7.5.2.10.4 Antimicrobial packaging from plant extracts
      • 7.5.2.10.5 Bio-based sensors for food freshness
    • 7.5.2.11 Antimicrobial films and agents
      • 7.5.2.11.1 Natural
      • 7.5.2.11.2 Inorganic nanoparticles
      • 7.5.2.11.3 Biopolymers
    • 7.5.2.12 Bio-based Inks and Dyes
    • 7.5.2.13 Edible films and coatings
      • 7.5.2.13.1 Overview
      • 7.5.2.13.2 Commercial examples
• 7.6 Biobased films and coatings in packaging
  • 7.6.1 Challenges using bio-based paints and coatings
  • 7.6.2 Types of bio-based coatings and films in packaging
    • 7.6.2.1 Polyurethane coatings
      • 7.6.2.1.1 Properties
      • 7.6.2.1.2 Bio-based polyurethane coatings
      • 7.6.2.1.3 Products
    • 7.6.2.2 Acrylate resins
      • 7.6.2.2.1 Properties
      • 7.6.2.2.2 Bio-based acrylates
      • 7.6.2.2.3 Products
    • 7.6.2.3 Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA)
      • 7.6.2.3.1 Properties
      • 7.6.2.3.2 Bio-PLA coatings and films
    • 7.6.2.4 Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) coatings
    • 7.6.2.5 Cellulose coatings and films
      • 7.6.2.5.1 Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC)
      • 7.6.2.5.2 Cellulose nanofibers
        • 7.6.2.5.2.1 Properties
        • 7.6.2.5.2.2 Product developers
    • 7.6.2.6 Lignin coatings
    • 7.6.2.7 Protein-based biomaterials for coatings
      • 7.6.2.7.1 Plant derived proteins
      • 7.6.2.7.2 Animal origin proteins
  • 7.6.3 Sustainable barrier coatings
    • 7.6.3.1 Substrates: Paper and Plastic
      • 7.6.3.1.1 Paper substrate characteristics and coating requirements
      • 7.6.3.1.2 Plastic substrate applications and sustainability challenges
      • 7.6.3.1.3 Substrate selection criteria and performance trade-offs
    • 7.6.3.2 Extrusion Barrier Coatings
    • 7.6.3.3 Thermoplastic Polymers
    • 7.6.3.4 Aluminium
    • 7.6.3.5 Waxes
    • 7.6.3.6 Silicone and Other Natural Materials
    • 7.6.3.7 High Barrier Polymers
    • 7.6.3.8 Wet-Barrier Coatings
      • 7.6.3.8.1 Application methods and process optimization
      • 7.6.3.8.2 Performance benchmarking against alternatives
      • 7.6.3.8.3 Environmental impact assessment
      • 7.6.3.8.4 Market adoption patterns
    • 7.6.3.9 Wax Coating
    • 7.6.3.10 Barrier Metallisation
      • 7.6.3.10.1 Technology overview and application scope
      • 7.6.3.10.2 Performance advantages in barrier applications
      • 7.6.3.10.3 Sustainability challenges and recycling impact
    • 7.6.3.11 Biodegradable, biobased and recyclable coatings
    • 7.6.3.12 Monolayer Coatings
    • 7.6.3.13 Current Technology State-of-the-Art
      • 7.6.3.13.1 Water-based coating technologies
      • 7.6.3.13.2 Bio-based polymer solutions
        • 7.6.3.13.2.1 Polysaccharides
          • 7.6.3.13.2.1.1 Chitin
          • 7.6.3.13.2.1.2 Chitosan
          • 7.6.3.13.2.1.3 Starch
        • 7.6.3.13.2.2 Poly(lactic acid) (PLA)
        • 7.6.3.13.2.3 Poly(butylene Succinate)
        • 7.6.3.13.2.4 Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA)
        • 7.6.3.13.2.5 Alginate
        • 7.6.3.13.2.6 Cellulose Acetate
        • 7.6.3.13.2.7 Protein-Based (Soy, Wheat)
        • 7.6.3.13.2.8 Bio-PE (Polyethylene)
        • 7.6.3.13.2.9 Bio-PET
        • 7.6.3.13.2.10 Lignin-Based Polymers
        • 7.6.3.13.2.11 Bacterial Cellulose
        • 7.6.3.13.2.12 Furan-Based Polymers (PEF)
        • 7.6.3.13.2.13 Tannin-Based Polymers
    • 7.6.3.14 Rosins
      • 7.6.3.14.1 Dispersion Coating Systems
      • 7.6.3.14.2 Nano-enhanced Barrier Materials
    • 7.6.3.15 Global Bioplastics Production Capacity
• 7.7 Carbon capture derived materials for packaging
  • 7.7.1 Benefits of carbon utilization for plastics feedstocks
  • 7.7.2 CO₂-derived polymers and plastics
  • 7.7.3 CO2 utilization products
• 7.8 Global biobased packaging markets
  • 7.8.1 Flexible packaging
    • 7.8.1.1 Market overview
    • 7.8.1.2 Compostable Flexible Films
      • 7.8.1.2.1 PLA film laminates
      • 7.8.1.2.2 PHAs (polyhydroxyalkanoates) films
      • 7.8.1.2.3 PBAT (polybutylene adipate terephthalate) films
      • 7.8.1.2.4 TPS (thermoplastic starch) films
    • 7.8.1.3 Recyclable Mono-Materials
      • 7.8.1.3.1 All-PE (polyethylene) structures
      • 7.8.1.3.2 All-PP (polypropylene) structures
      • 7.8.1.3.3 Designed for mechanical recycling
    • 7.8.1.4 Paper-Based Flexible Packaging
      • 7.8.1.4.1 High-strength paper with functional coatings
      • 7.8.1.4.2 Paper-plastic hybrid structures with separable layers
      • 7.8.1.4.3 Glassine and greaseproof papers
    • 7.8.1.5 Bio-Based Films
      • 7.8.1.5.1 Bio-PE films (from sugarcane)
      • 7.8.1.5.2 Bio-PET films
      • 7.8.1.5.3 Cellulose-based transparent films
    • 7.8.1.6 Reduced Material Structures
      • 7.8.1.6.1 Ultra-thin films with enhanced performance
      • 7.8.1.6.2 Downgauged materials with reinforcing technologies
      • 7.8.1.6.3 Resource-efficient multi-layer structures
    • 7.8.1.7 Global market size and forecast to
      • 7.8.1.7.1 Tonnes
      • 7.8.1.7.2 Revenues
  • 7.8.2 Rigid packaging
    • 7.8.2.1 Market overview
    • 7.8.2.2 Recycled Plastic Containers
      • 7.8.2.2.1 rPET (recycled polyethylene terephthalate) bottles and containers
      • 7.8.2.2.2 rHDPE (recycled high-density polyethylene) bottles
      • 7.8.2.2.3 PCR polypropylene tubs and containers
    • 7.8.2.3 Bio-Based Rigid Plastics
      • 7.8.2.3.1 Bio-PET bottles (partially plant-based)
      • 7.8.2.3.2 Bio-PE containers
      • 7.8.2.3.3 PLA bottles and jars
    • 7.8.2.4 Refillable/Reusable Systems
      • 7.8.2.4.1 Durable containers designed for multiple uses
      • 7.8.2.4.2 Standardized shapes for refill systems
      • 7.8.2.4.3 Concentrated product formats reducing packaging
    • 7.8.2.5 Alternative Materials
      • 7.8.2.5.1 Mushroom packaging for protective applications
      • 7.8.2.5.2 Molded pulp containers and inserts
      • 7.8.2.5.3 Wood and cork containers for premium products
    • 7.8.2.6 Glass and Metal Alternatives
      • 7.8.2.6.1 Lightweight glass technologies
      • 7.8.2.6.2 Thin-walled aluminum containers
      • 7.8.2.6.3 Tin-free steel packaging
    • 7.8.2.7 Global market and forecasts to
      • 7.8.2.7.1 Tonnes
      • 7.8.2.7.2 Revenues
  • 7.8.3 Coatings and films
• 7.9 Company profiles (330 company profiles)

8 SUSTAINABLE TEXTILES AND APPAREL

• 8.1 Types of bio-based fibers
  • 8.1.1 Natural fibers
  • 8.1.2 Man-made bio-based fibers
• 8.2 Bio-based synthetics
• 8.3 Recyclability of bio-based fibers
• 8.4 Lyocell
• 8.5 Bacterial cellulose
• 8.6 Algae textiles
• 8.7 Bio-based leather
  • 8.7.1 Properties of bio-based leathers
    • 8.7.1.1 Tear strength.
    • 8.7.1.2 Tensile strength
    • 8.7.1.3 Bally flexing
  • 8.7.2 Comparison with conventional leathers
  • 8.7.3 Comparative analysis of bio-based leathers
  • 8.7.4 Plant-based leather
    • 8.7.4.1 Overview
    • 8.7.4.2 Production processes
      • 8.7.4.2.1 Feedstocks
        • 8.7.4.2.1.1 Agriculture Residues
        • 8.7.4.2.1.2 Food Processing Waste
        • 8.7.4.2.1.3 Invasive Plants
        • 8.7.4.2.1.4 Culture-Grown Inputs
      • 8.7.4.2.2 Textile-Based
      • 8.7.4.2.3 Bio-Composite
    • 8.7.4.3 Products
    • 8.7.4.4 SWOT analysis
    • 8.7.4.5 Market players
  • 8.7.5 Mycelium leather
    • 8.7.5.1 Overview
    • 8.7.5.2 Production process
      • 8.7.5.2.1 Growth conditions
      • 8.7.5.2.2 Tanning Mycelium Leather
      • 8.7.5.2.3 Dyeing Mycelium Leather
    • 8.7.5.3 SWOT analysis
    • 8.7.5.4 Products
    • 8.7.5.5 Market players
  • 8.7.6 Microbial leather
    • 8.7.6.1 Overview
    • 8.7.6.2 Production process
      • 8.7.6.2.1 Fermentation conditions
      • 8.7.6.2.2 Harvesting
    • 8.7.6.3 SWOT analysis
    • 8.7.6.4 Products
    • 8.7.6.5 Market players
  • 8.7.7 Lab grown leather
    • 8.7.7.1 Overview
    • 8.7.7.2 Production process
    • 8.7.7.3 SWOT analysis
    • 8.7.7.4 Products
    • 8.7.7.5 Market players
  • 8.7.8 Protein-based leather
    • 8.7.8.1 Overview
    • 8.7.8.2 Production process
    • 8.7.8.3 Commercial activity
  • 8.7.9 Sustainable leather coatings and dyes
    • 8.7.9.1 Overview
      • 8.7.9.1.1 Coatings
      • 8.7.9.1.2 Dyes
    • 8.7.9.2 Commercial activity
• 8.8 Markets
  • 8.8.1 Footwear
  • 8.8.2 Fashion & Accessories
  • 8.8.3 Automotive & Transport
  • 8.8.4 Furniture
  • 8.8.5 Market trends
  • 8.8.6 Market challenges
  • 8.8.7 Investment funding
  • 8.8.8 Recent market news and developments
• 8.9 Global market revenues
  • 8.9.1 By region
  • 8.9.2 By end use market
• 8.10 Company profiles (65 company profiles)

9 BIOBASED COATINGS AND RESINS

• 9.1 Drop-in replacements
• 9.2 Bio-based resins
• 9.3 Reducing carbon footprint in industrial and protective coatings
• 9.4 Market drivers
  • 9.4.1 Regulatory mandates and PFAS phase-out
• 9.5 Challenges using bio-based coatings
• 9.6 Types
  • 9.6.1 Eco-friendly coatings technologies
    • 9.6.1.1 UV-cure
    • 9.6.1.2 Waterborne coatings
    • 9.6.1.3 Treatments with less or no solvents
    • 9.6.1.4 Hyperbranched polymers for coatings
    • 9.6.1.5 Powder coatings
    • 9.6.1.6 High solid (HS) coatings
    • 9.6.1.7 Use of bio-based materials in coatings
      • 9.6.1.7.1 Biopolymers
      • 9.6.1.7.2 Coatings based on agricultural waste
      • 9.6.1.7.3 Vegetable oils and fatty acids
      • 9.6.1.7.4 Proteins
      • 9.6.1.7.5 Cellulose
      • 9.6.1.7.6 Plant-Based wax coatings
  • 9.6.2 Barrier coatings
    • 9.6.2.1 Polysaccharides
      • 9.6.2.1.1 Chitin
      • 9.6.2.1.2 Chitosan
      • 9.6.2.1.3 Starch
    • 9.6.2.2 Poly(lactic acid) (PLA)
    • 9.6.2.3 Poly(butylene Succinate)
    • 9.6.2.4 Functional Lipid and Proteins Based Coatings
    • 9.6.2.5 Emerging bio-based barrier coating technologies
      • 9.6.2.5.1 Advanced aqueous polymeric solutions (PVOH, EVOH)
      • 9.6.2.5.2 Next-generation bio-polymers
      • 9.6.2.5.3 Nano-cellulose and natural fiber composites
      • 9.6.2.5.4 Seaweed-based biopolymer coatings
      • 9.6.2.5.5 Smart and functional coating systems
  • 9.6.3 Alkyd coatings
    • 9.6.3.1 Alkyd resin properties
    • 9.6.3.2 Bio-based alkyd coatings
    • 9.6.3.3 Products
  • 9.6.4 Polyurethane coatings
    • 9.6.4.1 Properties
    • 9.6.4.2 Bio-based polyurethane coatings
      • 9.6.4.2.1 Bio-based polyols
      • 9.6.4.2.2 Non-isocyanate polyurethane (NIPU)
    • 9.6.4.3 Products
  • 9.6.5 Epoxy coatings
    • 9.6.5.1 Properties
    • 9.6.5.2 Bio-based epoxy coatings
    • 9.6.5.3 Products
  • 9.6.6 Acrylate resins
    • 9.6.6.1 Properties
    • 9.6.6.2 Bio-based acrylates
    • 9.6.6.3 Products
  • 9.6.7 Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA)
    • 9.6.7.1 Properties
    • 9.6.7.2 Bio-PLA coatings and films
  • 9.6.8 Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA)
    • 9.6.8.1 Properties
    • 9.6.8.2 PHA coatings
    • 9.6.8.3 Commercially available PHAs
  • 9.6.9 Cellulose
    • 9.6.9.1 Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC)
      • 9.6.9.1.1 Properties
      • 9.6.9.1.2 Applications in coatings
    • 9.6.9.2 Cellulose nanofibers
      • 9.6.9.2.1 Properties
      • 9.6.9.2.2 Applications in coatings
    • 9.6.9.3 Cellulose nanocrystals
    • 9.6.9.4 Bacterial Nanocellulose (BNC)
  • 9.6.10 Rosins
  • 9.6.11 Bio-based carbon black
    • 9.6.11.1 Lignin-based
    • 9.6.11.2 Algae-based
  • 9.6.12 Lignin coatings
  • 9.6.13 Edible films and coatings
  • 9.6.14 Antimicrobial films and agents
    • 9.6.14.1 Natural
    • 9.6.14.2 Inorganic nanoparticles
    • 9.6.14.3 Biopolymers
  • 9.6.15 Nanocoatings
  • 9.6.16 Protein-based biomaterials for coatings
    • 9.6.16.1 Plant derived proteins
    • 9.6.16.2 Animal origin proteins
  • 9.6.17 Algal coatings
  • 9.6.18 Polypeptides
  • 9.6.19 Global market revenues
    • 9.6.19.1 Global market revenues to 2036, total
    • 9.6.19.2 Global market revenues to 2036, by market
• 9.7 Company profiles 1731 (202 company profiles)

10 BIOFUELS AND E-FUELS

• 10.1 Comparison to fossil fuels
• 10.2 Role in the circular economy
• 10.3 Market drivers
  • 10.3.1 Government policies
• 10.4 Market challenges
• 10.5 Liquid biofuels market
  • 10.5.1 Liquid biofuel production and consumption (in thousands of m3), 2000-2024
  • 10.5.2 Liquid biofuels market 2020-2036, by type and production.
  • 10.5.3 Industry developments 2022-2025
  • 10.5.4 Sustainability of biofuels
• 10.6 The global biofuels market
  • 10.6.1 Diesel substitutes and alternatives
  • 10.6.2 Gasoline substitutes and alternatives
• 10.7 SWOT analysis: Biofuels market
• 10.8 Comparison of biofuel costs 2024, by type
• 10.9 Types
  • 10.9.1 Solid Biofuels
  • 10.9.2 Liquid Biofuels
  • 10.9.3 Gaseous Biofuels
  • 10.9.4 Conventional Biofuels
  • 10.9.5 Advanced Biofuels
  • 10.9.6 Refineries
• 10.10 Feedstocks
  • 10.10.1 First-generation (1-G)
  • 10.10.2 Second-generation (2-G)
    • 10.10.2.1 Lignocellulosic wastes and residues
    • 10.10.2.2 Biorefinery lignin
  • 10.10.3 Third-generation (3-G)
    • 10.10.3.1 Algal biofuels
      • 10.10.3.1.1 Properties
      • 10.10.3.1.2 Advantages
  • 10.10.4 Fourth-generation (4-G)
  • 10.10.5 Advantages and disadvantages, by generation
  • 10.10.6 Energy crops
    • 10.10.6.1 Feedstocks
    • 10.10.6.2 SWOT analysis
  • 10.10.7 Agricultural residues
    • 10.10.7.1 Feedstocks
    • 10.10.7.2 SWOT analysis
  • 10.10.8 Manure, sewage sludge and organic waste
    • 10.10.8.1 Processing pathways
    • 10.10.8.2 SWOT analysis
  • 10.10.9 Forestry and wood waste
    • 10.10.9.1 Feedstocks
    • 10.10.9.2 SWOT analysis
  • 10.10.10 Feedstock costs
• 10.11 Hydrocarbon biofuels
  • 10.11.1 Biodiesel
    • 10.11.1.1 Biodiesel by generation
    • 10.11.1.2 SWOT analysis
    • 10.11.1.3 Biodiesel production
      • 10.11.1.3.1 Pyrolysis of biomass
      • 10.11.1.3.2 Vegetable oil transesterification
      • 10.11.1.3.3 Vegetable oil hydrogenation (HVO)
        • 10.11.1.3.3.1 Production process
      • 10.11.1.3.4 Biodiesel from tall oil
      • 10.11.1.3.5 Fischer-Tropsch BioDiesel
      • 10.11.1.3.6 Hydrothermal liquefaction of biomass
      • 10.11.1.3.7 CO2 capture and Fischer-Tropsch (FT)
      • 10.11.1.3.8 Dymethyl ether (DME)
    • 10.11.1.4 Biodiesel Projects
    • 10.11.1.5 Recent market developments 2023-2025
    • 10.11.1.6 Prices
    • 10.11.1.7 Companies
    • 10.11.1.8 Global consumption
  • 10.11.2 Renewable diesel
    • 10.11.2.1 Production
    • 10.11.2.2 Biodiesel vs renewable diesel
    • 10.11.2.3 SWOT analysis
    • 10.11.2.4 Global consumption
    • 10.11.2.5 Prices
  • 10.11.3 Sustainable aviation fuel (SAF)
    • 10.11.3.1 Description
    • 10.11.3.2 Jet fuel composition & types
    • 10.11.3.3 Recent market developments
    • 10.11.3.4 SWOT analysis
    • 10.11.3.5 Global production and consumption
    • 10.11.3.6 Production pathways
    • 10.11.3.7 Prices
    • 10.11.3.8 Sustainable aviation fuel production capacities
    • 10.11.3.9 Challenges
    • 10.11.3.10 Companies
    • 10.11.3.11 Global consumption
  • 10.11.4 Bio-naphtha
    • 10.11.4.1 Overview
    • 10.11.4.2 SWOT analysis
    • 10.11.4.3 Markets and applications
    • 10.11.4.4 Prices
    • 10.11.4.5 Production capacities, by producer, current and planned
    • 10.11.4.6 Production capacities, total (tonnes), historical, current and planned
• 10.12 Alcohol fuels
  • 10.12.1 Biomethanol
    • 10.12.1.1 SWOT analysis
    • 10.12.1.2 Methanol-to gasoline technology
      • 10.12.1.2.1 Production processes
        • 10.12.1.2.1.1 Biomethanol from Biogas Reforming
        • 10.12.1.2.1.2 Biomethanol from Hydrothermal Gasification
        • 10.12.1.2.1.3 Anaerobic digestion
        • 10.12.1.2.1.4 Biomass gasification
        • 10.12.1.2.1.5 Power to Methane
    • 10.12.1.3 Methanol Synthesis Companies
  • 10.12.2 Bioethanol
    • 10.12.2.1 Technology description
    • 10.12.2.2 1G Bio-Ethanol
    • 10.12.2.3 SWOT analysis
    • 10.12.2.4 Alcohol-to-jet (ATJ) & alcohol-to-gasoline (ATG): methanol & ethanol
      • 10.12.2.4.1 ATJ and ATG processes
      • 10.12.2.4.2 Ethanol Feedstocks
      • 10.12.2.4.3 Methanol-to-Gasoline (MTG) and Methanol-to-Jet (MTJ) processes
      • 10.12.2.4.4 Companies
    • 10.12.2.5 Cellulosic Ethanol Production
      • 10.12.2.5.1 Feedstocks
      • 10.12.2.5.2 Companies
    • 10.12.2.6 Sulfite spent liquor fermentation
    • 10.12.2.7 Gasification
      • 10.12.2.7.1 Biomass gasification and syngas fermentation
      • 10.12.2.7.2 Biomass gasification and syngas thermochemical conversion
    • 10.12.2.8 CO2 capture and alcohol synthesis
    • 10.12.2.9 Biomass hydrolysis and fermentation
      • 10.12.2.9.1 Separate hydrolysis and fermentation
      • 10.12.2.9.2 Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF)
      • 10.12.2.9.3 Pre-hydrolysis and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (PSSF)
      • 10.12.2.9.4 Simultaneous saccharification and co-fermentation (SSCF)
      • 10.12.2.9.5 Direct conversion (consolidated bioprocessing) (CBP)
    • 10.12.2.10 Global ethanol consumption
  • 10.12.3 Biobutanol
    • 10.12.3.1 Production
    • 10.12.3.2 Prices
• 10.13 Biomass-based gas
  • 10.13.1 Feedstocks
    • 10.13.1.1 Biomethane
    • 10.13.1.2 Production pathways
      • 10.13.1.2.1 Landfill gas recovery
      • 10.13.1.2.2 Anaerobic digestion
      • 10.13.1.2.3 Thermal gasification
    • 10.13.1.3 SWOT analysis
    • 10.13.1.4 Global production
    • 10.13.1.5 Prices
      • 10.13.1.5.1 Raw Biogas
      • 10.13.1.5.2 Upgraded Biomethane
    • 10.13.1.6 Bio-LNG
      • 10.13.1.6.1 Markets
        • 10.13.1.6.1.1 Trucks
        • 10.13.1.6.1.2 Marine
      • 10.13.1.6.2 Production
      • 10.13.1.6.3 Plants
    • 10.13.1.7 bio-CNG (compressed natural gas derived from biogas)
    • 10.13.1.8 Carbon capture from biogas
  • 10.13.2 Biosyngas
    • 10.13.2.1 Production
    • 10.13.2.2 Prices
  • 10.13.3 Biohydrogen
    • 10.13.3.1 Description
    • 10.13.3.2 SWOT analysis
    • 10.13.3.3 Production of biohydrogen from biomass
      • 10.13.3.3.1 Biological Conversion Routes
        • 10.13.3.3.1.1 Bio-photochemical Reaction
        • 10.13.3.3.1.2 Fermentation and Anaerobic Digestion
      • 10.13.3.3.2 Thermochemical conversion routes
        • 10.13.3.3.2.1 Biomass Gasification
        • 10.13.3.3.2.2 Biomass Pyrolysis
        • 10.13.3.3.2.3 Biomethane Reforming
    • 10.13.3.4 Applications
    • 10.13.3.5 Prices
  • 10.13.4 Biochar in biogas production
  • 10.13.5 Bio-DME
• 10.14 Chemical recycling for biofuels
  • 10.14.1 Plastic pyrolysis
  • 10.14.2 Used tires pyrolysis
    • 10.14.2.1 Conversion to biofuel
  • 10.14.3 Co-pyrolysis of biomass and plastic wastes
  • 10.14.4 Gasification
    • 10.14.4.1 Syngas conversion to methanol
    • 10.14.4.2 Biomass gasification and syngas fermentation
    • 10.14.4.3 Biomass gasification and syngas thermochemical conversion
  • 10.14.5 Hydrothermal cracking
  • 10.14.6 SWOT analysis
• 10.15 Electrofuels (e-fuels, power-to-gas/liquids/fuels)
  • 10.15.1 Introduction
    • 10.15.1.1 E-Fuel Production Technologies
    • 10.15.1.2 E-fuel uses
    • 10.15.1.3 Costs
    • 10.15.1.4 Benefits of e-fuels
    • 10.15.1.5 Production pathways
  • 10.15.2 Green hydrogen
    • 10.15.2.1 Electrolyzer Technologies
    • 10.15.2.2 Companies
  • 10.15.3 CO2 capture
    • 10.15.3.1 Overview
    • 10.15.3.2 CO₂ Capture Systems
    • 10.15.3.3 Direct Air Capture (DAC) technology for e-fuel production
  • 10.15.4 Syngas production
    • 10.15.4.1 Overview
    • 10.15.4.2 Syngas Production Technologies
      • 10.15.4.2.1 Reverse Water Gas Shift (RWGS)
      • 10.15.4.2.2 Direct Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis: CO₂ to Hydrocarbons
      • 10.15.4.2.3 Low-Temperature Electrochemical CO₂ Reduction
      • 10.15.4.2.4 Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells (SOECs)
    • 10.15.4.3 Solar power in E-Fuels
      • 10.15.4.3.1 Overview
      • 10.15.4.3.2 Key advantages
      • 10.15.4.3.3 Projects
    • 10.15.4.4 Companies
  • 10.15.5 E-methane
    • 10.15.5.1 Overview
    • 10.15.5.2 Methanation
      • 10.15.5.2.1 Thermocatalytic methanation
      • 10.15.5.2.2 Biological methanation
      • 10.15.5.2.3 Companies
  • 10.15.6 E-methanol
    • 10.15.6.1 Overview
    • 10.15.6.2 E-Methanol Production
    • 10.15.6.3 Direct methanol synthesis
    • 10.15.6.4 Companies
  • 10.15.7 SWOT analysis
  • 10.15.8 Production
    • 10.15.8.1 eFuel production facilities, current and planned
  • 10.15.9 Electrolysers
  • 10.15.10 Prices
  • 10.15.11 Market challenges
  • 10.15.12 Companies
• 10.16 Algae-derived biofuels
  • 10.16.1 Technology description
  • 10.16.2 CO₂ capture and utilization
  • 10.16.3 Conversion pathways
    • 10.16.3.1 Macroalgae
    • 10.16.3.2 Microalgae / Cyanobacteria
      • 10.16.3.2.1 Microalgae cultivation for biofuel production
      • 10.16.3.2.2 Open cultivation systems
      • 10.16.3.2.3 Closed photobioreactors (PBRs)
    • 10.16.3.3 Companies
    • 10.16.3.4 Projects
  • 10.16.4 SWOT analysis
  • 10.16.5 Production
    • 10.16.5.1 Algal Biofuel Production
  • 10.16.6 Market challenges
  • 10.16.7 Prices
  • 10.16.8 Producers
• 10.17 Green ammonia
  • 10.17.1 Production
    • 10.17.1.1 Decarbonisation of ammonia production
    • 10.17.1.2 Green ammonia projects
  • 10.17.2 Green ammonia synthesis methods
    • 10.17.2.1 Haber-Bosch process
    • 10.17.2.2 Biological nitrogen fixation
    • 10.17.2.3 Electrochemical production
    • 10.17.2.4 Chemical looping processes
  • 10.17.3 SWOT analysis
  • 10.17.4 Blue ammonia
    • 10.17.4.1 Blue ammonia projects
  • 10.17.5 Markets and applications
    • 10.17.5.1 Chemical energy storage
      • 10.17.5.1.1 Ammonia fuel cells
    • 10.17.5.2 Marine fuel
  • 10.17.6 Prices
  • 10.17.7 Estimated market demand
  • 10.17.8 Companies and projects
• 10.18 Biofuels from carbon capture
  • 10.18.1 Overview
  • 10.18.2 CO2 capture from point sources
  • 10.18.3 Production routes
  • 10.18.4 SWOT analysis
  • 10.18.5 Direct air capture (DAC)
    • 10.18.5.1 Description
    • 10.18.5.2 Deployment
    • 10.18.5.3 Point source carbon capture versus Direct Air Capture
    • 10.18.5.4 Technologies
      • 10.18.5.4.1 Solid sorbents
      • 10.18.5.4.2 Liquid sorbents
      • 10.18.5.4.3 Liquid solvents
      • 10.18.5.4.4 Airflow equipment integration
      • 10.18.5.4.5 Passive Direct Air Capture (PDAC)
      • 10.18.5.4.6 Direct conversion
      • 10.18.5.4.7 Co-product generation
      • 10.18.5.4.8 Low Temperature DAC
      • 10.18.5.4.9 Regeneration methods
    • 10.18.5.5 Commercialization and plants
    • 10.18.5.6 Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) in DAC
    • 10.18.5.7 DAC plants and projects-current and planned
    • 10.18.5.8 Markets for DAC
    • 10.18.5.9 Costs
    • 10.18.5.10 Challenges
    • 10.18.5.11 Players and production
  • 10.18.6 Carbon utilization for biofuels
    • 10.18.6.1 Production routes
      • 10.18.6.1.1 Electrolyzers
      • 10.18.6.1.2 Low-carbon hydrogen
    • 10.18.6.2 Products & applications
      • 10.18.6.2.1 Vehicles
      • 10.18.6.2.2 Shipping
      • 10.18.6.2.3 Aviation
      • 10.18.6.2.4 Costs
      • 10.18.6.2.5 Ethanol
      • 10.18.6.2.6 Methanol
      • 10.18.6.2.7 Sustainable Aviation Fuel
      • 10.18.6.2.8 Methane
      • 10.18.6.2.9 Algae based biofuels
      • 10.18.6.2.10 CO₂-fuels from solar
    • 10.18.6.3 Challenges
    • 10.18.6.4 SWOT analysis
    • 10.18.6.5 Companies
• 10.19 Bio-oils (pyrolysis oils)
  • 10.19.1 Description
    • 10.19.1.1 Advantages of bio-oils
  • 10.19.2 Production
    • 10.19.2.1 Biomass Pyrolysis
    • 10.19.2.2 Plastic Waste Pyrolysis
    • 10.19.2.3 Catalytic Pyrolysis of Plastic
    • 10.19.2.4 Costs of production
    • 10.19.2.5 Upgrading
  • 10.19.3 Pyrolysis reactors
  • 10.19.4 SWOT analysis
  • 10.19.5 Applications
  • 10.19.6 Bio-oil producers
  • 10.19.7 Prices
• 10.20 Refuse-derived fuels (RDF)
  • 10.20.1 Overview
  • 10.20.2 Production
    • 10.20.2.1 Production process
    • 10.20.2.2 Mechanical biological treatment
  • 10.20.3 Markets
• 10.21 Company profiles (237 company profiles)

11 SUSTAINABLE ELECTRONICS

• 11.1 Overview
  • 11.1.1 Green electronics manufacturing
  • 11.1.2 Drivers for sustainable electronics
  • 11.1.3 Environmental Impacts of Electronics Manufacturing
    • 11.1.3.1 E-Waste Generation
    • 11.1.3.2 Carbon Emissions
    • 11.1.3.3 Resource Utilization
    • 11.1.3.4 Waste Minimization
    • 11.1.3.5 Supply Chain Impacts
  • 11.1.4 New opportunities from sustainable electronics
  • 11.1.5 Regulations
    • 11.1.5.1 Certifications
  • 11.1.6 Powering sustainable electronics (Bio-based batteries)
  • 11.1.7 Bioplastics in injection moulded electronics parts
• 11.2 Green electronics manufacturing
  • 11.2.1 Conventional electronics manufacturing
  • 11.2.2 Benefits of Sustainable Electronics manufacturing
  • 11.2.3 Challenges in adopting Sustainable Electronics manufacturing
  • 11.2.4 Approaches
    • 11.2.4.1 Closed-Loop Manufacturing
    • 11.2.4.2 Digital Manufacturing
      • 11.2.4.2.1 Advanced robotics & automation
      • 11.2.4.2.2 AI & machine learning analytics
      • 11.2.4.2.3 Internet of Things (IoT)
      • 11.2.4.2.4 Additive manufacturing
      • 11.2.4.2.5 Virtual prototyping
      • 11.2.4.2.6 Blockchain-enabled supply chain traceability
    • 11.2.4.3 Renewable Energy Usage
    • 11.2.4.4 Energy Efficiency
    • 11.2.4.5 Materials Efficiency
    • 11.2.4.6 Sustainable Chemistry
    • 11.2.4.7 Recycled Materials
      • 11.2.4.7.1 Advanced chemical recycling
    • 11.2.4.8 Bio-Based Materials
  • 11.2.5 Greening the Supply Chain
    • 11.2.5.1 Key focus areas
    • 11.2.5.2 Sustainability activities from major electronics brands
    • 11.2.5.3 Key challenges
    • 11.2.5.4 Use of digital technologies
  • 11.2.6 Sustainable Printed Circuit Board (PCB) manufacturing
    • 11.2.6.1 Conventional PCB manufacturing
    • 11.2.6.2 Trends in PCBs
      • 11.2.6.2.1 High-Speed PCBs
      • 11.2.6.2.2 Flexible PCBs
      • 11.2.6.2.3 3D Printed PCBs
      • 11.2.6.2.4 Sustainable PCBs
    • 11.2.6.3 Reconciling sustainability with performance
    • 11.2.6.4 Sustainable supply chains
    • 11.2.6.5 Sustainability in PCB manufacturing
      • 11.2.6.5.1 Sustainable cleaning of PCBs
    • 11.2.6.6 Design of PCBs for sustainability
      • 11.2.6.6.1 Rigid
      • 11.2.6.6.2 Flexible
      • 11.2.6.6.3 Additive manufacturing
      • 11.2.6.6.4 In-mold elctronics (IME)
    • 11.2.6.7 Materials
      • 11.2.6.7.1 Low-energy epoxy resins
      • 11.2.6.7.2 Metal cores
      • 11.2.6.7.3 Recycled laminates
      • 11.2.6.7.4 Conductive inks
      • 11.2.6.7.5 Green and lead-free solder
      • 11.2.6.7.6 Biodegradable substrates
        • 11.2.6.7.6.1 Bacterial Cellulose
        • 11.2.6.7.6.2 Mycelium
        • 11.2.6.7.6.3 Lignin
        • 11.2.6.7.6.4 Cellulose Nanofibers
        • 11.2.6.7.6.5 Soy Protein
        • 11.2.6.7.6.6 Algae
        • 11.2.6.7.6.7 PHAs
      • 11.2.6.7.7 Biobased inks
    • 11.2.6.8 Substrates
      • 11.2.6.8.1 Halogen-free FR4
        • 11.2.6.8.1.1 FR4 limitations
        • 11.2.6.8.1.2 FR4 alternatives
        • 11.2.6.8.1.3 Bio-Polyimide
      • 11.2.6.8.2 Glass substrates
      • 11.2.6.8.3 Ceramic substrates
      • 11.2.6.8.4 Metal-core PCBs
      • 11.2.6.8.5 Biobased PCBs
        • 11.2.6.8.5.1 Polylactic acid
        • 11.2.6.8.5.2 Lignin-based Polymers
        • 11.2.6.8.5.3 Cellulose Composites
        • 11.2.6.8.5.4 Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA)
        • 11.2.6.8.5.5 Starch Blends
        • 11.2.6.8.5.6 Challenges
        • 11.2.6.8.5.7 Flexible (bio) polyimide PCBs
        • 11.2.6.8.5.8 Recent commercial activity
      • 11.2.6.8.6 Paper-based PCBs
      • 11.2.6.8.7 PCBs without solder mask
      • 11.2.6.8.8 Thinner dielectrics
      • 11.2.6.8.9 Recycled plastic substrates
      • 11.2.6.8.10 Flexible substrates
      • 11.2.6.8.11 Polyimide alternatives
    • 11.2.6.9 Sustainable patterning and metallization in electronics manufacturing
      • 11.2.6.9.1 Introduction
      • 11.2.6.9.2 Issues with sustainability
      • 11.2.6.9.3 Regeneration and reuse of etching chemicals
      • 11.2.6.9.4 Transition from Wet to Dry phase patterning
      • 11.2.6.9.5 Print-and-plate
      • 11.2.6.9.6 Approaches
        • 11.2.6.9.6.1 Direct Printed Electronics
        • 11.2.6.9.6.2 Photonic Sintering
        • 11.2.6.9.6.3 Biometallization
        • 11.2.6.9.6.4 Plating Resist Alternatives
        • 11.2.6.9.6.5 Laser-Induced Forward Transfer
        • 11.2.6.9.6.6 Electrohydrodynamic Printing
        • 11.2.6.9.6.7 Electrically conductive adhesives (ECAs)
        • 11.2.6.9.6.8 Green electroless plating
        • 11.2.6.9.6.9 Smart Masking
        • 11.2.6.9.6.10 Component Integration
        • 11.2.6.9.6.11 Bio-inspired material deposition
        • 11.2.6.9.6.12 Multi-material jetting
        • 11.2.6.9.6.13 Vacuumless deposition
        • 11.2.6.9.6.14 Upcycling waste streams
    • 11.2.6.10 Sustainable attachment and integration of components
      • 11.2.6.10.1 Conventional component attachment materials
      • 11.2.6.10.2 Materials
        • 11.2.6.10.2.1 Conductive adhesives
        • 11.2.6.10.2.2 Biodegradable adhesives
        • 11.2.6.10.2.3 Magnets
        • 11.2.6.10.2.4 Bio-based solders
        • 11.2.6.10.2.5 Bio-derived solders
        • 11.2.6.10.2.6 Recycled plastics
        • 11.2.6.10.2.7 Nano adhesives
        • 11.2.6.10.2.8 Shape memory polymers
        • 11.2.6.10.2.9 Photo-reversible polymers
        • 11.2.6.10.2.10 Conductive biopolymers
      • 11.2.6.10.3 Processes
        • 11.2.6.10.3.1 Traditional thermal processing methods
        • 11.2.6.10.3.2 Low temperature solder
        • 11.2.6.10.3.3 Reflow soldering
        • 11.2.6.10.3.4 Induction soldering
        • 11.2.6.10.3.5 UV curing
        • 11.2.6.10.3.6 Near-infrared (NIR) radiation curing
        • 11.2.6.10.3.7 Photonic sintering/curing
        • 11.2.6.10.3.8 Hybrid integration
  • 11.2.7 Sustainable integrated circuits
    • 11.2.7.1 IC manufacturing
    • 11.2.7.2 Sustainable IC manufacturing
    • 11.2.7.3 Wafer production
      • 11.2.7.3.1 Silicon
      • 11.2.7.3.2 Gallium nitride ICs
      • 11.2.7.3.3 Flexible ICs
      • 11.2.7.3.4 Fully printed organic ICs
    • 11.2.7.4 Oxidation methods
      • 11.2.7.4.1 Sustainable oxidation
      • 11.2.7.4.2 Metal oxides
      • 11.2.7.4.3 Recycling
      • 11.2.7.4.4 Thin gate oxide layers
      • 11.2.7.4.5 Substrate Oxidation
      • 11.2.7.4.6 Solution-Based Manufacturing
      • 11.2.7.4.7 MOSFET Transistors
      • 11.2.7.4.8 Silicon on Insulator (SOI) and Manufacturing
    • 11.2.7.5 Patterning and doping
      • 11.2.7.5.1 Processes
        • 11.2.7.5.1.1 Wet etching
        • 11.2.7.5.1.2 Dry plasma etching
        • 11.2.7.5.1.3 Lift-off patterning
        • 11.2.7.5.1.4 Surface doping
      • 11.2.7.5.2 Photolithography
      • 11.2.7.5.3 Green solvents and chemicals
    • 11.2.7.6 Metallization
      • 11.2.7.6.1 Evaporation
      • 11.2.7.6.2 Plating
      • 11.2.7.6.3 Printing
        • 11.2.7.6.3.1 Printed metal gates for organic thin film transistors
      • 11.2.7.6.4 Physical vapour deposition (PVD)
    • 11.2.7.7 Packaging
      • 11.2.7.7.1 Sustainable Semiconductor Packaging Technologies
      • 11.2.7.7.2 Glass interposer technology
    • 11.2.7.8 Water management
      • 11.2.7.8.1 Overview
      • 11.2.7.8.2 Ultra pure water (UPW)
      • 11.2.7.8.3 Semiconductor manufacturing water consumption
      • 11.2.7.8.4 Water Reuse
  • 11.2.8 End of life
    • 11.2.8.1 Legislation
    • 11.2.8.2 Hazardous waste
    • 11.2.8.3 Emissions
    • 11.2.8.4 Water Usage
    • 11.2.8.5 Recycling
      • 11.2.8.5.1 Mechanical recycling
      • 11.2.8.5.2 Electro-Mechanical Separation
      • 11.2.8.5.3 Chemical Recycling
      • 11.2.8.5.4 Electrochemical Processes
      • 11.2.8.5.5 Thermal Recycling
      • 11.2.8.5.6 Green Certification
      • 11.2.8.5.7 PCB recycling
        • 11.2.8.5.7.1 Overview
        • 11.2.8.5.7.2 Metal recovery from PCB manufacturing
        • 11.2.8.5.7.3 Recyclable PCBs
        • 11.2.8.5.7.4 Excess electronic component inventory management
        • 11.2.8.5.7.5 Electronic waste management and reuse
• 11.3 Global market
  • 11.3.1 Global PCB manufacturing industry
    • 11.3.1.1 PCB revenues
  • 11.3.2 Sustainable PCBs
  • 11.3.3 Sustainable ICs
• 11.4 Sustainable data centers
  • 11.4.1 Scope and definitions
  • 11.4.2 Why data center sustainability is now a policy issue (AI build-out, grid stress, water, land)
  • 11.4.3 Data center energy demand and CO₂ emissions: the headline numbers
  • 11.4.4 The biggest contributors to the data center carbon footprint (Scope 1/2/3 split)
  • 11.4.5 The global policy landscape at a glance: from voluntary targets to binding mandates
  • 11.4.6 Regional policy heat-map: EU, US (federal + state), China, Singapore, Japan, UK, Ireland
  • 11.4.7 Grid-connection policy as the new bottleneck
  • 11.4.8 Standards, certification and reporting (PUE, WUE, CUE, EPEAT, EU energy labels)
  • 11.4.9 Which sustainable technologies have the biggest impact
  • 11.4.10 Market forecast, 2025–2037
  • 11.4.11 Key conclusions and outlook
• 11.5 Company profiles 2337 (48 company profiles)

12 BIOBASED ADHESIVES AND SEALANTS

• 12.1 Overview
  • 12.1.1 Biobased Epoxy Adhesives
  • 12.1.2 Bio-based Polyurethane Adhesives
  • 12.1.3 Other Biobased Adhesives and Sealants
  • 12.1.4 Market drivers and recent developments
• 12.2 Types
  • 12.2.1 Cellulose-Based
  • 12.2.2 Starch-Based
  • 12.2.3 Lignin-Based
  • 12.2.4 Vegetable Oils
  • 12.2.5 Protein-Based
  • 12.2.6 Tannin-Based
  • 12.2.7 Algae-based
  • 12.2.8 Chitosan-based
  • 12.2.9 Natural Rubber-based
  • 12.2.10 Silkworm Silk-based
  • 12.2.11 Mussel Protein-based
  • 12.2.12 Soy-based Foam
• 12.3 Global revenues
  • 12.3.1 By types
  • 12.3.2 By market
• 12.4 Company profiles 2387 (15 company profiles)

13 APPENDIX

• 13.1 Research Methodology

14 REFERENCES