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시장보고서
상품코드
1659414

분자 품질 관리 시장

Molecular Quality Controls
발행일: | 리서치사: Market Glass, Inc. (Formerly Global Industry Analysts, Inc.) | 페이지 정보: 영문 89 Pages | 배송안내 : 1-2일 (영업일 기준)

    
    
    



※ 본 상품은 영문 자료로 한글과 영문 목차에 불일치하는 내용이 있을 경우 영문을 우선합니다. 정확한 검토를 위해 영문 목차를 참고해주시기 바랍니다.

세계 분자 품질 관리 시장은 2030년까지 3억 1,990만 달러에 이를 전망

2024년에 2억 3,820만 달러에 이른 것으로 추정되는 분자 품질 관리 세계 시장은 2024-2030년간 CAGR 5.0%로 성장하여 2030년에는 3억 1,990만 달러에 이를 것으로 예측됩니다. 본 보고서에서 분석한 부문 중 하나인 독립 제어는 CAGR 5.4%를 나타내고, 분석 기간 종료시에는 2억 1,130만 달러에 이를 것으로 예측됩니다. 기기별 제어 기기 부문의 성장률은 분석 기간중 CAGR 4.4%로 추정됩니다.

미국 시장은 6,550만 달러로 추정, 중국은 CAGR 4.7%로 성장 예측

미국의 분자 품질 관리 시장은 2024년에 6,550만 달러에 이른 것으로 추정됩니다. 세계 2위 경제대국인 중국은 분석 기간인 2024-2030년간 CAGR 4.7%로 성장하여 2030년까지 5,000만 달러 규모에 이를 것으로 예측됩니다. 기타 주목해야 할 지역별 시장으로서는 일본과 캐나다가 있으며, 분석 기간중 CAGR은 각각 4.7%와 3.8%를 나타낼 것으로 예측됩니다. 유럽에서는 독일이 CAGR 3.9%로 성장할 것으로 예측됩니다.

세계의 분자 품질 관리 시장 - 주요 동향과 성장 촉진요인 정리

분자 품질 관리는 진단 정확도를 어떻게 형성하고 있는가?

분자 품질 관리는 분자진단 검사의 정확성, 신뢰성 및 일관성을 보장함으로써 임상 실험실 및 진단센터에서 중요한 역할을 합니다. 이러한 통제는 PCR, NGS 및 기타 분자 분석법을 포함한 핵산 검사 절차의 성능을 모니터링하여 검사 결과의 타당성을 보장하는 데 사용됩니다. 검사실이 규제 요건을 준수하고, 고품질 표준을 유지하며, 진단 워크플로우의 잠재적 문제를 감지하는 데 도움이 됩니다. 분자진단이 의료 분야에서 점점 더 중요해짐에 따라 엄격한 품질 관리의 필요성이 증가하고 있습니다. 분자 품질 관리의 응용 분야는 감염 검사, 종양학, 유전자 검사, 개인 맞춤형 의료 등 다양한 분야에 걸쳐 있습니다. 암, 감염병 등 질병의 유행이 증가함에 따라 분자진단 검사는 더욱 고도화되어 품질관리의 강화가 요구되고 있습니다. 분자 품질 관리는 진단 분석이 정확한 결과를 제공하고, 환자 결과를 개선하며, 의료 서비스를 향상시킬 수 있도록 보장합니다.

분자 품질 관리 시장을 형성하고 있는 동향은?

분자 품질 관리 시장에 영향을 미치는 주요 동향으로는 분자진단의 급속한 발전, 개인 맞춤형 의료의 채택 증가, 검사실 업무의 규제 준수에 대한 중요성 증가 등이 있습니다. 실시간 PCR, 차세대 염기서열 분석(NGS) 등 분자진단의 기술 혁신은 검사 과정을 더욱 복잡하게 만들고 있으며, 신뢰할 수 있는 성능을 보장하기 위해 엄격한 품질 관리가 요구되고 있습니다. FDA 및 CLIA와 같은 규제 기관은 검사 결과의 정확성과 재현성을 보장하기 위해 분자진단의 품질 관리 사용을 의무화하고 있으며, 분자진단의 정확성과 재현성을 보장하기 위해 품질 관리의 사용을 의무화하고 있습니다. 이러한 규제 상황으로 인해 검사실 및 진단센터의 분자 품질 관리 채택이 촉진되고 있습니다. 또한, 감염성 질환과 암의 확산으로 인해 분자진단 의약품에 대한 수요가 증가하면서 높은 검사 기준을 유지하기 위한 품질 관리의 필요성이 더욱 커지고 있습니다.

시장 세분화는 분자 품질 관리에 어떤 영향을 미칩니 까?

제품 유형에는 독립 제어, 장치별 제어, 분석물별 제어가 있으며, 독립 제어는 검사 프로세스 전체를 검증할 수 있어 인기를 끌고 있습니다. 응용 분야로는 감염병 검사, 종양 검사, 유전자 검사 등이 있으며, 감염병 진단은 코로나19, 독감 등의 검사가 많기 때문에 큰 비중을 차지합니다. 분자 품질 관리의 최종 사용자에는 진단 실험실, 병원, 연구기관, 학술 센터가 포함됩니다. 진단 실험실은 임상 현장에서 분자 검사에 대한 수요가 높기 때문에 가장 큰 최종 사용자 부문을 차지합니다. 지역적으로는 북미가 시장을 주도하고 있는데, 이는 높은 수준의 의료 인프라, 규제 준수 요건, 만성 질환의 높은 유병률에 기인합니다. 아시아태평양은 헬스케어 투자 증가와 분자진단 도입 증가로 인해 빠르게 성장하고 있습니다.

분자 품질 관리 시장의 성장을 가속하는 요인은 무엇인가?

분자 품질 관리 시장의 성장은 분자진단의 채택 확대, 검사 기술의 발전, 품질 보증에 대한 엄격한 규제 요건 등 여러 가지 요인에 의해 주도되고 있습니다. 정확하고 신뢰할 수 있는 진단 검사에 대한 수요가 분자 품질 관리의 필요성을 촉진하고 있으며, NGS 및 디지털 PCR과 같은 기술 혁신은 보다 정교한 품질 관리 솔루션을 개발할 수 있는 기회를 창출하고 있습니다. 또한, 개인 맞춤형 의료에 대한 관심 증가, 감염성 질환 및 암의 유병률 증가는 시장 성장을 더욱 가속화시키고 있습니다.

부문

제품(독립 제어, 기기별 제어); 분석물 유형(단일 분석물 제어, 다중 분석물 제어); 애플리케이션(감염병, 종양학, 유전자 검사, 기타 애플리케이션)

조사 대상 기업 예(총 33개사)

  • Abbott Laboratories
  • Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc.
  • Danaher
  • F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd
  • Helena Biosciences Europe
  • Maine Molecular Quality Controls, Inc.
  • Microbiologics, Inc.
  • Qnostics
  • Quidel Corporation
  • Randox Laboratories Ltd.
  • SeraCare Life Sciences, Inc.
  • SERO AS
  • Technopath Clinical Diagnostics
  • Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.
  • ZeptoMetrix Corporation

목차

제1장 조사 방법

제2장 주요 요약

  • 시장 개요
  • 주요 기업
  • 시장 동향과 촉진요인
  • 세계 시장 전망

제3장 시장 분석

  • 미국
  • 캐나다
  • 일본
  • 중국
  • 유럽
  • 프랑스
  • 독일
  • 이탈리아
  • 영국
  • 기타 유럽
  • 아시아태평양
  • 기타 지역

제4장 경쟁

LSH 25.03.13

Global Molecular Quality Controls Market to Reach US$319.9 Million by 2030

The global market for Molecular Quality Controls estimated at US$238.2 Million in the year 2024, is expected to reach US$319.9 Million by 2030, growing at a CAGR of 5.0% over the analysis period 2024-2030. Independent Controls, one of the segments analyzed in the report, is expected to record a 5.4% CAGR and reach US$211.3 Million by the end of the analysis period. Growth in the Instrument-Specific Controls segment is estimated at 4.4% CAGR over the analysis period.

The U.S. Market is Estimated at US$65.5 Million While China is Forecast to Grow at 4.7% CAGR

The Molecular Quality Controls market in the U.S. is estimated at US$65.5 Million in the year 2024. China, the world's second largest economy, is forecast to reach a projected market size of US$50.0 Million by the year 2030 trailing a CAGR of 4.7% over the analysis period 2024-2030. Among the other noteworthy geographic markets are Japan and Canada, each forecast to grow at a CAGR of 4.7% and 3.8% respectively over the analysis period. Within Europe, Germany is forecast to grow at approximately 3.9% CAGR.

Global Molecular Quality Controls Market - Key Trends and Drivers Summarized

How Are Molecular Quality Controls Shaping Diagnostic Accuracy?

Molecular quality controls play a crucial role in clinical laboratories and diagnostic centers by ensuring the accuracy, reliability, and consistency of molecular diagnostic tests. These controls are used to monitor the performance of nucleic acid testing procedures, including PCR, NGS, and other molecular assays, ensuring the validity of test results. They help laboratories comply with regulatory requirements, maintain high-quality standards, and detect any potential issues in diagnostic workflows. As molecular diagnostics become increasingly essential in healthcare, the need for stringent quality controls has intensified. The application of molecular quality controls spans across various domains such as infectious disease testing, oncology, genetic testing, and personalized medicine. With the rising prevalence of diseases such as cancer and infectious conditions, molecular diagnostic tests are becoming more sophisticated, demanding enhanced quality control measures. Molecular quality controls ensure that the diagnostic assays produce accurate results, leading to better patient outcomes and improved healthcare services.

What Trends Are Shaping the Molecular Quality Controls Market?

Key trends influencing the molecular quality controls market include the rapid advancements in molecular diagnostics, the increasing adoption of personalized medicine, and the growing emphasis on regulatory compliance in laboratory practices. Technological innovations in molecular diagnostics, such as real-time PCR and next-generation sequencing (NGS), have led to more complex testing processes, which require stringent quality controls to ensure reliable performance. The market is also witnessing an increased focus on personalized medicine, where accurate molecular testing is crucial for tailoring treatments to individual patients. Regulatory agencies such as the FDA and CLIA mandate the use of quality controls in molecular diagnostics to ensure the accuracy and reproducibility of test results. This regulatory landscape is driving the adoption of molecular quality controls across laboratories and diagnostic centers. Additionally, the increasing prevalence of infectious diseases and cancer is propelling demand for molecular diagnostics, further boosting the need for quality controls to maintain high testing standards.

How Do Market Segments Impact the Molecular Quality Controls Landscape?

Product types include independent controls, instrument-specific controls, and analyte-specific controls, with independent controls gaining popularity due to their ability to validate the entire testing process. Applications encompass infectious disease testing, oncology testing, and genetic testing, with infectious disease diagnostics accounting for a significant share due to the high volume of tests conducted for conditions like COVID-19 and influenza. End-users of molecular quality controls include diagnostic laboratories, hospitals, research institutions, and academic centers. Diagnostic laboratories represent the largest end-user segment due to the high demand for molecular testing in clinical settings. Geographically, North America dominates the market due to advanced healthcare infrastructure, regulatory compliance requirements, and a high prevalence of chronic diseases. The Asia-Pacific region is witnessing rapid growth due to increased healthcare investments and the rising adoption of molecular diagnostics.

What Factors Are Driving the Growth in the Molecular Quality Controls Market?

The growth in the molecular quality controls market is driven by several factors, including the increasing adoption of molecular diagnostics, advancements in testing technologies, and stringent regulatory requirements for quality assurance. The demand for accurate and reliable diagnostic tests is fueling the need for molecular quality controls. Technological innovations such as NGS and digital PCR are creating opportunities for the development of more sophisticated quality control solutions. Additionally, the growing focus on personalized medicine and the rising prevalence of infectious diseases and cancer are further accelerating market growth.

SCOPE OF STUDY:

The report analyzes the Molecular Quality Controls market in terms of units by the following Segments, and Geographic Regions/Countries:

Segments:

Product (Independent Controls, Instrument-Specific Controls); Analyte Type (Single-Analyte Controls, Multi-Analyte Controls); Application (Infectious Diseases, Oncology, Genetic Testing, Other Applications)

Geographic Regions/Countries:

World; United States; Canada; Japan; China; Europe (France; Germany; Italy; United Kingdom; and Rest of Europe); Asia-Pacific; Rest of World.

Select Competitors (Total 33 Featured) -

  • Abbott Laboratories
  • Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc.
  • Danaher
  • F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd
  • Helena Biosciences Europe
  • Maine Molecular Quality Controls, Inc.
  • Microbiologics, Inc.
  • Qnostics
  • Quidel Corporation
  • Randox Laboratories Ltd.
  • SeraCare Life Sciences, Inc.
  • SERO AS
  • Technopath Clinical Diagnostics
  • Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.
  • ZeptoMetrix Corporation

TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. METHODOLOGY

II. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

  • 1. MARKET OVERVIEW
    • Influencer Market Insights
    • World Market Trajectories
    • Global Economic Update
    • Molecular Quality Controls - Global Key Competitors Percentage Market Share in 2025 (E)
    • Competitive Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial for Players Worldwide in 2025 (E)
  • 2. FOCUS ON SELECT PLAYERS
  • 3. MARKET TRENDS & DRIVERS
    • Rising Demand for Accuracy and Reliability in Molecular Diagnostics Spurs Growth in Molecular Quality Controls Market
    • Technological Advancements in High-Sensitivity and Multi-Analyte Quality Controls Strengthen Business Case for Adoption
    • Expansion of Molecular Quality Controls in Infectious Disease Testing and Oncology Fuels Market Growth
    • Increasing Adoption of Molecular Quality Controls in Clinical Laboratories and Diagnostic Centers Expands Market Opportunities
    • Technological Innovations in Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Controls Propel Market Expansion
    • Rising Focus on Enhancing Diagnostic Accuracy and Reducing False-Positive Rates Drives Demand for Molecular Quality Controls
    • Growing Use of Molecular Quality Controls in Genetic Testing and Personalized Medicine Expands Market Potential
    • Focus on Reducing Laboratory Errors and Enhancing Workflow Efficiency Strengthens Market for Molecular Quality Controls
    • Technological Advancements in Digital and Automated Quality Control Systems Propel Market Growth
    • Rising Demand for Molecular Quality Controls in Point-of-Care Testing (POCT) Strengthens Global Market
    • Expansion of Molecular Quality Controls in Biopharmaceutical and Research Applications Expands Market Opportunities
  • 4. GLOBAL MARKET PERSPECTIVE
    • TABLE 1: World Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Molecular Quality Controls by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ for Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 2: World Historic Review for Molecular Quality Controls by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 3: World 15-Year Perspective for Molecular Quality Controls by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World Markets for Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 4: World Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Independent Controls by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ for Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 5: World Historic Review for Independent Controls by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 6: World 15-Year Perspective for Independent Controls by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World for Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 7: World Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Instrument-Specific Controls by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ for Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 8: World Historic Review for Instrument-Specific Controls by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 9: World 15-Year Perspective for Instrument-Specific Controls by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World for Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 10: World Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Single-Analyte Controls by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ for Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 11: World Historic Review for Single-Analyte Controls by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 12: World 15-Year Perspective for Single-Analyte Controls by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World for Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 13: World Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Multi-Analyte Controls by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ for Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 14: World Historic Review for Multi-Analyte Controls by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 15: World 15-Year Perspective for Multi-Analyte Controls by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World for Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 16: World Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Oncology by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ for Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 17: World Historic Review for Oncology by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 18: World 15-Year Perspective for Oncology by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World for Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 19: World Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Genetic Testing by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ for Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 20: World Historic Review for Genetic Testing by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 21: World 15-Year Perspective for Genetic Testing by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World for Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 22: World Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Infectious Diseases by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ for Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 23: World Historic Review for Infectious Diseases by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 24: World 15-Year Perspective for Infectious Diseases by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World for Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 25: World Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Other Applications by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ for Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 26: World Historic Review for Other Applications by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 27: World 15-Year Perspective for Other Applications by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World for Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 28: World Molecular Quality Controls Market Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ for Years 2015 through 2030

III. MARKET ANALYSIS

  • UNITED STATES
    • Molecular Quality Controls Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in the United States for 2025 (E)
    • TABLE 29: USA Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Molecular Quality Controls by Product - Independent Controls and Instrument-Specific Controls - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 30: USA Historic Review for Molecular Quality Controls by Product - Independent Controls and Instrument-Specific Controls Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 31: USA 15-Year Perspective for Molecular Quality Controls by Product - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Independent Controls and Instrument-Specific Controls for the Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 32: USA Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Molecular Quality Controls by Analyte Type - Single-Analyte Controls and Multi-Analyte Controls - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 33: USA Historic Review for Molecular Quality Controls by Analyte Type - Single-Analyte Controls and Multi-Analyte Controls Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 34: USA 15-Year Perspective for Molecular Quality Controls by Analyte Type - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Single-Analyte Controls and Multi-Analyte Controls for the Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 35: USA Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Molecular Quality Controls by Application - Infectious Diseases, Oncology, Genetic Testing and Other Applications - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 36: USA Historic Review for Molecular Quality Controls by Application - Infectious Diseases, Oncology, Genetic Testing and Other Applications Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 37: USA 15-Year Perspective for Molecular Quality Controls by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Infectious Diseases, Oncology, Genetic Testing and Other Applications for the Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
  • CANADA
    • TABLE 38: Canada Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Molecular Quality Controls by Product - Independent Controls and Instrument-Specific Controls - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 39: Canada Historic Review for Molecular Quality Controls by Product - Independent Controls and Instrument-Specific Controls Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 40: Canada 15-Year Perspective for Molecular Quality Controls by Product - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Independent Controls and Instrument-Specific Controls for the Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 41: Canada Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Molecular Quality Controls by Analyte Type - Single-Analyte Controls and Multi-Analyte Controls - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 42: Canada Historic Review for Molecular Quality Controls by Analyte Type - Single-Analyte Controls and Multi-Analyte Controls Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 43: Canada 15-Year Perspective for Molecular Quality Controls by Analyte Type - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Single-Analyte Controls and Multi-Analyte Controls for the Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 44: Canada Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Molecular Quality Controls by Application - Infectious Diseases, Oncology, Genetic Testing and Other Applications - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 45: Canada Historic Review for Molecular Quality Controls by Application - Infectious Diseases, Oncology, Genetic Testing and Other Applications Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 46: Canada 15-Year Perspective for Molecular Quality Controls by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Infectious Diseases, Oncology, Genetic Testing and Other Applications for the Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
  • JAPAN
    • Molecular Quality Controls Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in Japan for 2025 (E)
    • TABLE 47: Japan Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Molecular Quality Controls by Product - Independent Controls and Instrument-Specific Controls - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 48: Japan Historic Review for Molecular Quality Controls by Product - Independent Controls and Instrument-Specific Controls Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 49: Japan 15-Year Perspective for Molecular Quality Controls by Product - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Independent Controls and Instrument-Specific Controls for the Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 50: Japan Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Molecular Quality Controls by Analyte Type - Single-Analyte Controls and Multi-Analyte Controls - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 51: Japan Historic Review for Molecular Quality Controls by Analyte Type - Single-Analyte Controls and Multi-Analyte Controls Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 52: Japan 15-Year Perspective for Molecular Quality Controls by Analyte Type - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Single-Analyte Controls and Multi-Analyte Controls for the Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 53: Japan Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Molecular Quality Controls by Application - Infectious Diseases, Oncology, Genetic Testing and Other Applications - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 54: Japan Historic Review for Molecular Quality Controls by Application - Infectious Diseases, Oncology, Genetic Testing and Other Applications Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 55: Japan 15-Year Perspective for Molecular Quality Controls by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Infectious Diseases, Oncology, Genetic Testing and Other Applications for the Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
  • CHINA
    • Molecular Quality Controls Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in China for 2025 (E)
    • TABLE 56: China Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Molecular Quality Controls by Product - Independent Controls and Instrument-Specific Controls - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 57: China Historic Review for Molecular Quality Controls by Product - Independent Controls and Instrument-Specific Controls Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 58: China 15-Year Perspective for Molecular Quality Controls by Product - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Independent Controls and Instrument-Specific Controls for the Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 59: China Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Molecular Quality Controls by Analyte Type - Single-Analyte Controls and Multi-Analyte Controls - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 60: China Historic Review for Molecular Quality Controls by Analyte Type - Single-Analyte Controls and Multi-Analyte Controls Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 61: China 15-Year Perspective for Molecular Quality Controls by Analyte Type - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Single-Analyte Controls and Multi-Analyte Controls for the Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 62: China Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Molecular Quality Controls by Application - Infectious Diseases, Oncology, Genetic Testing and Other Applications - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 63: China Historic Review for Molecular Quality Controls by Application - Infectious Diseases, Oncology, Genetic Testing and Other Applications Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 64: China 15-Year Perspective for Molecular Quality Controls by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Infectious Diseases, Oncology, Genetic Testing and Other Applications for the Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
  • EUROPE
    • Molecular Quality Controls Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in Europe for 2025 (E)
    • TABLE 65: Europe Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Molecular Quality Controls by Geographic Region - France, Germany, Italy, UK and Rest of Europe Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ for Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 66: Europe Historic Review for Molecular Quality Controls by Geographic Region - France, Germany, Italy, UK and Rest of Europe Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 67: Europe 15-Year Perspective for Molecular Quality Controls by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for France, Germany, Italy, UK and Rest of Europe Markets for Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 68: Europe Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Molecular Quality Controls by Product - Independent Controls and Instrument-Specific Controls - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 69: Europe Historic Review for Molecular Quality Controls by Product - Independent Controls and Instrument-Specific Controls Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 70: Europe 15-Year Perspective for Molecular Quality Controls by Product - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Independent Controls and Instrument-Specific Controls for the Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 71: Europe Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Molecular Quality Controls by Analyte Type - Single-Analyte Controls and Multi-Analyte Controls - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 72: Europe Historic Review for Molecular Quality Controls by Analyte Type - Single-Analyte Controls and Multi-Analyte Controls Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 73: Europe 15-Year Perspective for Molecular Quality Controls by Analyte Type - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Single-Analyte Controls and Multi-Analyte Controls for the Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 74: Europe Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Molecular Quality Controls by Application - Infectious Diseases, Oncology, Genetic Testing and Other Applications - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 75: Europe Historic Review for Molecular Quality Controls by Application - Infectious Diseases, Oncology, Genetic Testing and Other Applications Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 76: Europe 15-Year Perspective for Molecular Quality Controls by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Infectious Diseases, Oncology, Genetic Testing and Other Applications for the Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
  • FRANCE
    • Molecular Quality Controls Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in France for 2025 (E)
    • TABLE 77: France Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Molecular Quality Controls by Product - Independent Controls and Instrument-Specific Controls - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 78: France Historic Review for Molecular Quality Controls by Product - Independent Controls and Instrument-Specific Controls Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 79: France 15-Year Perspective for Molecular Quality Controls by Product - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Independent Controls and Instrument-Specific Controls for the Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 80: France Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Molecular Quality Controls by Analyte Type - Single-Analyte Controls and Multi-Analyte Controls - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 81: France Historic Review for Molecular Quality Controls by Analyte Type - Single-Analyte Controls and Multi-Analyte Controls Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 82: France 15-Year Perspective for Molecular Quality Controls by Analyte Type - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Single-Analyte Controls and Multi-Analyte Controls for the Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 83: France Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Molecular Quality Controls by Application - Infectious Diseases, Oncology, Genetic Testing and Other Applications - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 84: France Historic Review for Molecular Quality Controls by Application - Infectious Diseases, Oncology, Genetic Testing and Other Applications Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 85: France 15-Year Perspective for Molecular Quality Controls by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Infectious Diseases, Oncology, Genetic Testing and Other Applications for the Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
  • GERMANY
    • Molecular Quality Controls Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in Germany for 2025 (E)
    • TABLE 86: Germany Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Molecular Quality Controls by Product - Independent Controls and Instrument-Specific Controls - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 87: Germany Historic Review for Molecular Quality Controls by Product - Independent Controls and Instrument-Specific Controls Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 88: Germany 15-Year Perspective for Molecular Quality Controls by Product - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Independent Controls and Instrument-Specific Controls for the Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 89: Germany Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Molecular Quality Controls by Analyte Type - Single-Analyte Controls and Multi-Analyte Controls - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 90: Germany Historic Review for Molecular Quality Controls by Analyte Type - Single-Analyte Controls and Multi-Analyte Controls Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 91: Germany 15-Year Perspective for Molecular Quality Controls by Analyte Type - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Single-Analyte Controls and Multi-Analyte Controls for the Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 92: Germany Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Molecular Quality Controls by Application - Infectious Diseases, Oncology, Genetic Testing and Other Applications - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 93: Germany Historic Review for Molecular Quality Controls by Application - Infectious Diseases, Oncology, Genetic Testing and Other Applications Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 94: Germany 15-Year Perspective for Molecular Quality Controls by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Infectious Diseases, Oncology, Genetic Testing and Other Applications for the Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
  • ITALY
    • TABLE 95: Italy Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Molecular Quality Controls by Product - Independent Controls and Instrument-Specific Controls - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 96: Italy Historic Review for Molecular Quality Controls by Product - Independent Controls and Instrument-Specific Controls Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 97: Italy 15-Year Perspective for Molecular Quality Controls by Product - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Independent Controls and Instrument-Specific Controls for the Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 98: Italy Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Molecular Quality Controls by Analyte Type - Single-Analyte Controls and Multi-Analyte Controls - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 99: Italy Historic Review for Molecular Quality Controls by Analyte Type - Single-Analyte Controls and Multi-Analyte Controls Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 100: Italy 15-Year Perspective for Molecular Quality Controls by Analyte Type - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Single-Analyte Controls and Multi-Analyte Controls for the Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 101: Italy Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Molecular Quality Controls by Application - Infectious Diseases, Oncology, Genetic Testing and Other Applications - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 102: Italy Historic Review for Molecular Quality Controls by Application - Infectious Diseases, Oncology, Genetic Testing and Other Applications Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 103: Italy 15-Year Perspective for Molecular Quality Controls by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Infectious Diseases, Oncology, Genetic Testing and Other Applications for the Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
  • UNITED KINGDOM
    • Molecular Quality Controls Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in the United Kingdom for 2025 (E)
    • TABLE 104: UK Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Molecular Quality Controls by Product - Independent Controls and Instrument-Specific Controls - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 105: UK Historic Review for Molecular Quality Controls by Product - Independent Controls and Instrument-Specific Controls Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 106: UK 15-Year Perspective for Molecular Quality Controls by Product - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Independent Controls and Instrument-Specific Controls for the Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 107: UK Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Molecular Quality Controls by Analyte Type - Single-Analyte Controls and Multi-Analyte Controls - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 108: UK Historic Review for Molecular Quality Controls by Analyte Type - Single-Analyte Controls and Multi-Analyte Controls Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 109: UK 15-Year Perspective for Molecular Quality Controls by Analyte Type - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Single-Analyte Controls and Multi-Analyte Controls for the Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 110: UK Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Molecular Quality Controls by Application - Infectious Diseases, Oncology, Genetic Testing and Other Applications - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 111: UK Historic Review for Molecular Quality Controls by Application - Infectious Diseases, Oncology, Genetic Testing and Other Applications Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 112: UK 15-Year Perspective for Molecular Quality Controls by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Infectious Diseases, Oncology, Genetic Testing and Other Applications for the Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
  • REST OF EUROPE
    • TABLE 113: Rest of Europe Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Molecular Quality Controls by Product - Independent Controls and Instrument-Specific Controls - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 114: Rest of Europe Historic Review for Molecular Quality Controls by Product - Independent Controls and Instrument-Specific Controls Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 115: Rest of Europe 15-Year Perspective for Molecular Quality Controls by Product - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Independent Controls and Instrument-Specific Controls for the Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 116: Rest of Europe Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Molecular Quality Controls by Analyte Type - Single-Analyte Controls and Multi-Analyte Controls - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 117: Rest of Europe Historic Review for Molecular Quality Controls by Analyte Type - Single-Analyte Controls and Multi-Analyte Controls Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 118: Rest of Europe 15-Year Perspective for Molecular Quality Controls by Analyte Type - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Single-Analyte Controls and Multi-Analyte Controls for the Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 119: Rest of Europe Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Molecular Quality Controls by Application - Infectious Diseases, Oncology, Genetic Testing and Other Applications - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 120: Rest of Europe Historic Review for Molecular Quality Controls by Application - Infectious Diseases, Oncology, Genetic Testing and Other Applications Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 121: Rest of Europe 15-Year Perspective for Molecular Quality Controls by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Infectious Diseases, Oncology, Genetic Testing and Other Applications for the Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
  • ASIA-PACIFIC
    • Molecular Quality Controls Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in Asia-Pacific for 2025 (E)
    • TABLE 122: Asia-Pacific Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Molecular Quality Controls by Product - Independent Controls and Instrument-Specific Controls - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 123: Asia-Pacific Historic Review for Molecular Quality Controls by Product - Independent Controls and Instrument-Specific Controls Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 124: Asia-Pacific 15-Year Perspective for Molecular Quality Controls by Product - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Independent Controls and Instrument-Specific Controls for the Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 125: Asia-Pacific Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Molecular Quality Controls by Analyte Type - Single-Analyte Controls and Multi-Analyte Controls - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 126: Asia-Pacific Historic Review for Molecular Quality Controls by Analyte Type - Single-Analyte Controls and Multi-Analyte Controls Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 127: Asia-Pacific 15-Year Perspective for Molecular Quality Controls by Analyte Type - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Single-Analyte Controls and Multi-Analyte Controls for the Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 128: Asia-Pacific Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Molecular Quality Controls by Application - Infectious Diseases, Oncology, Genetic Testing and Other Applications - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 129: Asia-Pacific Historic Review for Molecular Quality Controls by Application - Infectious Diseases, Oncology, Genetic Testing and Other Applications Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 130: Asia-Pacific 15-Year Perspective for Molecular Quality Controls by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Infectious Diseases, Oncology, Genetic Testing and Other Applications for the Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
  • REST OF WORLD
    • TABLE 131: Rest of World Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Molecular Quality Controls by Product - Independent Controls and Instrument-Specific Controls - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 132: Rest of World Historic Review for Molecular Quality Controls by Product - Independent Controls and Instrument-Specific Controls Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 133: Rest of World 15-Year Perspective for Molecular Quality Controls by Product - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Independent Controls and Instrument-Specific Controls for the Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 134: Rest of World Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Molecular Quality Controls by Analyte Type - Single-Analyte Controls and Multi-Analyte Controls - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 135: Rest of World Historic Review for Molecular Quality Controls by Analyte Type - Single-Analyte Controls and Multi-Analyte Controls Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 136: Rest of World 15-Year Perspective for Molecular Quality Controls by Analyte Type - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Single-Analyte Controls and Multi-Analyte Controls for the Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 137: Rest of World Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Molecular Quality Controls by Application - Infectious Diseases, Oncology, Genetic Testing and Other Applications - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 138: Rest of World Historic Review for Molecular Quality Controls by Application - Infectious Diseases, Oncology, Genetic Testing and Other Applications Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 139: Rest of World 15-Year Perspective for Molecular Quality Controls by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Infectious Diseases, Oncology, Genetic Testing and Other Applications for the Years 2015, 2025 & 2030

IV. COMPETITION

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