세계의 펩타이드 치료 시장 - 규모, 점유율, 동향 분석 보고서 : 용도별, 유형별, 제조업체 유형별, 투여 경로별, 합성 기술별, 지역별 부문 예측(2025-2030년)

Peptide Therapeutics Market Growth & Trends:

The global peptide therapeutics market size is expected to reach USD 260.25 billion by 2030, according to a new report by Grand View Research, Inc. It is expected to grow at a CAGR of 10.77% from 2025 to 2030. Increasing demand for efficient and rapid-acting therapeutics for the treatment of cancer and other lifestyle-associated disorders, which result in lesser adverse effects, is anticipated to propel market growth. The rising incidence of cancer calls for exploring and introducing other means of therapies and low-cost treatment alternatives is expected to drive the market. Moreover, the growing geriatric population is expected to widen the consumer base by triggering the incidence rate of target diseases such as cancer and diabetes, which is expected to drive the demand for peptide therapeutics.

As per the International Agency for Research on Cancer (GLOBOCAN 2020) report, there will be 19,292,789 new cancer cases diagnosed globally in 2020, with 9,958,133 cancer deaths. Furthermore, the five-year prevalence of cancer was projected to be 50,550,287 worldwide. The global number of new cases of cancer is projected to reach 28,887,940 by 2040. As a result, the higher incidence of cancers around the world is set to perform an important role in the development of peptide therapeutics over the forecast period. Besides that, increasing awareness among health care providers and patients about the negative effects of chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy is a primary factor influencing the increased emphasis on alternative therapeutics like peptide-based drugs.

Technological advancements in the peptide manufacturing process are driving the market during the forecast period. Manufacturers and suppliers are focusing on the adoption of novel technologies to manufacture efficient drug molecules with low time and capital investment. Improvement in purification and automation process and less generation of waste are additional factors contributing to the market growth. For instance, in March 2022, Amgen announced the official opening of its latest bio-manufacturing facility in Holly Springs, North Carolina. The facility, which is set to open in 2025, will help cope with the growth of Amgen's medicines, which treat serious diseases like cancer and heart disease.

The COVID-19 pandemic is anticipated to spur the spectrum of cancer care, which includes delayed diagnoses, therapeutic interventions, and the impeding of clinical trials focused on developing cost-effective therapeutics for cancer treatment, with peptide therapeutics for cancer treatment being no exception, as per a research article published in Nature Cancer, 2020. There have been 21 peptide drugs in therapies for the treatment of COVID-19 as of May 2020, such as 15 synthetic peptides for the therapies of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) as well as other respiratory illnesses induced by severe acute respiratory infection. However, current implementations of peptide therapeutics in oncological and metabolic disorders and other fields have been hampered by drug shortages, operational problems, and the slow progress of clinical trials involving non-COVID-19 therapeutics.

For instance, in May 2022, EVER Pharma announced that Bortezomib has received EU-wide approval for the treatment of individuals with symptomatic myeloma and mantle cell lymphoma1. In May 2022, The European Commission approved Novartis' Jakavi post-steroid therapy for acute and chronic graft-versus-host ailments. Jakavi will be the first JAK1/2 inhibitor widely available for patients in Europe with steroid-refractory graft-versus-host ailment. In September 2021, Nimble Therapeutics and Incyte entered into strategic collaborative research to discover additional new peptide therapies.

Peptide Therapeutics Market Report Highlights:

• By type, the generic segment is the second largest segment in the market. The rise of generic peptide therapeutics is an emerging trend in the pharmaceutical industry
• Outsourcing manufacturing segment is anticipated to grow at the fastest CAGR during the forecast period owing to the requirements of complex procedures and a shift in preference toward outsourcing, which helps in eliminating the cost of production
• Based on synthesis technology, the recombinant DNA technology segment accounted for the largest revenue share of 79.26% in 2024
• The North America Peptide Therapeutics market maintains a leading position in 2024 with share of 60.21% globally in 2024, driven by the rising prevalence of cancer, metabolic disorders, and rare diseases

Table of Contents

Chapter 1. Methodology and Scope

• 1.1. Market Segmentation and Scope
• 1.2. Market Definitions
• 1.3. Research Methodology
  • 1.3.1. Information Procurement
  • 1.3.2. Information or Data Analysis
  • 1.3.3. Market Formulation & Data Visualization
  • 1.3.4. Data Validation & Publishing
• 1.4. Research Scope and Assumptions
  • 1.4.1. List of Data Sources

Chapter 2. Executive Summary

• 2.1. Market Outlook
• 2.2. Segment Outlook
• 2.3. Competitive Insights

Chapter 3. Peptide Therapeutics Market Variables, Trends, & Scope

• 3.1. Parent Market Outlook
• 3.2. Ancillary Market Outlook
• 3.3. Market Dynamics
  • 3.3.1. Market Drivers Analysis
    • 3.3.1.1. Increasing prevalence of cancer
      • 3.3.1.1.1. Cancer incidence data
    • 3.3.1.2. Technological advancements
    • 3.3.1.3. Presence of strong product pipeline
  • 3.3.2. Market Restraints Analysis
    • 3.3.2.1. Increasing complexity of peptides
    • 3.3.2.2. High cost of manufacturing equipment
• 3.4. Peptide Therapeutics Analysis Tools
  • 3.4.1. Porter's Analysis
    • 3.4.1.1. Bargaining power of the suppliers
    • 3.4.1.2. Bargaining power of the buyers
    • 3.4.1.3. Threats of substitution
    • 3.4.1.4. Threats from new entrants
    • 3.4.1.5. Competitive rivalry
  • 3.4.2. PESTEL Analysis
    • 3.4.2.1. Political landscape
    • 3.4.2.2. Economic and Social landscape
    • 3.4.2.3. Technological landscape
    • 3.4.2.4. Environmental landscape
    • 3.4.2.5. Legal landscape
• 3.5. Pipeline Analysis
  • 3.5.1. Phase 1
  • 3.5.2. Phase 2
  • 3.5.3. Phase 3
• 3.6. Phase 3 Pipeline Drug Forecasts
• 3.7. Case Studies Analysis

Chapter 4. Peptide Therapeutics Market: By Application Estimates & Trend Analysis

• 4.1. Peptide Therapeutics Market: Application Segment Dashboard
• 4.2. Peptide Therapeutics Market: By Application Movement Analysis, 2024 & 2030 (USD Million)
• 4.3. Metabolic Disorders
  • 4.3.1. Metabolic Disorders Market Revenue Estimates and Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
• 4.4. Cancer
  • 4.4.1. Cancer Market Revenue Estimates and Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
• 4.5. Neurological Disorders
  • 4.5.1. Neurological Disorders Market Revenue Estimates and Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
• 4.6. Gastrointestinal Disorders
  • 4.6.1. Gastrointestinal Disorders Market Revenue Estimates and Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
• 4.7. Cardiovascular Disorders
  • 4.7.1. Cardiovascular Disorders Market Revenue Estimates and Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
• 4.8. Pain
  • 4.8.1. Pain Market Revenue Estimates and Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
• 4.9. Infectious Disease
  • 4.9.1. Infectious Disease Market Revenue Estimates and Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
• 4.10. Renal Disorders
  • 4.10.1. Renal Disorders Market Revenue Estimates and Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
• 4.11. Dermatological Disorders
  • 4.11.1. Dermatological Disorders Market Revenue Estimates and Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
• 4.12. Respiratory Disorders
  • 4.12.1. Respiratory Disorders Market Revenue Estimates and Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
• 4.13. Others
  • 4.13.1. Others Market Revenue Estimates and Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)

Chapter 5. Peptide Therapeutics Market: Type Estimates & Trend Analysis

• 5.1. Peptide Therapeutics Market: Type Segment Dashboard
• 5.2. Peptide Therapeutics Market: By Type Movement Analysis, 2024 & 2030 (USD Million)
• 5.3. Innovative
  • 5.3.1. Innovative Market Revenue Estimates and Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
• 5.4. Generic
  • 5.4.1. Generic Market Revenue Estimates and Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
  • 5.4.2. Others Market Revenue Estimates and Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)

Chapter 6. Peptide Therapeutics Market: Type of Manufacturer Estimates & Trend Analysis

• 6.1. Peptide Therapeutics Market: Type of Manufacturer Segment Dashboard
• 6.2. Peptide Therapeutics Market: By Type of Manufacturer Movement Analysis, 2024 & 2030 (USD Million)
• 6.3. Inhouse
  • 6.3.1. Inhouse Market Revenue Estimates and Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
• 6.4. Outsourced
  • 6.4.1. Outsourced Market Revenue Estimates and Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)

Chapter 7. Peptide Therapeutics Market: Synthesis Technology Estimates & Trend Analysis

• 7.1. Peptide Therapeutics Market: Synthesis Technology Segment Dashboard
• 7.2. Peptide Therapeutics Market: Synthesis Technology Movement Analysis, 2024 & 2030 (USD Million)
• 7.3. Recombinant DNA Technology
  • 7.3.1. Recombinant DNA Technology Market Revenue Estimates and Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
• 7.4. Solid-Phase Peptide Synthesis (SPPS)
  • 7.4.1. Solid-Phase Peptide Synthesis (SPPS) Market Revenue Estimates and Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
• 7.5. Hybrid
  • 7.5.1. Hybrid Market Revenue Estimates and Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
• 7.6. Liquid-Phase Peptide Synthesis (LPPS)
  • 7.6.1. Liquid-Phase Peptide Synthesis (LPPS) Market Revenue Estimates and Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
• 7.7. Others
  • 7.7.1. Others Market Revenue Estimates and Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)

Chapter 8. Peptide Therapeutics Market: Route of Administration Estimates & Trend Analysis

• 8.1. Peptide Therapeutics Market: Route of Administration Segment Dashboard
• 8.2. Peptide Therapeutics Market: Route of Administration Movement Analysis, 2024 & 2030 (USD Million)
• 8.3. Parenteral Route
  • 8.3.1. Parenteral Route Market Revenue Estimates and Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
• 8.4. Oral Route
  • 8.4.1. Oral Route Market Revenue Estimates and Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
• 8.5. Mucosal
  • 8.5.1. Mucosal Market Revenue Estimates and Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
• 8.6. Pulmonary
  • 8.6.1. Pulmonary Market Revenue Estimates and Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
• 8.7. Others
  • 8.7.1. Others Market Revenue Estimates and Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)

Chapter 9. Peptide Therapeutics Market: Regional Estimates & Trend Analysis

• 9.1. Peptide Therapeutics Market Share, By Region, 2024 & 2030, USD Million
• 9.2. North America
  • 9.2.1. North America Peptide Therapeutics Market Estimates and Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
  • 9.2.2. U.S.
    • 9.2.2.1. Key Country Dynamics
    • 9.2.2.2. Target Disease Prevalence
    • 9.2.2.3. Regulatory Framework
    • 9.2.2.4. Reimbursement Framework
    • 9.2.2.5. U.S. Peptide Therapeutics Market Estimates and Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
  • 9.2.3. Canada
    • 9.2.3.1. Key Country Dynamics
    • 9.2.3.2. Target Disease Prevalence
    • 9.2.3.3. Regulatory Framework
    • 9.2.3.4. Reimbursement Framework
    • 9.2.3.5. Canada Peptide Therapeutics Market Estimates and Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
  • 9.2.4. Mexico
    • 9.2.4.1. Key Country Dynamics
    • 9.2.4.2. Target Disease Prevalence
    • 9.2.4.3. Regulatory Framework
    • 9.2.4.4. Reimbursement Framework
    • 9.2.4.5. Mexico Peptide Therapeutics Market Estimates and Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
• 9.3. Europe
  • 9.3.1. Europe Peptide Therapeutics Market Estimates and Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
  • 9.3.2. UK
    • 9.3.2.1. Key Country Dynamics
    • 9.3.2.2. Target Disease Prevalence
    • 9.3.2.3. Regulatory Framework
    • 9.3.2.4. Reimbursement Framework
    • 9.3.2.5. Uk Peptide Therapeutics Market Estimates and Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
  • 9.3.3. Germany
    • 9.3.3.1. Key Country Dynamics
    • 9.3.3.2. Target Disease Prevalence
    • 9.3.3.3. Regulatory Framework
    • 9.3.3.4. Reimbursement Framework
    • 9.3.3.5. Germany Peptide Therapeutics Market Estimates and Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
  • 9.3.4. France
    • 9.3.4.1. Key Country Dynamics
    • 9.3.4.2. Target Disease Prevalence
    • 9.3.4.3. Regulatory Framework
    • 9.3.4.4. Reimbursement Framework
    • 9.3.4.5. France Peptide Therapeutics Market Estimates and Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
  • 9.3.5. Italy
    • 9.3.5.1. Key Country Dynamics
    • 9.3.5.2. Target Disease Prevalence
    • 9.3.5.3. Regulatory Framework
    • 9.3.5.4. Reimbursement Framework
    • 9.3.5.5. Italy Peptide Therapeutics Market Estimates and Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
  • 9.3.6. Spain
    • 9.3.6.1. Key Country Dynamics
    • 9.3.6.2. Target Disease Prevalence
    • 9.3.6.3. Regulatory Framework
    • 9.3.6.4. Reimbursement Framework
    • 9.3.6.5. Spain Peptide Therapeutics Market Estimates and Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
  • 9.3.7. Denmark
    • 9.3.7.1. Key Country Dynamics
    • 9.3.7.2. Target Disease Prevalence
    • 9.3.7.3. Regulatory Framework
    • 9.3.7.4. Reimbursement Framework
    • 9.3.7.5. Denmark Peptide Therapeutics Market Estimates and Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
  • 9.3.8. Sweden
    • 9.3.8.1. Key Country Dynamics
    • 9.3.8.2. Target Disease Prevalence
    • 9.3.8.3. Regulatory Framework
    • 9.3.8.4. Reimbursement Framework
    • 9.3.8.5. Sweden Peptide Therapeutics Market Estimates and Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
  • 9.3.9. Norway
    • 9.3.9.1. Key Country Dynamics
    • 9.3.9.2. Target Disease Prevalence
    • 9.3.9.3. Regulatory Framework
    • 9.3.9.4. Reimbursement Framework
    • 9.3.9.5. Norway Peptide Therapeutics Market Estimates and Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
• 9.4. Asia Pacific
  • 9.4.1. Asia Pacific Peptide Therapeutics Market Estimates and Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
  • 9.4.2. Japan
    • 9.4.2.1. Key Country Dynamics
    • 9.4.2.2. Target Disease Prevalence
    • 9.4.2.3. Regulatory Framework
    • 9.4.2.4. Reimbursement Framework
    • 9.4.2.5. Japan Peptide Therapeutics Market Estimates and Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
  • 9.4.3. China
    • 9.4.3.1. Key Country Dynamics
    • 9.4.3.2. Target Disease Prevalence
    • 9.4.3.3. Regulatory Framework
    • 9.4.3.4. Reimbursement Framework
    • 9.4.3.5. China Peptide Therapeutics Market Estimates and Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
  • 9.4.4. India
    • 9.4.4.1. Key Country Dynamics
    • 9.4.4.2. Target Disease Prevalence
    • 9.4.4.3. Regulatory Framework
    • 9.4.4.4. Reimbursement Framework
    • 9.4.4.5. India Peptide Therapeutics Market Estimates and Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
  • 9.4.5. Australia
    • 9.4.5.1. Key Country Dynamics
    • 9.4.5.2. Target Disease Prevalence
    • 9.4.5.3. Regulatory Framework
    • 9.4.5.4. Reimbursement Framework
    • 9.4.5.5. Australia Peptide Therapeutics Market Estimates and Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
  • 9.4.6. South Korea
    • 9.4.6.1. Key Country Dynamics
    • 9.4.6.2. Target Disease Prevalence
    • 9.4.6.3. Regulatory Framework
    • 9.4.6.4. Reimbursement Framework
    • 9.4.6.5. South Korea Peptide Therapeutics Market Estimates and Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
  • 9.4.7. Thailand
    • 9.4.7.1. Key Country Dynamics
    • 9.4.7.2. Target Disease Prevalence
    • 9.4.7.3. Regulatory Framework
    • 9.4.7.4. Reimbursement Framework
    • 9.4.7.5. Thailand Peptide Therapeutics Market Estimates and Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
• 9.5. Latin America
  • 9.5.1. Latin America Peptide Therapeutics Market Estimates and Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
  • 9.5.2. Brazil
    • 9.5.2.1. Key Country Dynamics
    • 9.5.2.2. Target Disease Prevalence
    • 9.5.2.3. Regulatory Framework
    • 9.5.2.4. Reimbursement Framework
    • 9.5.2.5. Japan Peptide Therapeutics Market Estimates and Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
  • 9.5.3. Argentina
    • 9.5.3.1. Key Country Dynamics
    • 9.5.3.2. Target Disease Prevalence
    • 9.5.3.3. Regulatory Framework
    • 9.5.3.4. Reimbursement Framework
    • 9.5.3.5. China Peptide Therapeutics Market Estimates and Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
• 9.6. Middle East and Africa
  • 9.6.1. Middle East and Africa Peptide Therapeutics Market Estimates and Forecasts, 2017 - 2030 (USD Million)
  • 9.6.2. South Africa
    • 9.6.2.1. Key Country Dynamics
    • 9.6.2.2. Target Disease Prevalence
    • 9.6.2.3. Regulatory Framework
    • 9.6.2.4. Reimbursement Framework
    • 9.6.2.5. South Africa Peptide Therapeutics Market Estimates and Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
  • 9.6.3. Saudi Arabia
    • 9.6.3.1. Key Country Dynamics
    • 9.6.3.2. Target Disease Prevalence
    • 9.6.3.3. Regulatory Framework
    • 9.6.3.4. Reimbursement Framework
    • 9.6.3.5. Saudi Arabia Peptide Therapeutics Market Estimates and Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
  • 9.6.4. UAE
    • 9.6.4.1. Key Country Dynamics
    • 9.6.4.2. Target Disease Prevalence
    • 9.6.4.3. Regulatory Framework
    • 9.6.4.4. Reimbursement Framework
    • 9.6.4.5. UAE Peptide Therapeutics Market Estimates and Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
  • 9.6.5. Kuwait
    • 9.6.5.1. Key Country Dynamics
    • 9.6.5.2. Target Disease Prevalence
    • 9.6.5.3. Regulatory Framework
    • 9.6.5.4. Reimbursement Framework
    • 9.6.5.5. Kuwait Peptide Therapeutics Market Estimates and Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)

Chapter 10. Competitive Landscape

• 10.1. Recent Developments & Impact Analysis by Key Market Participants
• 10.2. Company Categorization
• 10.3. Participant Overview
• 10.4. Financial Performance
• 10.5. Product Bench Marking
• 10.6. Company Market Share Analysis, 2024
• 10.7. Company Profiles
  • 10.7.1. Eli Lilly and Company
    • 10.7.1.1. Participant's Overview
    • 10.7.1.2. Financial Performance
    • 10.7.1.3. Product Benchmarking
    • 10.7.1.4. Recent Developments/ Strategic Initiatives
  • 10.7.2. Pfizer Inc.
    • 10.7.2.1. Participant's Overview
    • 10.7.2.2. Financial Performance
    • 10.7.2.3. Product Benchmarking
    • 10.7.2.4. Recent Developments/ Strategic Initiatives
  • 10.7.3. Amgen Inc.
    • 10.7.3.1. Participant's Overview
    • 10.7.3.2. Financial Performance
    • 10.7.3.3. Product Benchmarking
    • 10.7.3.4. Recent Developments/ Strategic Initiatives
  • 10.7.4. Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited
    • 10.7.4.1. Participant's Overview
    • 10.7.4.2. Financial Performance
    • 10.7.4.3. Product Benchmarking
    • 10.7.4.4. Recent Developments/ Strategic Initiatives
  • 10.7.5. AstraZeneca
    • 10.7.5.1. Participant's Overview
    • 10.7.5.2. Financial Performance
    • 10.7.5.3. Product Benchmarking
    • 10.7.5.4. Recent Developments/ Strategic Initiatives
  • 10.7.6. Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd.
    • 10.7.6.1. Participant's Overview
    • 10.7.6.2. Financial Performance
    • 10.7.6.3. Product Benchmarking
    • 10.7.6.4. Recent Developments/ Strategic Initiatives
  • 10.7.7. Sanofi
    • 10.7.7.1. Participant's Overview
    • 10.7.7.2. Financial Performance
    • 10.7.7.3. Product Benchmarking
    • 10.7.7.4. Recent Developments/ Strategic Initiatives
  • 10.7.8. F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd
    • 10.7.8.1. Participant's Overview
    • 10.7.8.2. Financial Performance
    • 10.7.8.3. Product Benchmarking
    • 10.7.8.4. Recent Developments/ Strategic Initiatives
  • 10.7.9. Novartis AG
    • 10.7.9.1. Participant's Overview
    • 10.7.9.2. Financial Performance
    • 10.7.9.3. Product Benchmarking
    • 10.7.9.4. Recent Developments/ Strategic Initiatives
  • 10.7.10. Novo Nordisk A/S
    • 10.7.10.1. Participant's Overview
    • 10.7.10.2. Financial Performance
    • 10.7.10.3. Product Benchmarking
    • 10.7.10.4. Recent Developments/ Strategic Initiatives
  • 10.7.11. GSK plc
    • 10.7.11.1. Participant's Over
    • 10.7.11.2. Financial Performance
    • 10.7.11.3. Product Benchmarking
    • 10.7.11.4. Recent Developments/ Strategic Initiatives
  • 10.7.12. Ironwood Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
    • 10.7.12.1. Participant's Overview
    • 10.7.12.2. Financial Performance
    • 10.7.12.3. Product Benchmarking
    • 10.7.12.4. Recent Developments/ Strategic Initiatives
  • 10.7.13. Radius Health, Inc. (Subsidiary of Gurnet Point Capital and Patient Square Capital)
    • 10.7.13.1. Participant's Overview
    • 10.7.13.2. Financial Performance
    • 10.7.13.3. Product Benchmarking
    • 10.7.13.4. Recent Developments/ Strategic Initiatives
  • 10.7.14. Ipsen Pharma
    • 10.7.14.1. Participant's Overview
    • 10.7.14.2. Financial Performance
    • 10.7.14.3. Product Benchmarking
    • 10.7.14.4. Recent Developments/ Strategic Initiatives

Chapter 11. Conclusion/Key Takeaways/KoL Insights