일액형 폼 시장 보고서 : 동향, 예측 및 경쟁 분석(-2035년)

One Component Foam Market

The future of the global one component foam market looks promising with opportunities in the residential, commercial, and industrial markets. The global one component foam market is expected to reach an estimated $7.7 billion by 2035 from $5.1 billion in 2027 with a CAGR of 2.9% from 2027 to 2035. The major drivers for this market are the increasing demand in automotive industry, the growing use in construction sector, and the rising adoption in packaging solutions.

• Lucintel forecasts that, within the type category, polyurethane foam is expected to witness the highest growth over the forecast period due to increasing need for lightweight and energy efficient insulation materials.
• Within the end use category, residential is expected to witness the highest growth over the forecast period due to increasing residential construction as well as the demand for thermal insulation.
• In terms of regions, APAC is expected to witness the highest growth over the forecast period due to rapid urbanization and the growing residential construction in countries or regions.

Emerging Trends in One Component Foam Market

The trend of the one component foam market is shifting away from commodity sealants and moving towards solutions within the areas of insulation, airtightness, and more efficient methods of installation. From 2025 to 2027, this interest will be driven by demand for renovations, the requirement for improvements in the energy efficiency of buildings, and more advanced automation for dispensing. Fine Chemicals anticipate advanced formulations to be the focus of the upcoming competition in this market.

• Sustainability: Use of low emission polyurethane systems has become a standard procurement practice. In January of 2025, new construction product regulations in the EU placed further constraints on emissions and expectations of increased use of recycled content, while blowing agent suppliers promoted lower Global Warming Potential offerings. This trend will result in reformulations and greener installations up to and including 2030.
• Digital Manufacturing: Market participants have begun to adopt laboratory automation, sensor-based filling, and batch analytics. In its 2025 industrial communications, Henkel stressed the use of data to enhance quality control. As digital manufacturing continues to refine product offerings and improve quality, it will do so through reduced waste and stabilized viscosity, all while shortening qualification cycles.
• Automation: There is a growing preference for dispensing gun compatible and/or robot friendly foams, particularly among retrofit contractors in Europe during 2025. Manufacturing automation will further increase productivity and lower the costs and labor requirements for large insulation projects.
• Regional Supply Chain Diversification: Local sourcing of MDI, polyol, propellant, and packaging contribute more to the success of a formulator. Volatility in energy prices and the disruptions to freight transportation during 2025 demonstrated that the concentrations of a market's supply can increase the overall risk to that market. Regions sourcing more locally will improve customer formulations and reduce risk.
• Per Functional Products: Customers are shifting away from generic use sealing toward purchasing foam requirements that meet specifications for fire ratings, low temperatures, greater yield, and low expansion. Changes in European winter safety standards for 2025 also influenced demand for assemblies that passed the necessary tests. Products aiming to fulfill functions below 0°C continued to dominate this market segment. Functional differentiation will help maintain profit margins as standard foam becomes easier to compare.

From 2025 to 2027, companies that will have a competitive advantage will combine proven performance with faster installation and a lower environmental impact. The demand will continue to be seasonal and a function of construction activity. In addition, demand from renovation and industrial activities should reduce market volatility. By standardizing formulations, securing regional feedstocks, and providing applicators with needed digital support tools, companies will be able to maintain a relatively high margin, while companies that offer undifferentiated products will be forced to reduce margins and increase the rigor of qualifying their customers.

Recent Developments in the One Component Foam Market

The one-component foam market is expected to grow in the next few years as the construction sector continues to need repairs and new buildings must be constructed with more efficient insulation. Producers are developing technology for low emissions with fast-curing formulations and specialized dispensing systems. Lucintel anticipates steady growth, and new regulations and improving professional renovation standards are affecting product design and the location of new factories.

• Expanding Capacity: Soudal announced a €100 million manufacturing program for its polyurethane foam production in Turkey to be completed in January 2025. New production facilities in the region will help private-label supply to the continent and surrounding areas for the next five years.
• Low-Emission Reformulation: High-Global-Warming Propellants used in one-component foams will be phased out due to the new F-gas regulations in the EU. In 2025, major milestones will require suppliers to reformulate foams, redirecting spending toward hydrocarbon and low-impact systems, and increasing costs.
• Consolidation: H.B. Fuller completed its acquisition of XCHEM International in 2025 to add to its construction adhesive offerings. While this is beyond one-component foams, the acquisition will improve channel offerings and cross-selling opportunities, also encouraging other suppliers to merge.
• Enhancement of Technology: Manufacturers are developing gun-grade foams to provide more yield, more control during expansion, and improved performance in cold temperatures. Sika also announced in March 2025 upgrades to its product offerings to provide improved temperature ranges.
• Construction Partnerships: Building product suppliers are forming partnerships with insulation and window installers to recommend compatible one component foam systems. An example of specification-based selling that helps defend margins is a European partnership program that was launched in June of 2025, and covers more than 500 installer outlets. Even under the uncertain conditions of demand for repair of residences, this program demonstrates how specification-based selling can be used to defend margins.

The demand will likely be associated with renovations rather than the construction of new homes. Regulation will favor the technically advanced producers; meanwhile, regional production will reduce exposure to freight. Premium products will win market share in situations where the installers prize yield and curing that is dependable. Commodity foam will continue to be sensitive to price, especially in distribution channels. Market growth is expected to be gradual, nevertheless, in the future market segments based on supplier positions and ability to comply to new regulatory requirements will be defined as the technology of formulation and application evolve.

Strategic Growth Opportunities in the One Component Foam Market

Renovations, tighter controls on chemicals and the introduction of energy efficiency building codes over the period 2024-2026, are expected to create new market segments for open cell foam insulation. There will be a shift away from more basic, price-competitive. Instead, a preference will be placed on systems with certified performance, lower emissions, and applications. According to Lucintel, the construction sector is expected to recover, and that recovery will be augmented by industrial/infrastructure maintenance and upgrades.

• Building Envelope: When foam is installed on a building's envelope to meet higher standards for airtightness and insulation, it will support the use of higher cost, more formulated insulation. In January 2025 the European Commission reported that building-related energy consumption in the EU accounted for approximately 40% of total energy use.
• Lightweight Architecture/Automobiles: With a trend toward lightweight construction, a greater level of performance is needed for integrated bonding and sealing along with a reduction in vibration in both automobiles and architectural applications. Additionally, in February 2025, the International Energy Agency reported that it was expected that over 17 million electric vehicles would be sold in 2024.
• Low VOC Formulations: Increased interest in low-VOCs will create an opportunity for one component foams with higher margins. In March 2025 Germany's Umweltbundesamt reported that tightly sealed buildings posed a significant risk to indoor air quality. This will shift the market toward buying systems that meet performance requirements.
• Digital Dispensing and Customized Kits: Specific kit packaging, calibrated applicators, and cartridge designs can reduce waste for both installers and maintenance teams. As of April 2025, the average professional grade foam cartridge manufactured delivered around 40 liters of cured output, leaving significant room for more precise dosing. With the implementation of digital dispensing technology, yield and equipment usage and consumables sales will become more predictable and recurring.
• Repair and Aftermarket Channels: Roofing, refrigeration, marine maintenance, and appliance repair are all markets that have more predictable demand over sustaining new construction. According to the U.S. Census Bureau in May 2025, the estimated value for annual residential remodeling activity in the U.S. was over $500 billion. Distribution partnerships and technician-sized packs will be a market differentiator in the areas where replacement is more economical than repair.

From 2024 to 2026, one component foam market growth is going to shift from a general construction market focus to more a more specified construction focus. Those manufacturers that combine lower emissions with application support will be better position to protect their pricing. Automated dispensing and repair focused channels combined with regional production will widen the overall markets. The overall winners will turn compliance pressures into customer value for demanding industrial applications worldwide.

One Component Foam Market Drivers and Challenges

The one component foam market involves technological advancements, economic designations, construction activities, and regulatory changes. One component foams used for sealing or insulating in building, automobile, packing and industrial projects provide support to market growth. Foam market technologies operate and improve foam performance, and sustainability encourages the use of formulations that emit less. Despite the above, market competition and the dynamics of raw materials, and formulation regulations are a barrier to market growth. According to Lucintel, the balance of performance, cost, environmental sustainability, and supply chain will determine market growth in the next three to five years.

The main driving forces of one component foam are as follows:

• Customer Demand: The increase in DIY construction and renovations is creating a demand for ready to use gap filler, insulation and a fast construction additive foams. One-component formulations allow direct application of foams from a convenient portable container. Insulation and airtightness product demand is further supported by the January 2025 European Commission report on increased implementation of energy efficiency measures and updated building performance standards. Over the next three to five years, one component foams should be further adopted by builders and consumers in renovation projects to fulfill increasingly demanding building efficiencies. Growth should be the highest in residential refurbishments and in projects that require labor savings and reliable sealing.
• Improving Technology: Innovations in polyurethane chemistry, propellant systems, dispensing valve technology, and multiple moisture-cure performance enhancements are resulting in improvements in adhesion, yield, dimensional stability, and control of the application process. New manufacturing technologies are producing more uniform expansion foam that has better performance over a broader range of temperatures and cures more rapidly with less odor. Restrictions on high-global-warming fluorinated gases enacted by the EU in July 2025 will foster the reformulation of chemical product segments across the EU during the next three to five years. New technologies will allow product manufacturers to reduce emissions and enhance user safety while meeting performance goals. Design innovations should also allow new performance foam technologies to be used in the demanding automotive, industrial, marine, and prefabricated construction markets.
• Increased Regulatory Support: More effective sealing technologies and insulation material improvements are the result of energy-efficiency standards, airtight building designs, and prohibitions on the use of hazardous building materials. There is a market preference for building materials that improve thermal performance of building systems while also addressing environmental and occupational safety issues. In February 2025, the updated Construction Products Regulation (CPR) of the European Commission was the primary reference for manufacturers seeking to market low-impact building materials. During the next three to five years, regulatory convergence will support the market presence of foam suppliers offering emission controlled, fire safety, energy savings, and recycling performance. Increased regulatory requirements are forecast to increase the cost of market entry, but should support the presence of established suppliers who have adequate testing and supply chain capabilities.
• Sustainability: Demand is growing for lower emission, less solvent, recyclable, and partially bio-based formulations of foam. Builders and manufacturers are analyzing the environmental impact of the entire product value chain, from propellants to packaging, production energy to end-of-life treatment. March 2025 further intensified the sustainability trend within the EU by undertaking the next phase of its strategy for the management of chemicals and reduction of carbon. Continuing trends will have an effect on purchasing specifications, green building certifications, and public procurement in the next 3-5 years. Emission reductions via voluntary reductions in VOCs, increased material efficiency, and EPDs are likely to be recognized in institutional mandate and large commercial construction jobs.
• Manufacturing Efficiency: Improved quality control and process digital monitoring, combined with more efficient yield formulations, lower waste and production costs and provide the confidence to distributors and contractors that consistent can pressure and consistent curing exhibit predictable and controlled behavior during product expansion and assured shelf life. Oct 2025 IEA report confirmed global Clean Energy Investment was over 2 trillion dollars. This investment supported an industry focus on efficient equipment designed to lower energy consumption. In the next 3-5 years, manufacturing efficiency will become the cornerstone of market differentiation while margin protection is achieved with competitive pricing.

This Market has the following challenges:

• Volatility of Raw Material Prices: One-component foams use polyols, isocyanates, additives and propellants that are derived from petrochemicals and are therefore subject to price fluctuations due to crude oil, natural gas, energy and logistics as well as plant disruptions. In April 2025, the International Energy Agency reported further demonstrating broader conditions that impact chemical inputs. Over the next three to five years, volatile raw material prices will create margin compression, contract pricing challenges and lead customers to hold off on purchases. Manufacturers will need to develop a range of suppliers with multi-year procurement contracts in order to manage a balanced supply/demand sheet and pricing that allows for competitive margin. Formulations will have to remain flexible to keep performance consistent.
• Increasing Regulatory and Environmental Burdens: Manufacturers face increasing demands of classification for chemicals and worker exposure as well as the potential for VOCs, flammability, and labeling, and the need for more stringent recycling programs and control of greenhouse gas emissions. Different countries have different demands and thus increased costs for testing, certification and packaging, and necessary documentation. In August 2025, the ECHA continued expanding its focus on substances of concern under the European Chemicals legislation. Over the next three to five years, more complex regulations will slow the introduction of new products, particularly for smaller companies with limited resources. Market access will be slow. Investments in innovation will help offset the increased regulatory burden.
• Competition and Application Limitations: One-component foam foremost competes with two-component foams, mineral wool, fiberglass, sealants, tapes, mechanical fasteners, and prefabricated insulation systems. Competing materials may, for example, provide better fire resistance, higher structural capabilities, easier recycling, better performance in specific environments, etc. In the global construction markets for June 2025, competition continues for leveling off interest rates and diverse conditions for project financing, resulting in less interest from clients in purchasing higher value materials. Within the next 3-5 years, competition will yield diminishing margins and greater differentiation of performance will become necessary. Suppliers need to make improvements on fire ratings, moisture resistance, adhesion, and ease of dispensing and add value during the lifecycle of the product. They must also work on improving dispensing and teaching correct application and storage techniques.

The market will see growth due to the increasing importance of construction efficiency, automation, convenience during installation, and renovations. Market innovations will be driven by automation and sustainability. However, there will be volatile costs of chemicals, varying regional growth, and tight regulations, as well as the easy substitution of our products. There will be a strong demand for certified products due to varying regulations. For the next 3-5 years, pay attention to the innovations of products, manufacturing, and the supply chain. The market will position ourselves for positive growth, but increased competition during this time will be driven by sustainability and compliancy.

List of One Component Foam Market Companies

Companies in the market compete on the basis of product quality offered. Major players in this market focus on expanding their manufacturing facilities, R&D investments, infrastructural development, and leverage integration opportunities across the value chain. Through these strategies one component foam market companies cater increasing demand, ensure competitive effectiveness, develop innovative products & technologies, reduce production costs, and expand their customer base. Some of the one component foam market companies profiled in this report include-

• 3M
• Huntsman
• Wacker Chemie
• Sika
• Henkel
• DOW Silicones
• Momentive Performance Materials
• Rogers Corporation
• Trelleborg
• BASF

One Component Foam Market by Segment

The study includes a forecast for the global one component foam market by type, formulation, application, end use, and region.

One Component Foam Market by Type [Value ($B) from 2019 to 2035]:

• Polyurethane Foam
• Polystyrene Foam
• Polyethylene Foam
• Silicone Foam

One Component Foam Market by Formulation [Value ($B) from 2019 to 2035]:

• Water-Based
• Solvent-Based
• Hybrid

One Component Foam Market by Application [Value ($B) from 2019 to 2035]:

• Construction
• Automotive
• Packaging
• Aerospace
• Electronics
• Others

One Component Foam Market by End Use [Value ($B) from 2019 to 2035]:

• Residential
• Commercial
• Industrial

One Component Foam Market by Region [Value ($B) from 2019 to 2035]:

• North America
• Europe
• Asia Pacific
• The Rest of the World

Country Wise Outlook for the One Component Foam Market

One-component foam is experiencing changes due to stricter fluorinated-gas regulations, new formulations, localized production, and automated dispensing. Manufacturers will be prioritizing compliant propellants, automated dispensing, and secure regional supply from 2025 to 2027. Lucintel states that these changes will play an important role in competitiveness in the marketplace.

• United States: As of January 2025, the Environmental Protection Agency's Technology Transitions rule will diminish high GWP HFCs in several aerosol products. Despite Sika's expanding presence of its construction products in the United States, market players will favor low-emission propellants in the coming three to five years.
• China: Wanhua Chemical's expanding presence through its integrated polyurethane plants in Ningbo strengthens access to MDI and dive feedstocks. Wanhua Chemical's planned integrated capacity should produce one-component foams and shorten supply chains with cost-effectiveness from 2020 to 2030.
• Germany: BASF's announced changes to its Ludwigshafen site in February 2025 to focus on €2 billion in annual savings by 2026 and new investment in low carbon chemical production will create a focus on low energy intensive raw materials and high transparency manufacturing.
• India: Pidilite Industries' reported ₹700 crore for fiscal 2025, to be supported by greater capacity and manufacturing improvements, as established by its May 2025 announcement. Improved domestic production will provide access to formulated foams and reduce dependence on imports of finished products.
• Japan: Mitsui Chemicals informed the public of its Osaka Works' ¥15 billion investment on specialty polyurethane and process improvement for environmental sustainability in February 2025. Domestic feedstock will become more available as a result of this investment, causing suppliers of one-component foam to produce better performing and lower emitting specialty polyurethane products for the Japanese Construction and Industrial markets.

Features of the Global One Component Foam Market

• Market Size Estimates: one component foam market size estimation in terms of value ($B).
• Trend and Forecast Analysis: Market trends (2019 to 2026) and forecast (2027 to 2035) by various segments and regions.
• Segmentation Analysis: one component foam market size by various segments, such as by type, formulation, application, end use, and region in terms of value ($B).
• Regional Analysis: one component foam market breakdown by North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, and Rest of the World.
• Growth Opportunities: Analysis of growth opportunities in different types, formulations, applications, end uses, and regions for the one component foam market.
• Strategic Analysis: This includes M&A, new product development, and competitive landscape of the one component foam market.

Analysis of competitive intensity of the industry based on Porter's Five Forces model.

If you are looking to expand your business in this or adjacent markets, then contact us. We have done hundreds of strategic consulting projects in market entry, opportunity screening, due diligence, supply chain analysis, M & A, and more.

This report answers following 11 key questions:

• Q.1. What are some of the most promising, high-growth opportunities for the one component foam market by type (polyurethane foam, polystyrene foam, polyethylene foam, and silicone foam), formulation (water-based, solvent-based, and hybrid), application (construction, automotive, packaging, aerospace, electronics, and others), end use (residential, commercial, and industrial), and region (North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, and the Rest of the World)?
• Q.2. Which segments will grow at a faster pace and why?
• Q.3. Which region will grow at a faster pace and why?
• Q.4. What are the key factors affecting market dynamics? What are the key challenges and business risks in this market?
• Q.5. What are the business risks and competitive threats in this market?
• Q.6. What are the emerging trends in this market and the reasons behind them?
• Q.7. What are some of the changing demands of customers in the market?
• Q.8. What are the new developments in the market? Which companies are leading these developments?
• Q.9. Who are the major players in this market? What strategic initiatives are key players pursuing for business growth?
• Q.10. What are some of the competing products in this market and how big of a threat do they pose for loss of market share by material or product substitution?
• Q.11. What M&A activity has occurred in the last 6 years and what has its impact been on the industry?

Table of Contents

1. Executive Summary

2. Market Overview

• 2.1 Background and Classifications
• 2.2 Supply Chain

3. Market Trends & Forecast Analysis

• 3.2 Industry Drivers and Challenges
• 3.3 PESTLE Analysis
• 3.4 Patent Analysis
• 3.5 Regulatory Environment

4. Global One Component Foam Market by Type

• 4.1 Overview
• 4.2 Attractiveness Analysis by Type
• 4.3 Polyurethane Foam: Trends and Forecast (2019-2035)
• 4.4 Polystyrene Foam: Trends and Forecast (2019-2035)
• 4.5 Polyethylene Foam: Trends and Forecast (2019-2035)
• 4.6 Silicone Foam: Trends and Forecast (2019-2035)

5. Global One Component Foam Market by Formulation

• 5.1 Overview
• 5.2 Attractiveness Analysis by Formulation
• 5.3 Water-Based: Trends and Forecast (2019-2035)
• 5.4 Solvent-Based: Trends and Forecast (2019-2035)
• 5.5 Hybrid: Trends and Forecast (2019-2035)

6. Global One Component Foam Market by Application

• 6.1 Overview
• 6.2 Attractiveness Analysis by Application
• 6.3 Construction: Trends and Forecast (2019-2035)
• 6.4 Automotive: Trends and Forecast (2019-2035)
• 6.5 Packaging: Trends and Forecast (2019-2035)
• 6.6 Aerospace: Trends and Forecast (2019-2035)
• 6.7 Electronics: Trends and Forecast (2019-2035)
• 6.8 Others: Trends and Forecast (2019-2035)

7. Global One Component Foam Market by End Use

• 7.1 Overview
• 7.2 Attractiveness Analysis by End Use
• 7.3 Residential: Trends and Forecast (2019-2035)
• 7.4 Commercial: Trends and Forecast (2019-2035)
• 7.5 Industrial: Trends and Forecast (2019-2035)

8. Regional Analysis

• 8.1 Overview
• 8.2 Global One Component Foam Market by Region

9. North American One Component Foam Market

• 9.1 Overview
• 9.2 North American One Component Foam Market by Type
• 9.3 North American One Component Foam Market by End Use
• 9.4 United States One Component Foam Market
• 9.5 Mexican One Component Foam Market
• 9.6 Canadian One Component Foam Market

10. European One Component Foam Market

• 10.1 Overview
• 10.2 European One Component Foam Market by Type
• 10.3 European One Component Foam Market by End Use
• 10.4 German One Component Foam Market
• 10.5 French One Component Foam Market
• 10.6 Spanish One Component Foam Market
• 10.7 Italian One Component Foam Market
• 10.8 United Kingdom One Component Foam Market

11. APAC One Component Foam Market

• 11.1 Overview
• 11.2 APAC One Component Foam Market by Type
• 11.3 APAC One Component Foam Market by End Use
• 11.4 Japanese One Component Foam Market
• 11.5 Indian One Component Foam Market
• 11.6 Chinese One Component Foam Market
• 11.7 South Korean One Component Foam Market
• 11.8 Indonesian One Component Foam Market

12. ROW One Component Foam Market

• 12.1 Overview
• 12.2 ROW One Component Foam Market by Type
• 12.3 ROW One Component Foam Market by End Use
• 12.4 Middle Eastern One Component Foam Market
• 12.5 South American One Component Foam Market
• 12.6 African One Component Foam Market

13. Competitor Analysis

• 13.1 Product Portfolio Analysis
• 13.2 Operational Integration
• 13.3 Porter's Five Forces Analysis
  • Competitive Rivalry
  • Bargaining Power of Buyers
  • Bargaining Power of Suppliers
  • Threat of Substitutes
  • Threat of New Entrants
• 13.4 Market Share Analysis

14. Opportunities & Strategic Analysis

• 14.1 Value Chain Analysis
• 14.2 Growth Opportunity Analysis
  • 14.2.1 Growth Opportunities by Type
  • 14.2.2 Growth Opportunities by Formulation
  • 14.2.3 Growth Opportunities by Application
  • 14.2.4 Growth Opportunities by End Use
• 14.3 Emerging Trends in the Global One Component Foam Market
• 14.4 Strategic Analysis
  • 14.4.1 New Product Development
  • 14.4.2 Certification and Licensing
  • 14.4.3 Mergers, Acquisitions, Agreements, Collaborations, and Joint Ventures

15. Company Profiles of the Leading Players Across the Value Chain

• 15.1 Competitive Analysis
• 15.2 3M
  • Company Overview
  • One Component Foam Business Overview
  • New Product Development
  • Merger, Acquisition, and Collaboration
  • Certification and Licensing
• 15.3 Huntsman
  • Company Overview
  • One Component Foam Business Overview
  • New Product Development
  • Merger, Acquisition, and Collaboration
  • Certification and Licensing
• 15.4 Wacker Chemie
  • Company Overview
  • One Component Foam Business Overview
  • New Product Development
  • Merger, Acquisition, and Collaboration
  • Certification and Licensing
• 15.5 Sika
  • Company Overview
  • One Component Foam Business Overview
  • New Product Development
  • Merger, Acquisition, and Collaboration
  • Certification and Licensing
• 15.6 Henkel
  • Company Overview
  • One Component Foam Business Overview
  • New Product Development
  • Merger, Acquisition, and Collaboration
  • Certification and Licensing
• 15.7 DOW Silicones
  • Company Overview
  • One Component Foam Business Overview
  • New Product Development
  • Merger, Acquisition, and Collaboration
  • Certification and Licensing
• 15.8 Momentive Performance Materials
  • Company Overview
  • One Component Foam Business Overview
  • New Product Development
  • Merger, Acquisition, and Collaboration
  • Certification and Licensing
• 15.9 Rogers Corporation
  • Company Overview
  • One Component Foam Business Overview
  • New Product Development
  • Merger, Acquisition, and Collaboration
  • Certification and Licensing
• 15.10 Trelleborg
  • Company Overview
  • One Component Foam Business Overview
  • New Product Development
  • Merger, Acquisition, and Collaboration
  • Certification and Licensing
• 15.11 BASF
  • Company Overview
  • One Component Foam Business Overview
  • New Product Development
  • Merger, Acquisition, and Collaboration
  • Certification and Licensing

16. Appendix

• 16.1 List of Figures
• 16.2 List of Tables
• 16.3 Research Methodology
• 16.4 Disclaimer
• 16.5 Copyright
• 16.6 Abbreviations and Technical Units
• 16.7 About Us
• 16.8 Contact Us