6G 통신 개요 : 재료, 하드웨어, 시스템 - 시장, 기술(2027-2047년)

Summary

A new commercially-oriented report details your materials, hardware and systems opportunities arising from the launch of 6G Communications in 2030 and its subsequent radical improvement. It is the 370-page Zhar Research report, “6G Communications Grand Overview: Materials, Hardware, Systems: Markets, Technology 2027-2047”. Its deep insights and extensive original material are not accessible by AI. The author has created several successful high tech. companies and carried out deep interviews worldwide. This is the master report in the Zhar Research 6G Series. There are four drill-down reports for those that want even more on specifics. Previous editions have been bought by the leading players with no complaints received.

Materials and hardware orientation

The report is primarily intended for added value materials and hardware manufacturers and product integrators but it has much to interest all in the value chain from investors to facilities managers. It is strongly graphical, with 20 pie charts, 23 key conclusions, 25 forecast lines to 2047 as tables, graphs, explanation, 26 SWOT appraisals and 27 new infograms. Vitally, it analyses the surge of new research advances through 2026, and latest company activity and intentions. There is benchmarking. For example, the desired terabits per second have already been exceeded with optical satellite communication and regular fiber optic intermediary.

Grasp the essentials in one hour

The Executive Summary and Conclusions (57 pages) is an easy read for those wanting the basics, all conclusions, roadmaps and forecasts and key SWOT appraisals. The Introduction (62 pages) then sets the scene, explaining why two phases of 6G are now inevitable – incremental improvement mainly above the physical layer then disruptive advance heavily involving radically new materials and devices widely deployed to deliver magnitude improvements and new services. See the situation with primary 6G infrastructure and client devices by type, highlighting semiconductors, on-chip systems, spintronics, plasmonics, optics, optronics. Here are self-healing, self-cleaning and long-life materials for 6G. Required metamaterials and electrically-functionalised transparent glass are explained and 62 leading research papers from 2026 are listed, and some discussed, for old news is bad news in this fast-moving subject.

Your new materials opportunities

It is found that many familiar 5G materials and devices will be used in 6G Phase One but few of the targets can be met without new hardware providing such things as more electricity, self-powering, cooling and invisibility as 6G vanishes into the fabric of society and into aerospace. You will have huge opportunities from making mmWave transmission more practicable and adding optics and optronics. We explain how. That includes appraising far-infrared terahertz transmission and, at near infrared, deep fiber intermediary, radiative cooling and photovoltaics. Visible light for communication, signal processing, sensing, power and tuning are in the frame as well. That is why Chapter 3 covers “Optics and Optronics Opportunities: Transmission, RIS, Reception, Cable, Processing, Tuning, Cooling, Self-powering, Sensors, Transparency” in 36 pages with many advances and new directions decided through 2026 and seven SWOT appraisals. Here are base station hardware and issues, analysis of 245 latest research advances in 6G optics and optronics prioritising successful materials. There are infograms envisioning what is ahead from aerospace to underwater.

Chapter 4. Thermal and Low-Loss Materials Opportunities for Infrastructure and Client Devices (55 pages) reveals how 6G needs your skills in the new thermal conductors, insulators and solid-state coolers for increasingly-confined spaces of 6G client devices and in self-powered infrastructure.

Equipment needed

The focus then moves from materials and subsystems to equipment with Chapter 5. Base Stations and Non-Terrestrial Network NTN 6G: UM-MIMO, Tower in the Sky HAPS, Other UAV (31 pages) brought alive with the 2026 activities of Skeye, Airbus and others. Learn how drones will both benefit from and assist 6G. See why shared, solar-powered “HAPS” drones loitering at 20 km will become a very important part of 6G infrastructure, positioning over gaps in the weather below and where the needs are located, without signal impediment from movement. Ten times nearer than LEO satellites and aloft for almost as long, they land for repair and upgrade.

Improved performance from increased transmission frequency usually comes with poorer range, which sits awkwardly with intended ubiquity. Making things worse is the fact that those higher frequencies involve straight line transmission with poor penetration of obstructions. Consequentially, the modern version of the relay is essential for 6G. These laminar metasurfaces are therefore covered in Chapter 6. Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces RIS and Metamaterial Reflect-Arrays Enhancing Propagation Path and Base Stations (63 pages). The report then closes with the profiles in Chapter 7. 39 Companies Involved in 6G Materials and Hardware: Products, Plans, Patents, Zhar Research Appraisals: 2025-6.

Only “6G Communications Grand Overview: Materials, Hardware, Systems: Markets, Technology 2027-2047” gives you the essential insight and depth, constantly updated so you only get the latest.

Table of Contents

1. Executive summary and conclusions

• 1.1 Purpose and context of this report and background
  • 1.1.1 General
  • 1.1.2 Report layout
• 1.2 Methodology and focus of this analysis
• 1.3 Overview: fixing 5G shortcomings and going far beyond
• 1.4 Overpromising again but these targets may be met in a 6G Phase Two
• 1.5 Examples of planned 6G radical advances above the physical layer
• 1.6 Minimum new hardware that must be deployed to meet most 6G performance targets
• 1.7 23 conclusions for 6G Communications systems and hardware with 8 infograms
• 1.8 6G materials prioritisation analysis from research success 2024 through
  • 1.8.1 Thermal, dielectric, UWBG materials prioritised for 6G
  • 1.8.2 Research successes prioritised with 6G-related optical and optronic materials and devices
• 1.9 SWOT appraisals
  • 1.9.1 SWOT appraisal of 6G adding sub-THz, THz, near infrared and visible frequencies
  • 1.9.2 SWOT appraisal of Optical Wireless Communications for 6G
  • 1.9.3 SWOT appraisal of Visible Light Communications VLC
  • 1.9.4 SWOT appraisal of 6G Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces RIS
  • 1.9.5 SWOT appraisal of Simultaneous Transmission And Reflection STAR-RIS
  • 1.9.6 SWOT appraisal of 6G low loss material opportunities
  • 1.9.7 SWOT appraisal of 6G Communications thermal material opportunities
• 1.10 6G systems, materials and standards roadmaps in six lines 2026-2047
• 1.11 Market forecasts for 6G materials and hardware 2027- 2047 in 25 lines, graphs, explanation
  • 1.11.1 Overview
  • 1.11.2 Optical and optronic 6G materials and device market 2027-2047
  • 1.11.3 6G optical, thermal management material, structure for infrastructure, client devices $ bn 2026-2047
  • 1.11.4 6G fully passive metamaterial reflect-array market OWC and total $ billion 2029-2047
  • 1.11.5 6G RIS market $ billion: active vs 4 semi-passive categories by frequency 2026-2047 with explanation
  • 1.11.6 Percentage share of global 6G hardware value market by four regions 2029-2047
  • 1.11.7 Smartphone and successor billion units sold globally 2025-2047
  • 1.11.8 Market for 6G vs 5G base stations units millions, $bn yearly 2025-2047

2. Introduction

• 2.1 Overview
• 2.2 Two phases of 6G are inevitable
• 2.3 Situation with primary 6G infrastructure and client devices by type
• 2.4 How physical layer will be influenced by advances and requirements in higher layers
• 2.5 Semiconductors, on-chip systems, spintronics, plasmonics needed, THz gap
• 2.6 Radical advances in 6G materials in general
  • 2.6.1 Strong 6G trend from components-in-a-box to smart materials and metasurfaces with SWOT
  • 2.6.2 Future self-healing, self-cleaning and long-life materials for 6G with SWOT
  • 2.6.3 Electrically-functionalised transparent glass for 6G OTA, T-RIS
  • 2.6.4 The place of metamaterials in 6G
• 2.7 Further reading – academic research examples 2025-6 and new market research

3. Optics and optronics opportunities: transmission, RIS, reception, cable, processing, tuning, cooling, self-powering, sensors, transparency

• 3.1 Overview
• 3.2 Infogram: 6G materials opportunities with infrastructure and client devices 2027-2047
• 3.3 Infogram: increasing adoption of optics/ optronics for 6G – nine candidates
• 3.4 Analysis of 245 latest research advances in 6G optics and optronics prioritising successful materials
• 3.5 Infogram: Hardware opportunities from 6G in aerospace
• 3.6 6G Non-Terrestrial Networks
  • 3.6.1 NTN standards roadmap
  • 3.6.2 Infogram: Planned 6G hardware deployment showing much more optics, optronics
• 3.7 Evolution of 6G base station hardware including many optical and optronic technologies
  • 3.7.1 6G base station infogram showing emerging optics and optronics
  • 3.7.2 Windows as self-powered, self-cooling 6G RIS with five optical/ optronic layers
• 3.8 Client devices gain more optical technology: Human interfaced: smartphones, other
• 3.9 Challenges of adding higher 6G frequencies for targetted better performance
  • 3.9.1 Frequency choices
  • 3.9.2 Best THz range achieved in good weather with at least Gbps levels of data
  • 3.9.3 The case for multi-frequency 6G Phase Two including optical “so one gets through”
  • 3.9.4 Near-infrared frequencies used by fiber optics intermediary in 6G transmission
  • 3.9.5 Infogram: 6G Optical Wireless Communication OWC plus fiber optics scenario for Tbps
• 3.10 Key conclusions
• 3.11 Seven 6G optical SWOT appraisals
  • 3.11.1 SWOT appraisal of 6G adding sub-THz, THz, near infrared and visible frequencies
  • 3.11.2 SWOT appraisal of Optical Wireless Communications for 6G
  • 3.11.3 SWOT appraisal of visible light communication VLC
  • 3.11.4 SWOT appraisal of Optical Signal Processing for 6G
  • 3.11.5 SWOT appraisal of photovoltaics for 6G Zero Emission Devices ZED
  • 3.11.6 SWOT appraisal of terahertz far infrared cable waveguides in 6G system design
  • 3.11.7 SWOT appraisal of fiber optics in 6G system design
• 3.12 Further reading from 2026-7

4. Thermal and low-loss dielectric materials opportunities: infrastructure, client devices

• 4.1 Challenges of thermal management of 6G infrastructure and client devices
• 4.2 Some reasons for the escalating need for cooling
• 4.3 Cooling toolkit, trend to multifunctionality with best solid-state cooling tools shown red
• 4.4 SWOT appraisal of 6G Communications thermal material opportunities
• 4.5 Key conclusions: 6G thermal requirements
• 4.6 Key conclusions: solid-state cooling and why it is now a priority for 6G and generally
• 4.7 Key conclusions: Materials for making cold in 6G infrastructure and client devices
  • 4.7.1 General situation
  • 4.7.2 Prioritisation of compounds in recent research relevant to 6G thermal requirements
• 4.8 Key conclusions: leading candidate materials and structures compared
• 4.9 Superlatives between the three solid-state cooling options if they are successful (9 columns)
• 4.10 Research pipeline of solid-state cooling by topic vs technology readiness level
• 4.11 Leading materials in 292 latest research advances on solid state cooling generally
• 4.12 Solid-state cooling technology SWOT appraisals and supporting materials analyses
  • 4.12.1 Solid state cooling SWOT appraisal
  • 4.12.2 Leading materials in 292 latest research advances in solid state cooling generally
  • 4.12.3 SWOT appraisal of PRC/ PDRC and prioritisation of most successful materials in research
  • 4.12.4 SWOT appraisal of Janus effect for thermal management
  • 4.12.5 SWOT appraisal of anti-Stokes fluorescence cooling
  • 4.12.6 SWOT appraisal of thermal metamaterials which mainly support PRC
  • 4.12.7 SWOT appraisal of electrocaloric cooling and materials analysis
  • 4.12.8 SWOT appraisal of magnetocaloric cooling and materials analysis
  • 4.12.9 SWOT appraisal of elastocaloric cooling and materials analysis
  • 4.12.10 SWOT appraisal of barocaloric cooling and materials analysis
• 4.13 Materials for removing heat by conduction and convection
• 4.14 Low-loss materials
• 4.15 Further reading from

5. Base stations and Non-Terrestrial Network NTN 6G: UM-MIMO, Tower in the Sky HAPS, other UAV

• 5.1 Overview: satcoms and HAPS essential for 6G
• 5.2 Progress to UM-MIMO and vanishing base stations
• 5.3 Satellites, drones both aid and benefit from 6G, Internet of Drones: advances through
• 5.4 Internet of Drones
• 5.5 Stratospheric HAPS as part of 6G
  • 5.5.1 Overview
  • 5.5.2 Skeye USA
  • 5.5.3 Airbus Aalto subsidiary: Zephyr Europe
• 5.6 Further reading analysed from 2026-7

6. Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces RIS and metamaterial reflect-arrays enhancing propagation path and base stations

• 6.1 Overview
• 6.2 Terminology thicket
• 6.3 RIS needed for many purposes beyond 6G, derisking investment
• 6.4 How RIS will benefit 6G
• 6.5 Background to RIS
  • 6.5.1 Useful for 5G but essential for 6G
  • 6.5.2 Strong focus now: RIS Google, research paper, patent trends, trending RIS topics
  • 6.5.3 Dreams of RIS everywhere: infograms
• 6.6 Many types of RIS needed for 6G
• 6.7 Ten general conclusions
• 6.8 27 detailed conclusions concerning 6G RIS
• 6.9 Seven conclusions concerning 6G RIS materials and component opportunities
• 6.10 Seven key conclusions concerning 6G RIS cost issues
• 6.11 Six key conclusions concerning 6G RIS and reflect-array manufacturing technology
• 6.12 Five RIS SWOT appraisals
• 6.13 Further reading from 2026-7

7. 39 companies involved in 6G materials and hardware: products, plans, patents, Zhar Research appraisals: 2025-6

• 7.1 Overview: Likely 6G hardware landscape with examples of manufacturers and patenting trends, Apple, Intel, Cisco
  • 7.1.1 Rapidly changing situation 2025-6
  • 7.1.2 Examples of material patenting and literature trends
• 7.2 AGC Japan
• 7.3 Alcan Systems Germany
• 7.4 Alibaba China
• 7.5 Alphacore USA
• 7.6 China Telecom China Mobile, China Unicom, Huawei, ZTE, Lenovo, CICT China collaboration
• 7.7 Ericsson Sweden
• 7.8 Fractal Antenna Systems USA
• 7.9 Greenerwave France
• 7.10 Huawei China
• 7.11 ITOCHU Japan
• 7.12 Kymeta Corp. USA
• 7.13 Kyocera Japan
• 7.14 Metacept Systems USA
• 7.15 Metawave USA
• 7.16 NEC Japan
• 7.17 Nokia Finland with LG Uplus South Korea
• 7.18 NTT DoCoMo and NTTJapan
• 7.19 Orange France
• 7.20 Panasonic Japan
• 7.21 Pivotal Commware USA
• 7.22 Qualcomm USA
• 7.23 Samsung Electronic South Korea
• 7.24 Sekisui Japan
• 7.25 SensorMetrix USA
• 7.26 SK Telecom South Korea
• 7.27 Sony Japan
• 7.28 Teraview USA
• 7.29 Vivo Mobile Communications China
• 7.30 VTT Finland
• 7.31 ZTE China