미국의 폐기물 에너지화(WTE) 시장 : 시장 점유율 분석, 업계 동향 및 통계, 성장 예측(2026-2031년)

According to Mordor Intelligence, the United States waste to energy market size is estimated at USD 7.26 billion in 2026, and is expected to reach USD 12.56 billion by 2031, at a CAGR of 11.59% during the forecast period (2026-2031).

This report is Segmented by Technology (Physical, Thermal, and Biological), Waste Type (Municipal Solid Waste, Agricultural and Agro-Industrial Residues, and More), Energy Output (Electricity, Heat, Transportation Fuels, and More), and End-User (Utilities and IPPs, Transport Fuel Distributors, and More). The Market Sizes and Forecasts are Provided in Terms of Value (USD).

United States Waste To Energy (WTE) Market Trends and Insights

Rising Landfill-Capacity Constraints

Landfill tipping fees in the Northeast topped USD 100 per ton in 2025, twice the national average, because remaining airspace in New York, New Jersey, Massachusetts, and Connecticut fell below a decade of capacity. Municipalities are therefore weighing the avoided cost of long-haul disposal against local waste-to-energy contracts that generate renewable-energy certificates. New York regulators warned that 14 of 27 landfills could close by 2033, accelerating procurement of conversion facilities. California's organic-diversion mandate under SB 1383 redirected 6.8 million tons of food and yard waste in 2025, providing steady feedstock for anaerobic digestion. The combined economics of avoided transport, energy recovery, and credit revenue tilt decision-making toward conversion infrastructure.

Stricter State Renewable Portfolio Standards

Connecticut, Massachusetts, and New York amended renewable-portfolio rules in 2024-2025 to include qualifying waste-to-energy plants that comply with tighter emissions caps. Connecticut now allows Class I renewable-energy certificates for facilities achieving nitrogen-oxide levels below 45 ppm, creating a new USD 35-42 per MWh revenue stream. Massachusetts issued parallel guidance in late 2025 that reclassifies compliant plants as "alternative energy," encouraging operators to invest in catalytic controls. These adjustments improve project cash flow and favor incumbents with existing grid interconnections.

Heightened PFAS & Dioxin Emission Scrutiny

Draft EPA guidance released in September 2025 introduced proposed PFAS stack-emission limits, compelling operators to consider activated-carbon injection systems that add up to USD 12 million per site. New York paused permit renewals for two plants pending PFAS controls. Massachusetts and Vermont now require quarterly PFAS sampling with public disclosure, lengthening permits by six to nine months. Tighter dioxin standards referencing the European Union benchmark of 0.05 ng/m3 are influencing U.S. regulators. Compliance costs and reputational risk combine to hamper near-term project starts.

Other drivers and restraints analyzed in the detailed report include:

1. Inflation Reduction Act Tax Credits for WtE Retrofits
2. Corporate Zero-Waste Commitments
3. Declining MSW Calorific Value Due to Recycling Gains

For complete list of drivers and restraints, kindly check the Table Of Contents.

Segment Analysis

Thermal systems commanded 64.5% of 2025 revenue, yet biological processes are forecast to grow at a 15.9% CAGR through 2031, the highest among technology classes in the waste-to-energy market. Anaergia brought three farm-based digesters online in Wisconsin and Iowa during 2025, each treating up to 60,000 tons of livestock waste and injecting renewable natural gas with carbon intensities below -200 g CO2e/MJ. Biological platforms also attract capital from utilities eager to diversify gas portfolios with carbon-negative molecules that carry premium credits.

Gasification and pyrolysis projects are gaining share as developers seek chemical feedstock rather than direct combustion, following Enerkem's demonstrated methanol yields of 300 L per ton at Varennes. Plasma-arc gasification remains niche owing to capital intensity above USD 800 per annual ton. Fermentation routes for cellulosic ethanol advanced when EPA finalized renewable-fuel-standard volumes that prize pathways reducing greenhouse-gas emissions by at least 60%. Fulcrum BioEnergy's Sierra plant produced 11 million gallons in 2025 and secured a 10-year jet-fuel offtake with United Airlines in January 2026.

Municipal solid waste accounted for 52.9% of feedstock in 2025, yet agricultural residues are expected to expand at a 14.6% CAGR from 2026 to 2031, the fastest of any category in the waste-to-energy market. On-farm digestion qualifies for state low-carbon-fuel credits and federal biogas tax breaks, supporting projects below 20,000 tons per year. Wisconsin, Iowa, and Minnesota collectively added 11 farm digesters in 2025, each injecting renewable gas into interstate pipelines and claiming 45Z production credits.

Industrial waste streams are increasingly intercepted by chemical-recycling firms that depolymerize plastics, diverting high-calorific materials from combustors. Sewage-sludge co-digestion with food waste is rising at municipal wastewater plants in the Mid-Atlantic, guided by Water Environment Federation best-practice manuals. Construction and demolition wood that fails recycling screening is pelletized for cement-kiln co-firing, aligning with U.S. Forest Service wildfire-fuel reduction grants.

Complete Report Scope:

• By Technology
  • Physical (Refuse-Derived Fuel, Mechanical Biological Treatment)
  • Thermal (Incineration/Combustion, Gasification, Pyrolysis and Plasma-Arc)
  • Biological (Anaerobic Digestion, Fermentation)
• By Waste Type
  • Municipal Solid Waste
  • Industrial Waste
  • Agricultural and Agro-industrial Residues
  • Sewage Sludge
  • Others (Commercial, Construction, Hazardous)
• By Energy Output
  • Electricity
  • Heat
  • Combined Heat and Power (CHP)
  • Transportation Fuels (Bio-SNG, Bio-LNG, Ethanol)
• By End-user
  • Utilities and IPPs
  • Industrial Captive Plants
  • District Heating Operators
  • Transport Fuel Distributors

List of Companies Covered in this Report:

1. Covanta Holding Corp.
2. Wheelabrator Technologies Inc.
3. WIN Waste Innovations
4. SUEZ SA
5. Veolia North America
6. Waste Management Inc.
7. Montenay International
8. Martin GmbH
9. Babcock & Wilcox Enterprises
10. Hitachi Zosen Inova
11. Groupe CNIM
12. Enerkem
13. Fulcrum BioEnergy
14. Brightmark
15. Aries Clean Energy
16. Bioenergy DevCo
17. Anaergia
18. Green Conversion Systems
19. Covanta Environmental Solutions
20. Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Environmental & Chemical Engineering

Additional Benefits:

• The market estimate (ME) sheet in Excel format
• 3 months of analyst support

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 Introduction

• 1.1 Study Assumptions & Market Definition
• 1.2 Scope of the Study

2 Research Methodology

3 Executive Summary

4 Market Landscape

• 4.1 Market Overview
• 4.2 Market Drivers
  • 4.2.1 Rising landfill-capacity constraints
  • 4.2.2 Stricter state Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPS)
  • 4.2.3 Inflation Reduction Act tax credits for WtE retrofits
  • 4.2.4 Corporate zero-waste commitments (Fortune 500)
  • 4.2.5 High natural-gas price volatility post-2022
  • 4.2.6 Novel carbon-negative RDF co-firing pilots
• 4.3 Market Restraints
  • 4.3.1 Heightened PFAS & dioxin emission scrutiny
  • 4.3.2 Declining MSW calorific value due to recycling gains
  • 4.3.3 Local opposition to new incinerators ("not-in-my-back-yard")
  • 4.3.4 Rising competition from advanced mechanical recycling
• 4.4 Supply-Chain Analysis
• 4.5 Regulatory Landscape
• 4.6 Technological Outlook
• 4.7 Porter's Five Forces
  • 4.7.1 Threat of New Entrants
  • 4.7.2 Bargaining Power of Suppliers
  • 4.7.3 Bargaining Power of Buyers
  • 4.7.4 Threat of Substitutes
  • 4.7.5 Industry Rivalry
• 4.8 PESTLE Analysis

5 Market Size & Growth Forecasts

• 5.1 By Technology
  • 5.1.1 Physical (Refuse-Derived Fuel, Mechanical Biological Treatment)
  • 5.1.2 Thermal (Incineration/Combustion, Gasification, Pyrolysis and Plasma-Arc)
  • 5.1.3 Biological (Anaerobic Digestion, Fermentation)
• 5.2 By Waste Type
  • 5.2.1 Municipal Solid Waste
  • 5.2.2 Industrial Waste
  • 5.2.3 Agricultural and Agro-industrial Residues
  • 5.2.4 Sewage Sludge
  • 5.2.5 Others (Commercial, Construction, Hazardous)
• 5.3 By Energy Output
  • 5.3.1 Electricity
  • 5.3.2 Heat
  • 5.3.3 Combined Heat and Power (CHP)
  • 5.3.4 Transportation Fuels (Bio-SNG, Bio-LNG, Ethanol)
• 5.4 By End-user
  • 5.4.1 Utilities and IPPs
  • 5.4.2 Industrial Captive Plants
  • 5.4.3 District Heating Operators
  • 5.4.4 Transport Fuel Distributors

6 Competitive Landscape

• 6.1 Market Concentration
• 6.2 Strategic Moves (M&A, Partnerships, PPAs)
• 6.3 Market Share Analysis (Market Rank/Share for key companies)
• 6.4 Company Profiles (includes Global level Overview, Market level overview, Core Segments, Financials as available, Strategic Information, Products & Services, and Recent Developments)
  • 6.4.1 Covanta Holding Corp.
  • 6.4.2 Wheelabrator Technologies Inc.
  • 6.4.3 WIN Waste Innovations
  • 6.4.4 SUEZ SA
  • 6.4.5 Veolia North America
  • 6.4.6 Waste Management Inc.
  • 6.4.7 Montenay International
  • 6.4.8 Martin GmbH
  • 6.4.9 Babcock & Wilcox Enterprises
  • 6.4.10 Hitachi Zosen Inova
  • 6.4.11 Groupe CNIM
  • 6.4.12 Enerkem
  • 6.4.13 Fulcrum BioEnergy
  • 6.4.14 Brightmark
  • 6.4.15 Aries Clean Energy
  • 6.4.16 Bioenergy DevCo
  • 6.4.17 Anaergia
  • 6.4.18 Green Conversion Systems
  • 6.4.19 Covanta Environmental Solutions
  • 6.4.20 Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Environmental & Chemical Engineering

7 Market Opportunities & Future Outlook

• 7.1 White-space & Unmet-Need Assessment